core/java/android/speech/tts/TextToSpeech.java

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2009 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
 * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
 * the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
 * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
 * the License.
 */
package android.speech.tts;

import android.annotation.SdkConstant;
import android.annotation.SdkConstant.SdkConstantType;
import android.content.ComponentName;
import android.content.ContentResolver;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.ServiceConnection;
import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
import android.content.pm.ResolveInfo;
import android.content.pm.ServiceInfo;
import android.media.AudioManager;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.IBinder;
import android.os.RemoteException;
import android.provider.Settings;
import android.text.TextUtils;
import android.util.Log;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 *
 * Synthesizes speech from text for immediate playback or to create a sound file.
 * <p>A TextToSpeech instance can only be used to synthesize text once it has completed its
 * initialization. Implement the {@link TextToSpeech.OnInitListener} to be
 * notified of the completion of the initialization.<br>
 * When you are done using the TextToSpeech instance, call the {@link #shutdown()} method
 * to release the native resources used by the TextToSpeech engine.
 *
 */
public class TextToSpeech {

    private static final String TAG = "TextToSpeech";

    /**
     * Denotes a successful operation.
     */
    public static final int SUCCESS = 0;
    /**
     * Denotes a generic operation failure.
     */
    public static final int ERROR = -1;

    /**
     * Queue mode where all entries in the playback queue (media to be played
     * and text to be synthesized) are dropped and replaced by the new entry.
     */
    public static final int QUEUE_FLUSH = 0;
    /**
     * Queue mode where the new entry is added at the end of the playback queue.
     */
    public static final int QUEUE_ADD = 1;

    /**
     * Denotes the language is available exactly as specified by the locale.
     */
    public static final int LANG_COUNTRY_VAR_AVAILABLE = 2;

    /**
     * Denotes the language is available for the language and country specified 
     * by the locale, but not the variant.
     */
    public static final int LANG_COUNTRY_AVAILABLE = 1;

    /**
     * Denotes the language is available for the language by the locale, 
     * but not the country and variant.
     */
    public static final int LANG_AVAILABLE = 0;

    /**
     * Denotes the language data is missing.
     */
    public static final int LANG_MISSING_DATA = -1;

    /**
     * Denotes the language is not supported.
     */
    public static final int LANG_NOT_SUPPORTED = -2;

    /**
     * Broadcast Action: The TextToSpeech synthesizer has completed processing
     * of all the text in the speech queue.
     */
    @SdkConstant(SdkConstantType.BROADCAST_INTENT_ACTION)
    public static final String ACTION_TTS_QUEUE_PROCESSING_COMPLETED =
            "android.speech.tts.TTS_QUEUE_PROCESSING_COMPLETED";

    /**
     * Interface definition of a callback to be invoked indicating the completion of the
     * TextToSpeech engine initialization.
     */
    public interface OnInitListener {
        /**
         * Called to signal the completion of the TextToSpeech engine initialization.
         *
         * @param status {@link TextToSpeech#SUCCESS} or {@link TextToSpeech#ERROR}.
         */
        public void onInit(int status);
    }

    /**
     * Listener that will be called when the TTS service has
     * completed synthesizing an utterance. This is only called if the utterance
     * has an utterance ID (see {@link TextToSpeech.Engine#KEY_PARAM_UTTERANCE_ID}).
     */
    public interface OnUtteranceCompletedListener {
        /**
         * Called when an utterance has been synthesized.
         *
         * @param utteranceId the identifier of the utterance.
         */
        public void onUtteranceCompleted(String utteranceId);
    }

    /**
     * Constants and parameter names for controlling text-to-speech.
     */
    public class Engine {

        /**
         * Default speech rate.
         * @hide
         */
        public static final int DEFAULT_RATE = 100;

        /**
         * Default pitch.
         * @hide
         */
        public static final int DEFAULT_PITCH = 100;

        /**
         * Default volume.
         * @hide
         */
        public static final float DEFAULT_VOLUME = 1.0f;

        /**
         * Default pan (centered).
         * @hide
         */
        public static final float DEFAULT_PAN = 0.0f;

        /**
         * Default value for {@link Settings.Secure#TTS_USE_DEFAULTS}.
         * @hide
         */
        public static final int USE_DEFAULTS = 0; // false

        /**
         * Package name of the default TTS engine.
         *
         * TODO: This should come from a system property
         *
         * @hide
         */
        public static final String DEFAULT_ENGINE = "com.svox.pico";

        /**
         * Default audio stream used when playing synthesized speech.
         */
        public static final int DEFAULT_STREAM = AudioManager.STREAM_MUSIC;

        /**
         * Indicates success when checking the installation status of the resources used by the
         * TextToSpeech engine with the {@link #ACTION_CHECK_TTS_DATA} intent.
         */
        public static final int CHECK_VOICE_DATA_PASS = 1;

        /**
         * Indicates failure when checking the installation status of the resources used by the
         * TextToSpeech engine with the {@link #ACTION_CHECK_TTS_DATA} intent.
         */
        public static final int CHECK_VOICE_DATA_FAIL = 0;

        /**
         * Indicates erroneous data when checking the installation status of the resources used by
         * the TextToSpeech engine with the {@link #ACTION_CHECK_TTS_DATA} intent.
         */
        public static final int CHECK_VOICE_DATA_BAD_DATA = -1;

        /**
         * Indicates missing resources when checking the installation status of the resources used
         * by the TextToSpeech engine with the {@link #ACTION_CHECK_TTS_DATA} intent.
         */
        public static final int CHECK_VOICE_DATA_MISSING_DATA = -2;

        /**
         * Indicates missing storage volume when checking the installation status of the resources
         * used by the TextToSpeech engine with the {@link #ACTION_CHECK_TTS_DATA} intent.
         */
        public static final int CHECK_VOICE_DATA_MISSING_VOLUME = -3;

        /**
         * Intent for starting a TTS service. Services that handle this intent must
         * extend {@link TextToSpeechService}. Normal applications should not use this intent
         * directly, instead they should talk to the TTS service using the the methods in this
         * class.
         */
        @SdkConstant(SdkConstantType.SERVICE_ACTION)
        public static final String INTENT_ACTION_TTS_SERVICE =
                "android.intent.action.TTS_SERVICE";

        // intents to ask engine to install data or check its data
        /**
         * Activity Action: Triggers the platform TextToSpeech engine to
         * start the activity that installs the resource files on the device
         * that are required for TTS to be operational. Since the installation
         * of the data can be interrupted or declined by the user, the application
         * shouldn't expect successful installation upon return from that intent,
         * and if need be, should check installation status with
         * {@link #ACTION_CHECK_TTS_DATA}.
         */
        @SdkConstant(SdkConstantType.ACTIVITY_INTENT_ACTION)
        public static final String ACTION_INSTALL_TTS_DATA =
                "android.speech.tts.engine.INSTALL_TTS_DATA";

        /**
         * Broadcast Action: broadcast to signal the completion of the installation of
         * the data files used by the synthesis engine. Success or failure is indicated in the
         * {@link #EXTRA_TTS_DATA_INSTALLED} extra.
         */
        @SdkConstant(SdkConstantType.BROADCAST_INTENT_ACTION)
        public static final String ACTION_TTS_DATA_INSTALLED =
                "android.speech.tts.engine.TTS_DATA_INSTALLED";

        /**
         * Activity Action: Starts the activity from the platform TextToSpeech
         * engine to verify the proper installation and availability of the
         * resource files on the system. Upon completion, the activity will
         * return one of the following codes:
         * {@link #CHECK_VOICE_DATA_PASS},
         * {@link #CHECK_VOICE_DATA_FAIL},
         * {@link #CHECK_VOICE_DATA_BAD_DATA},
         * {@link #CHECK_VOICE_DATA_MISSING_DATA}, or
         * {@link #CHECK_VOICE_DATA_MISSING_VOLUME}.
         * <p> Moreover, the data received in the activity result will contain the following
         * fields:
         * <ul>
         *   <li>{@link #EXTRA_VOICE_DATA_ROOT_DIRECTORY} which
         *       indicates the path to the location of the resource files,</li>
         *   <li>{@link #EXTRA_VOICE_DATA_FILES} which contains
         *       the list of all the resource files,</li>
         *   <li>and {@link #EXTRA_VOICE_DATA_FILES_INFO} which
         *       contains, for each resource file, the description of the language covered by
         *       the file in the xxx-YYY format, where xxx is the 3-letter ISO language code,
         *       and YYY is the 3-letter ISO country code.</li>
         * </ul>
         */
        @SdkConstant(SdkConstantType.ACTIVITY_INTENT_ACTION)
        public static final String ACTION_CHECK_TTS_DATA =
                "android.speech.tts.engine.CHECK_TTS_DATA";

        /**
         * Activity intent for getting some sample text to use for demonstrating TTS.
         *
         * @hide This intent was used by engines written against the old API.
         * Not sure if it should be exposed.
         */
        @SdkConstant(SdkConstantType.ACTIVITY_INTENT_ACTION)
        public static final String ACTION_GET_SAMPLE_TEXT =
                "android.speech.tts.engine.GET_SAMPLE_TEXT";

        // extras for a TTS engine's check data activity
        /**
         * Extra information received with the {@link #ACTION_CHECK_TTS_DATA} intent where
         * the TextToSpeech engine specifies the path to its resources.
         */
        public static final String EXTRA_VOICE_DATA_ROOT_DIRECTORY = "dataRoot";

        /**
         * Extra information received with the {@link #ACTION_CHECK_TTS_DATA} intent where
         * the TextToSpeech engine specifies the file names of its resources under the
         * resource path.
         */
        public static final String EXTRA_VOICE_DATA_FILES = "dataFiles";

        /**
         * Extra information received with the {@link #ACTION_CHECK_TTS_DATA} intent where
         * the TextToSpeech engine specifies the locale associated with each resource file.
         */
        public static final String EXTRA_VOICE_DATA_FILES_INFO = "dataFilesInfo";

        /**
         * Extra information received with the {@link #ACTION_CHECK_TTS_DATA} intent where
         * the TextToSpeech engine returns an ArrayList<String> of all the available voices.
         * The format of each voice is: lang-COUNTRY-variant where COUNTRY and variant are
         * optional (ie, "eng" or "eng-USA" or "eng-USA-FEMALE").
         */
        public static final String EXTRA_AVAILABLE_VOICES = "availableVoices";

        /**
         * Extra information received with the {@link #ACTION_CHECK_TTS_DATA} intent where
         * the TextToSpeech engine returns an ArrayList<String> of all the unavailable voices.
         * The format of each voice is: lang-COUNTRY-variant where COUNTRY and variant are
         * optional (ie, "eng" or "eng-USA" or "eng-USA-FEMALE").
         */
        public static final String EXTRA_UNAVAILABLE_VOICES = "unavailableVoices";

        /**
         * Extra information sent with the {@link #ACTION_CHECK_TTS_DATA} intent where the
         * caller indicates to the TextToSpeech engine which specific sets of voice data to
         * check for by sending an ArrayList<String> of the voices that are of interest.
         * The format of each voice is: lang-COUNTRY-variant where COUNTRY and variant are
         * optional (ie, "eng" or "eng-USA" or "eng-USA-FEMALE").
         */
        public static final String EXTRA_CHECK_VOICE_DATA_FOR = "checkVoiceDataFor";

        // extras for a TTS engine's data installation
        /**
         * Extra information received with the {@link #ACTION_TTS_DATA_INSTALLED} intent.
         * It indicates whether the data files for the synthesis engine were successfully
         * installed. The installation was initiated with the  {@link #ACTION_INSTALL_TTS_DATA}
         * intent. The possible values for this extra are
         * {@link TextToSpeech#SUCCESS} and {@link TextToSpeech#ERROR}.
         */
        public static final String EXTRA_TTS_DATA_INSTALLED = "dataInstalled";

        // keys for the parameters passed with speak commands. Hidden keys are used internally
        // to maintain engine state for each TextToSpeech instance.
        /**
         * @hide
         */
        public static final String KEY_PARAM_RATE = "rate";

        /**
         * @hide
         */
        public static final String KEY_PARAM_LANGUAGE = "language";

        /**
         * @hide
         */
        public static final String KEY_PARAM_COUNTRY = "country";

        /**
         * @hide
         */
        public static final String KEY_PARAM_VARIANT = "variant";

        /**
         * @hide
         */
        public static final String KEY_PARAM_ENGINE = "engine";

        /**
         * @hide
         */
        public static final String KEY_PARAM_PITCH = "pitch";

        /**
         * Parameter key to specify the audio stream type to be used when speaking text
         * or playing back a file. The value should be one of the STREAM_ constants
         * defined in {@link AudioManager}.
         *
         * @see TextToSpeech#speak(String, int, HashMap)
         * @see TextToSpeech#playEarcon(String, int, HashMap)
         */
        public static final String KEY_PARAM_STREAM = "streamType";

        /**
         * Parameter key to identify an utterance in the
         * {@link TextToSpeech.OnUtteranceCompletedListener} after text has been
         * spoken, a file has been played back or a silence duration has elapsed.
         *
         * @see TextToSpeech#speak(String, int, HashMap)
         * @see TextToSpeech#playEarcon(String, int, HashMap)
         * @see TextToSpeech#synthesizeToFile(String, HashMap, String)
         */
        public static final String KEY_PARAM_UTTERANCE_ID = "utteranceId";

        /**
         * Parameter key to specify the speech volume relative to the current stream type
         * volume used when speaking text. Volume is specified as a float ranging from 0 to 1
         * where 0 is silence, and 1 is the maximum volume (the default behavior).
         *
         * @see TextToSpeech#speak(String, int, HashMap)
         * @see TextToSpeech#playEarcon(String, int, HashMap)
         */
        public static final String KEY_PARAM_VOLUME = "volume";

        /**
         * Parameter key to specify how the speech is panned from left to right when speaking text.
         * Pan is specified as a float ranging from -1 to +1 where -1 maps to a hard-left pan,
         * 0 to center (the default behavior), and +1 to hard-right.
         *
         * @see TextToSpeech#speak(String, int, HashMap)
         * @see TextToSpeech#playEarcon(String, int, HashMap)
         */
        public static final String KEY_PARAM_PAN = "pan";

    }

    private final Context mContext;
    private Connection mServiceConnection;
    private OnInitListener mInitListener;
    private final Object mStartLock = new Object();

    private String mRequestedEngine;
    private final Map<String, Uri> mEarcons;
    private final Map<String, Uri> mUtterances;
    private final Bundle mParams = new Bundle();

    /**
     * The constructor for the TextToSpeech class, using the default TTS engine.
     * This will also initialize the associated TextToSpeech engine if it isn't already running.
     *
     * @param context
     *            The context this instance is running in.
     * @param listener
     *            The {@link TextToSpeech.OnInitListener} that will be called when the
     *            TextToSpeech engine has initialized.
     */
    public TextToSpeech(Context context, OnInitListener listener) {
        this(context, listener, null);
    }

    /**
     * The constructor for the TextToSpeech class, using the given TTS engine.
     * This will also initialize the associated TextToSpeech engine if it isn't already running.
     *
     * @param context
     *            The context this instance is running in.
     * @param listener
     *            The {@link TextToSpeech.OnInitListener} that will be called when the
     *            TextToSpeech engine has initialized.
     * @param engine Package name of the TTS engine to use.
     */
    public TextToSpeech(Context context, OnInitListener listener, String engine) {
        mContext = context;
        mInitListener = listener;
        mRequestedEngine = engine;

        mEarcons = new HashMap<String, Uri>();
        mUtterances = new HashMap<String, Uri>();

        initTts();
    }

    private String getPackageName() {
        return mContext.getPackageName();
    }

    private <R> R runActionNoReconnect(Action<R> action, R errorResult, String method) {
        return runAction(action, errorResult, method, false);
    }

    private <R> R runAction(Action<R> action, R errorResult, String method) {
        return runAction(action, errorResult, method, true);
    }

    private <R> R runAction(Action<R> action, R errorResult, String method, boolean reconnect) {
        synchronized (mStartLock) {
            if (mServiceConnection == null) {
                Log.w(TAG, method + " failed: not bound to TTS engine");
                return errorResult;
            }
            return mServiceConnection.runAction(action, errorResult, method, reconnect);
        }
    }

    private int initTts() {
        String defaultEngine = getDefaultEngine();
        String engine = defaultEngine;
        if (!areDefaultsEnforced() && !TextUtils.isEmpty(mRequestedEngine)
                && isEngineEnabled(engine)) {
            engine = mRequestedEngine;
        }

        // Try requested engine
        if (connectToEngine(engine)) {
            return SUCCESS;
        }

        // Fall back to user's default engine if different from the already tested one
        if (!engine.equals(defaultEngine)) {
            if (connectToEngine(defaultEngine)) {
                return SUCCESS;
            }
        }

        // Fall back to the hardcoded default if different from the two above
        if (!defaultEngine.equals(Engine.DEFAULT_ENGINE)
                && !engine.equals(Engine.DEFAULT_ENGINE)) {
            if (connectToEngine(Engine.DEFAULT_ENGINE)) {
                return SUCCESS;
            }
        }

        return ERROR;
    }

    private boolean connectToEngine(String engine) {
        Connection connection = new Connection();
        Intent intent = new Intent(Engine.INTENT_ACTION_TTS_SERVICE);
        intent.setPackage(engine);
        boolean bound = mContext.bindService(intent, connection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
        if (!bound) {
            Log.e(TAG, "Failed to bind to " + engine);
            dispatchOnInit(ERROR);
            return false;
        } else {
            return true;
        }
    }

    private void dispatchOnInit(int result) {
        synchronized (mStartLock) {
            if (mInitListener != null) {
                mInitListener.onInit(result);
                mInitListener = null;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Releases the resources used by the TextToSpeech engine.
     * It is good practice for instance to call this method in the onDestroy() method of an Activity
     * so the TextToSpeech engine can be cleanly stopped.
     */
    public void shutdown() {
        runActionNoReconnect(new Action<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void run(ITextToSpeechService service) throws RemoteException {
                service.setCallback(getPackageName(), null);
                service.stop(getPackageName());
                mServiceConnection.disconnect();
                return null;
            }
        }, null, "shutdown");
    }

    /**
     * Adds a mapping between a string of text and a sound resource in a
     * package. After a call to this method, subsequent calls to
     * {@link #speak(String, int, HashMap)} will play the specified sound resource
     * if it is available, or synthesize the text it is missing.
     *
     * @param text
     *            The string of text. Example: <code>"south_south_east"</code>
     *
     * @param packagename
     *            Pass the packagename of the application that contains the
     *            resource. If the resource is in your own application (this is
     *            the most common case), then put the packagename of your
     *            application here.<br/>
     *            Example: <b>"com.google.marvin.compass"</b><br/>
     *            The packagename can be found in the AndroidManifest.xml of
     *            your application.
     *            <p>
     *            <code>&lt;manifest xmlns:android=&quot;...&quot;
     *      package=&quot;<b>com.google.marvin.compass</b>&quot;&gt;</code>
     *            </p>
     *
     * @param resourceId
     *            Example: <code>R.raw.south_south_east</code>
     *
     * @return Code indicating success or failure. See {@link #ERROR} and {@link #SUCCESS}.
     */
    public int addSpeech(String text, String packagename, int resourceId) {
        synchronized (mStartLock) {
            mUtterances.put(text, makeResourceUri(packagename, resourceId));
            return SUCCESS;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Adds a mapping between a string of text and a sound file. Using this, it
     * is possible to add custom pronounciations for a string of text.
     * After a call to this method, subsequent calls to {@link #speak(String, int, HashMap)}
     * will play the specified sound resource if it is available, or synthesize the text it is
     * missing.
     *
     * @param text
     *            The string of text. Example: <code>"south_south_east"</code>
     * @param filename
     *            The full path to the sound file (for example:
     *            "/sdcard/mysounds/hello.wav")
     *
     * @return Code indicating success or failure. See {@link #ERROR} and {@link #SUCCESS}.
     */
    public int addSpeech(String text, String filename) {
        synchronized (mStartLock) {
            mUtterances.put(text, Uri.parse(filename));
            return SUCCESS;
        }
    }


    /**
     * Adds a mapping between a string of text and a sound resource in a
     * package. Use this to add custom earcons.
     *
     * @see #playEarcon(String, int, HashMap)
     *
     * @param earcon The name of the earcon.
     *            Example: <code>"[tick]"</code><br/>
     *
     * @param packagename
     *            the package name of the application that contains the
     *            resource. This can for instance be the package name of your own application.
     *            Example: <b>"com.google.marvin.compass"</b><br/>
     *            The package name can be found in the AndroidManifest.xml of
     *            the application containing the resource.
     *            <p>
     *            <code>&lt;manifest xmlns:android=&quot;...&quot;
     *      package=&quot;<b>com.google.marvin.compass</b>&quot;&gt;</code>
     *            </p>
     *
     * @param resourceId
     *            Example: <code>R.raw.tick_snd</code>
     *
     * @return Code indicating success or failure. See {@link #ERROR} and {@link #SUCCESS}.
     */
    public int addEarcon(String earcon, String packagename, int resourceId) {
        synchronized(mStartLock) {
            mEarcons.put(earcon, makeResourceUri(packagename, resourceId));
            return SUCCESS;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Adds a mapping between a string of text and a sound file.
     * Use this to add custom earcons.
     *
     * @see #playEarcon(String, int, HashMap)
     *
     * @param earcon
     *            The name of the earcon.
     *            Example: <code>"[tick]"</code>
     * @param filename
     *            The full path to the sound file (for example:
     *            "/sdcard/mysounds/tick.wav")
     *
     * @return Code indicating success or failure. See {@link #ERROR} and {@link #SUCCESS}.
     */
    public int addEarcon(String earcon, String filename) {
        synchronized(mStartLock) {
            mEarcons.put(earcon, Uri.parse(filename));
            return SUCCESS;
        }
    }

    private Uri makeResourceUri(String packageName, int resourceId) {
        return new Uri.Builder()
                .scheme(ContentResolver.SCHEME_ANDROID_RESOURCE)
                .encodedAuthority(packageName)
                .appendEncodedPath(String.valueOf(resourceId))
                .build();
    }

    /**
     * Speaks the string using the specified queuing strategy and speech
     * parameters.
     *
     * @param text The string of text to be spoken.
     * @param queueMode The queuing strategy to use, {@link #QUEUE_ADD} or {@link #QUEUE_FLUSH}.
     * @param params Parameters for the request. Can be null.
     *            Supported parameter names:
     *            {@link Engine#KEY_PARAM_STREAM},
     *            {@link Engine#KEY_PARAM_UTTERANCE_ID},
     *            {@link Engine#KEY_PARAM_VOLUME},
     *            {@link Engine#KEY_PARAM_PAN}.
     *
     * @return {@link #ERROR} or {@link #SUCCESS}.
     */
    public int speak(final String text, final int queueMode, final HashMap<String, String> params) {
        return runAction(new Action<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer run(ITextToSpeechService service) throws RemoteException {
                Uri utteranceUri = mUtterances.get(text);
                if (utteranceUri != null) {
                    return service.playAudio(getPackageName(), utteranceUri, queueMode,
                            getParams(params));
                } else {
                    return service.speak(getPackageName(), text, queueMode, getParams(params));
                }
            }
        }, ERROR, "speak");
    }

    /**
     * Plays the earcon using the specified queueing mode and parameters.
     * The earcon must already have been added with {@link #addEarcon(String, String)} or
     * {@link #addEarcon(String, String, int)}.
     *
     * @param earcon The earcon that should be played
     * @param queueMode {@link #QUEUE_ADD} or {@link #QUEUE_FLUSH}.
     * @param params Parameters for the request. Can be null.
     *            Supported parameter names:
     *            {@link Engine#KEY_PARAM_STREAM},
     *            {@link Engine#KEY_PARAM_UTTERANCE_ID}.
     *
     * @return {@link #ERROR} or {@link #SUCCESS}.
     */
    public int playEarcon(final String earcon, final int queueMode,
            final HashMap<String, String> params) {
        return runAction(new Action<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer run(ITextToSpeechService service) throws RemoteException {
                Uri earconUri = mEarcons.get(earcon);
                if (earconUri == null) {
                    return ERROR;
                }
                return service.playAudio(getPackageName(), earconUri, queueMode,
                        getParams(params));
            }
        }, ERROR, "playEarcon");
    }

    /**
     * Plays silence for the specified amount of time using the specified
     * queue mode.
     *
     * @param durationInMs The duration of the silence.
     * @param queueMode {@link #QUEUE_ADD} or {@link #QUEUE_FLUSH}.
     * @param params Parameters for the request. Can be null.
     *            Supported parameter names:
     *            {@link Engine#KEY_PARAM_UTTERANCE_ID}.
     *
     * @return {@link #ERROR} or {@link #SUCCESS}.
     */
    public int playSilence(final long durationInMs, final int queueMode,
            final HashMap<String, String> params) {
        return runAction(new Action<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer run(ITextToSpeechService service) throws RemoteException {
                return service.playSilence(getPackageName(), durationInMs, queueMode,
                        getParams(params));
            }
        }, ERROR, "playSilence");
    }

    /**
     * Checks whether the TTS engine is busy speaking.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if the TTS engine is speaking.
     */
    public boolean isSpeaking() {
        return runAction(new Action<Boolean>() {
            @Override
            public Boolean run(ITextToSpeechService service) throws RemoteException {
                return service.isSpeaking();
            }
        }, false, "isSpeaking");
    }

    /**
     * Interrupts the current utterance (whether played or rendered to file) and discards other
     * utterances in the queue.
     *
     * @return {@link #ERROR} or {@link #SUCCESS}.
     */
    public int stop() {
        return runAction(new Action<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer run(ITextToSpeechService service) throws RemoteException {
                return service.stop(getPackageName());
            }
        }, ERROR, "stop");
    }

    /**
     * Sets the speech rate.
     *
     * This has no effect on any pre-recorded speech.
     *
     * @param speechRate Speech rate. {@code 1.0} is the normal speech rate,
     *            lower values slow down the speech ({@code 0.5} is half the normal speech rate),
     *            greater values accelerate it ({@code 2.0} is twice the normal speech rate).
     *
     * @return {@link #ERROR} or {@link #SUCCESS}.
     */
    public int setSpeechRate(float speechRate) {
        if (speechRate > 0.0f) {
            int intRate = (int)(speechRate * 100);
            if (intRate > 0) {
                synchronized (mStartLock) {
                    mParams.putInt(Engine.KEY_PARAM_RATE, intRate);
                }
                return SUCCESS;
            }
        }
        return ERROR;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the speech pitch for the TextToSpeech engine.
     *
     * This has no effect on any pre-recorded speech.
     *
     * @param pitch Speech pitch. {@code 1.0} is the normal pitch,
     *            lower values lower the tone of the synthesized voice,
     *            greater values increase it.
     *
     * @return {@link #ERROR} or {@link #SUCCESS}.
     */
    public int setPitch(float pitch) {
        if (pitch > 0.0f) {
            int intPitch = (int)(pitch * 100);
            if (intPitch > 0) {
                synchronized (mStartLock) {
                    mParams.putInt(Engine.KEY_PARAM_PITCH, intPitch);
                }
                return SUCCESS;
            }
        }
        return ERROR;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the text-to-speech language.
     * The TTS engine will try to use the closest match to the specified
     * language as represented by the Locale, but there is no guarantee that the exact same Locale
     * will be used. Use {@link #isLanguageAvailable(Locale)} to check the level of support
     * before choosing the language to use for the next utterances.
     *
     * @param loc The locale describing the language to be used.
     *
     * @return Code indicating the support status for the locale. See {@link #LANG_AVAILABLE},
     *         {@link #LANG_COUNTRY_AVAILABLE}, {@link #LANG_COUNTRY_VAR_AVAILABLE},
     *         {@link #LANG_MISSING_DATA} and {@link #LANG_NOT_SUPPORTED}.
     */
    public int setLanguage(final Locale loc) {
        return runAction(new Action<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer run(ITextToSpeechService service) throws RemoteException {
                if (loc == null) {
                    return LANG_NOT_SUPPORTED;
                }
                String language = loc.getISO3Language();
                String country = loc.getISO3Country();
                String variant = loc.getVariant();
                // Check if the language, country, variant are available, and cache
                // the available parts.
                // Note that the language is not actually set here, instead it is cached so it
                // will be associated with all upcoming utterances.
                int result = service.loadLanguage(language, country, variant);
                if (result >= LANG_AVAILABLE){
                    if (result < LANG_COUNTRY_VAR_AVAILABLE) {
                        variant = "";
                        if (result < LANG_COUNTRY_AVAILABLE) {
                            country = "";
                        }
                    }
                    mParams.putString(Engine.KEY_PARAM_LANGUAGE, language);
                    mParams.putString(Engine.KEY_PARAM_COUNTRY, country);
                    mParams.putString(Engine.KEY_PARAM_VARIANT, variant);
                }
                return result;
            }
        }, LANG_NOT_SUPPORTED, "setLanguage");
    }

    /**
     * Returns a Locale instance describing the language currently being used by the TextToSpeech
     * engine.
     *
     * @return language, country (if any) and variant (if any) used by the engine stored in a Locale
     *     instance, or {@code null} on error.
     */
    public Locale getLanguage() {
        return runAction(new Action<Locale>() {
            @Override
            public Locale run(ITextToSpeechService service) throws RemoteException {
                String[] locStrings = service.getLanguage();
                if (locStrings != null && locStrings.length == 3) {
                    return new Locale(locStrings[0], locStrings[1], locStrings[2]);
                }
                return null;
            }
        }, null, "getLanguage");
    }

    /**
     * Checks if the specified language as represented by the Locale is available and supported.
     *
     * @param loc The Locale describing the language to be used.
     *
     * @return Code indicating the support status for the locale. See {@link #LANG_AVAILABLE},
     *         {@link #LANG_COUNTRY_AVAILABLE}, {@link #LANG_COUNTRY_VAR_AVAILABLE},
     *         {@link #LANG_MISSING_DATA} and {@link #LANG_NOT_SUPPORTED}.
     */
    public int isLanguageAvailable(final Locale loc) {
        return runAction(new Action<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer run(ITextToSpeechService service) throws RemoteException {
                return service.isLanguageAvailable(loc.getISO3Language(),
                        loc.getISO3Country(), loc.getVariant());
            }
        }, LANG_NOT_SUPPORTED, "isLanguageAvailable");
    }

    /**
     * Synthesizes the given text to a file using the specified parameters.
     *
     * @param text Thetext that should be synthesized
     * @param params Parameters for the request. Can be null.
     *            Supported parameter names:
     *            {@link Engine#KEY_PARAM_UTTERANCE_ID}.
     * @param filename Absolute file filename to write the generated audio data to.It should be
     *            something like "/sdcard/myappsounds/mysound.wav".
     *
     * @return {@link #ERROR} or {@link #SUCCESS}.
     */
    public int synthesizeToFile(final String text, final HashMap<String, String> params,
            final String filename) {
        return runAction(new Action<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer run(ITextToSpeechService service) throws RemoteException {
                return service.synthesizeToFile(getPackageName(), text, filename,
                        getParams(params));
            }
        }, ERROR, "synthesizeToFile");
    }

    private Bundle getParams(HashMap<String, String> params) {
        if (params != null && !params.isEmpty()) {
            Bundle bundle = new Bundle(mParams);
            copyIntParam(bundle, params, Engine.KEY_PARAM_STREAM);
            copyStringParam(bundle, params, Engine.KEY_PARAM_UTTERANCE_ID);
            copyFloatParam(bundle, params, Engine.KEY_PARAM_VOLUME);
            copyFloatParam(bundle, params, Engine.KEY_PARAM_PAN);
            return bundle;
        } else {
            return mParams;
        }
    }

    private void copyStringParam(Bundle bundle, HashMap<String, String> params, String key) {
        String value = params.get(key);
        if (value != null) {
            bundle.putString(key, value);
        }
    }

    private void copyIntParam(Bundle bundle, HashMap<String, String> params, String key) {
        String valueString = params.get(key);
        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(valueString)) {
            try {
                int value = Integer.parseInt(valueString);
                bundle.putInt(key, value);
            } catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
                // don't set the value in the bundle
            }
        }
    }

    private void copyFloatParam(Bundle bundle, HashMap<String, String> params, String key) {
        String valueString = params.get(key);
        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(valueString)) {
            try {
                float value = Float.parseFloat(valueString);
                bundle.putFloat(key, value);
            } catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
                // don't set the value in the bundle
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Sets the listener that will be notified when synthesis of an utterance completes.
     *
     * @param listener The listener to use.
     *
     * @return {@link #ERROR} or {@link #SUCCESS}.
     */
    public int setOnUtteranceCompletedListener(final OnUtteranceCompletedListener listener) {
        return runAction(new Action<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer run(ITextToSpeechService service) throws RemoteException {
                ITextToSpeechCallback.Stub callback = new ITextToSpeechCallback.Stub() {
                    public void utteranceCompleted(String utteranceId) {
                        if (listener != null) {
                            listener.onUtteranceCompleted(utteranceId);
                        }
                    }
                };
                service.setCallback(getPackageName(), callback);
                return SUCCESS;
            }
        }, ERROR, "setOnUtteranceCompletedListener");
    }

    /**
     * Sets the TTS engine to use.
     *
     * @param enginePackageName The package name for the synthesis engine (e.g. "com.svox.pico")
     *
     * @return {@link #ERROR} or {@link #SUCCESS}.
     */
    // TODO: add @Deprecated{This method does not tell the caller when the new engine
    // has been initialized. You should create a new TextToSpeech object with the new
    // engine instead.}
    public int setEngineByPackageName(String enginePackageName) {
        mRequestedEngine = enginePackageName;
        return initTts();
    }

    /**
     * Gets the package name of the default speech synthesis engine.
     *
     * @return Package name of the TTS engine that the user has chosen as their default.
     */
    public String getDefaultEngine() {
        String engine = Settings.Secure.getString(mContext.getContentResolver(),
                Settings.Secure.TTS_DEFAULT_SYNTH);
        return engine != null ? engine : Engine.DEFAULT_ENGINE;
    }

    /**
     * Checks whether the user's settings should override settings requested by the calling
     * application.
     */
    public boolean areDefaultsEnforced() {
        return Settings.Secure.getInt(mContext.getContentResolver(),
                Settings.Secure.TTS_USE_DEFAULTS, Engine.USE_DEFAULTS) == 1;
    }

    private boolean isEngineEnabled(String engine) {
        if (Engine.DEFAULT_ENGINE.equals(engine)) {
            return true;
        }
        for (String enabled : getEnabledEngines()) {
            if (engine.equals(enabled)) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    private String[] getEnabledEngines() {
        String str = Settings.Secure.getString(mContext.getContentResolver(),
                Settings.Secure.TTS_ENABLED_PLUGINS);
        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(str)) {
            return new String[0];
        }
        return str.split(" ");
    }

    /**
     * Gets a list of all installed TTS engines.
     *
     * @return A list of engine info objects. The list can be empty, but will never by {@code null}.
     */
    public List<EngineInfo> getEngines() {
        PackageManager pm = mContext.getPackageManager();
        Intent intent = new Intent(Engine.INTENT_ACTION_TTS_SERVICE);
        List<ResolveInfo> resolveInfos =
                pm.queryIntentServices(intent, PackageManager.MATCH_DEFAULT_ONLY);
        if (resolveInfos == null) return Collections.emptyList();
        List<EngineInfo> engines = new ArrayList<EngineInfo>(resolveInfos.size());
        for (ResolveInfo resolveInfo : resolveInfos) {
            ServiceInfo service = resolveInfo.serviceInfo;
            if (service != null) {
                EngineInfo engine = new EngineInfo();
                // Using just the package name isn't great, since it disallows having
                // multiple engines in the same package, but that's what the existing API does.
                engine.name = service.packageName;
                CharSequence label = service.loadLabel(pm);
                engine.label = TextUtils.isEmpty(label) ? engine.name : label.toString();
                engine.icon = service.getIconResource();
                engines.add(engine);
            }
        }
        return engines;
    }

    private class Connection implements ServiceConnection {
        private ITextToSpeechService mService;

        public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName name, IBinder service) {
            Log.i(TAG, "Connected to " + name);
            synchronized(mStartLock) {
                if (mServiceConnection != null) {
                    // Disconnect any previous service connection
                    mServiceConnection.disconnect();
                }
                mServiceConnection = this;
                mService = ITextToSpeechService.Stub.asInterface(service);
                dispatchOnInit(SUCCESS);
            }
        }

        public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName name) {
            synchronized(mStartLock) {
                mService = null;
                // If this is the active connection, clear it
                if (mServiceConnection == this) {
                    mServiceConnection = null;
                }
            }
        }

        public void disconnect() {
            mContext.unbindService(this);
        }

        public <R> R runAction(Action<R> action, R errorResult, String method, boolean reconnect) {
            try {
                synchronized (mStartLock) {
                    if (mService == null) {
                        Log.w(TAG, method + " failed: not connected to TTS engine");
                        return errorResult;
                    }
                    return action.run(mService);
                }
            } catch (RemoteException ex) {
                Log.e(TAG, method + " failed", ex);
                if (reconnect) {
                    disconnect();
                    initTts();
                }
                return errorResult;
            }
        }
    }

    private interface Action<R> {
        R run(ITextToSpeechService service) throws RemoteException;
    }

    /**
     * Information about an installed text-to-speech engine.
     *
     * @see TextToSpeech#getEngines
     */
    public static class EngineInfo {
        /**
         * Engine package name..
         */
        public String name;
        /**
         * Localized label for the engine.
         */
        public String label;
        /**
         * Icon for the engine.
         */
        public int icon;

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "EngineInfo{name=" + name + "}";
        }

    }
}