core/java/android/os/Binder.java

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2006 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package android.os;

import android.util.Log;
import android.util.Slog;
import com.android.internal.util.FastPrintWriter;
import libcore.io.IoUtils;

import java.io.FileDescriptor;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;

/**
 * Base class for a remotable object, the core part of a lightweight
 * remote procedure call mechanism defined by {@link IBinder}.
 * This class is an implementation of IBinder that provides
 * standard local implementation of such an object.
 *
 * <p>Most developers will not implement this class directly, instead using the
 * <a href="{@docRoot}guide/components/aidl.html">aidl</a> tool to describe the desired
 * interface, having it generate the appropriate Binder subclass.  You can,
 * however, derive directly from Binder to implement your own custom RPC
 * protocol or simply instantiate a raw Binder object directly to use as a
 * token that can be shared across processes.
 *
 * <p>This class is just a basic IPC primitive; it has no impact on an application's
 * lifecycle, and is valid only as long as the process that created it continues to run.
 * To use this correctly, you must be doing so within the context of a top-level
 * application component (a {@link android.app.Service}, {@link android.app.Activity},
 * or {@link android.content.ContentProvider}) that lets the system know your process
 * should remain running.</p>
 *
 * <p>You must keep in mind the situations in which your process
 * could go away, and thus require that you later re-create a new Binder and re-attach
 * it when the process starts again.  For example, if you are using this within an
 * {@link android.app.Activity}, your activity's process may be killed any time the
 * activity is not started; if the activity is later re-created you will need to
 * create a new Binder and hand it back to the correct place again; you need to be
 * aware that your process may be started for another reason (for example to receive
 * a broadcast) that will not involve re-creating the activity and thus run its code
 * to create a new Binder.</p>
 *
 * @see IBinder
 */
public class Binder implements IBinder {
    /*
     * Set this flag to true to detect anonymous, local or member classes
     * that extend this Binder class and that are not static. These kind
     * of classes can potentially create leaks.
     */
    private static final boolean FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS = false;
    private static final boolean CHECK_PARCEL_SIZE = false;
    static final String TAG = "Binder";

    /** @hide */
    public static boolean LOG_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION = false; // DO NOT SUBMIT WITH TRUE

    /**
     * Control whether dump() calls are allowed.
     */
    private static String sDumpDisabled = null;

    /**
     * Global transaction tracker instance for this process.
     */
    private static TransactionTracker sTransactionTracker = null;

    // Transaction tracking code.

    /**
     * Flag indicating whether we should be tracing transact calls.
     *
     */
    private static boolean sTracingEnabled = false;

    /**
     * Enable Binder IPC tracing.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public static void  enableTracing() {
        sTracingEnabled = true;
    };

    /**
     * Disable Binder IPC tracing.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public static void  disableTracing() {
        sTracingEnabled = false;
    }

    /**
     * Check if binder transaction tracing is enabled.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public static boolean isTracingEnabled() {
        return sTracingEnabled;
    }

    /**
     * Get the binder transaction tracker for this process.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public synchronized static TransactionTracker getTransactionTracker() {
        if (sTransactionTracker == null)
            sTransactionTracker = new TransactionTracker();
        return sTransactionTracker;
    }

    /* mObject is used by native code, do not remove or rename */
    private long mObject;
    private IInterface mOwner;
    private String mDescriptor;

    /**
     * Return the ID of the process that sent you the current transaction
     * that is being processed.  This pid can be used with higher-level
     * system services to determine its identity and check permissions.
     * If the current thread is not currently executing an incoming transaction,
     * then its own pid is returned.
     */
    public static final native int getCallingPid();
    
    /**
     * Return the Linux uid assigned to the process that sent you the
     * current transaction that is being processed.  This uid can be used with
     * higher-level system services to determine its identity and check
     * permissions.  If the current thread is not currently executing an
     * incoming transaction, then its own uid is returned.
     */
    public static final native int getCallingUid();

    /**
     * Return the UserHandle assigned to the process that sent you the
     * current transaction that is being processed.  This is the user
     * of the caller.  It is distinct from {@link #getCallingUid()} in that a
     * particular user will have multiple distinct apps running under it each
     * with their own uid.  If the current thread is not currently executing an
     * incoming transaction, then its own UserHandle is returned.
     */
    public static final UserHandle getCallingUserHandle() {
        return UserHandle.of(UserHandle.getUserId(getCallingUid()));
    }

    /**
     * Reset the identity of the incoming IPC on the current thread.  This can
     * be useful if, while handling an incoming call, you will be calling
     * on interfaces of other objects that may be local to your process and
     * need to do permission checks on the calls coming into them (so they
     * will check the permission of your own local process, and not whatever
     * process originally called you).
     *
     * @return Returns an opaque token that can be used to restore the
     * original calling identity by passing it to
     * {@link #restoreCallingIdentity(long)}.
     *
     * @see #getCallingPid()
     * @see #getCallingUid()
     * @see #restoreCallingIdentity(long)
     */
    public static final native long clearCallingIdentity();

    /**
     * Restore the identity of the incoming IPC on the current thread
     * back to a previously identity that was returned by {@link
     * #clearCallingIdentity}.
     *
     * @param token The opaque token that was previously returned by
     * {@link #clearCallingIdentity}.
     *
     * @see #clearCallingIdentity
     */
    public static final native void restoreCallingIdentity(long token);

    /**
     * Sets the native thread-local StrictMode policy mask.
     *
     * <p>The StrictMode settings are kept in two places: a Java-level
     * threadlocal for libcore/Dalvik, and a native threadlocal (set
     * here) for propagation via Binder calls.  This is a little
     * unfortunate, but necessary to break otherwise more unfortunate
     * dependencies either of Dalvik on Android, or Android
     * native-only code on Dalvik.
     *
     * @see StrictMode
     * @hide
     */
    public static final native void setThreadStrictModePolicy(int policyMask);

    /**
     * Gets the current native thread-local StrictMode policy mask.
     *
     * @see #setThreadStrictModePolicy
     * @hide
     */
    public static final native int getThreadStrictModePolicy();

    /**
     * Flush any Binder commands pending in the current thread to the kernel
     * driver.  This can be
     * useful to call before performing an operation that may block for a long
     * time, to ensure that any pending object references have been released
     * in order to prevent the process from holding on to objects longer than
     * it needs to.
     */
    public static final native void flushPendingCommands();
    
    /**
     * Add the calling thread to the IPC thread pool.  This function does
     * not return until the current process is exiting.
     */
    public static final native void joinThreadPool();

    /**
     * Returns true if the specified interface is a proxy.
     * @hide
     */
    public static final boolean isProxy(IInterface iface) {
        return iface.asBinder() != iface;
    }

    /**
     * Call blocks until the number of executing binder threads is less
     * than the maximum number of binder threads allowed for this process.
     * @hide
     */
    public static final native void blockUntilThreadAvailable();

    /**
     * Default constructor initializes the object.
     */
    public Binder() {
        init();

        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class<? extends Binder> klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Binder class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Convenience method for associating a specific interface with the Binder.
     * After calling, queryLocalInterface() will be implemented for you
     * to return the given owner IInterface when the corresponding
     * descriptor is requested.
     */
    public void attachInterface(IInterface owner, String descriptor) {
        mOwner = owner;
        mDescriptor = descriptor;
    }
    
    /**
     * Default implementation returns an empty interface name.
     */
    public String getInterfaceDescriptor() {
        return mDescriptor;
    }

    /**
     * Default implementation always returns true -- if you got here,
     * the object is alive.
     */
    public boolean pingBinder() {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     *
     * Note that if you're calling on a local binder, this always returns true
     * because your process is alive if you're calling it.
     */
    public boolean isBinderAlive() {
        return true;
    }
    
    /**
     * Use information supplied to attachInterface() to return the
     * associated IInterface if it matches the requested
     * descriptor.
     */
    public IInterface queryLocalInterface(String descriptor) {
        if (mDescriptor.equals(descriptor)) {
            return mOwner;
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Control disabling of dump calls in this process.  This is used by the system
     * process watchdog to disable incoming dump calls while it has detecting the system
     * is hung and is reporting that back to the activity controller.  This is to
     * prevent the controller from getting hung up on bug reports at this point.
     * @hide
     *
     * @param msg The message to show instead of the dump; if null, dumps are
     * re-enabled.
     */
    public static void setDumpDisabled(String msg) {
        synchronized (Binder.class) {
            sDumpDisabled = msg;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Default implementation is a stub that returns false.  You will want
     * to override this to do the appropriate unmarshalling of transactions.
     *
     * <p>If you want to call this, call transact().
     */
    protected boolean onTransact(int code, Parcel data, Parcel reply,
            int flags) throws RemoteException {
        if (code == INTERFACE_TRANSACTION) {
            reply.writeString(getInterfaceDescriptor());
            return true;
        } else if (code == DUMP_TRANSACTION) {
            ParcelFileDescriptor fd = data.readFileDescriptor();
            String[] args = data.readStringArray();
            if (fd != null) {
                try {
                    dump(fd.getFileDescriptor(), args);
                } finally {
                    IoUtils.closeQuietly(fd);
                }
            }
            // Write the StrictMode header.
            if (reply != null) {
                reply.writeNoException();
            } else {
                StrictMode.clearGatheredViolations();
            }
            return true;
        } else if (code == SHELL_COMMAND_TRANSACTION) {
            ParcelFileDescriptor in = data.readFileDescriptor();
            ParcelFileDescriptor out = data.readFileDescriptor();
            ParcelFileDescriptor err = data.readFileDescriptor();
            String[] args = data.readStringArray();
            ResultReceiver resultReceiver = ResultReceiver.CREATOR.createFromParcel(data);
            try {
                if (out != null) {
                    shellCommand(in != null ? in.getFileDescriptor() : null,
                            out.getFileDescriptor(),
                            err != null ? err.getFileDescriptor() : out.getFileDescriptor(),
                            args, resultReceiver);
                }
            } finally {
                IoUtils.closeQuietly(in);
                IoUtils.closeQuietly(out);
                IoUtils.closeQuietly(err);
                // Write the StrictMode header.
                if (reply != null) {
                    reply.writeNoException();
                } else {
                    StrictMode.clearGatheredViolations();
                }
            }
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Implemented to call the more convenient version
     * {@link #dump(FileDescriptor, PrintWriter, String[])}.
     */
    public void dump(FileDescriptor fd, String[] args) {
        FileOutputStream fout = new FileOutputStream(fd);
        PrintWriter pw = new FastPrintWriter(fout);
        try {
            doDump(fd, pw, args);
        } finally {
            pw.flush();
        }
    }

    void doDump(FileDescriptor fd, PrintWriter pw, String[] args) {
        final String disabled;
        synchronized (Binder.class) {
            disabled = sDumpDisabled;
        }
        if (disabled == null) {
            try {
                dump(fd, pw, args);
            } catch (SecurityException e) {
                pw.println("Security exception: " + e.getMessage());
                throw e;
            } catch (Throwable e) {
                // Unlike usual calls, in this case if an exception gets thrown
                // back to us we want to print it back in to the dump data, since
                // that is where the caller expects all interesting information to
                // go.
                pw.println();
                pw.println("Exception occurred while dumping:");
                e.printStackTrace(pw);
            }
        } else {
            pw.println(sDumpDisabled);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Like {@link #dump(FileDescriptor, String[])}, but ensures the target
     * executes asynchronously.
     */
    public void dumpAsync(final FileDescriptor fd, final String[] args) {
        final FileOutputStream fout = new FileOutputStream(fd);
        final PrintWriter pw = new FastPrintWriter(fout);
        Thread thr = new Thread("Binder.dumpAsync") {
            public void run() {
                try {
                    dump(fd, pw, args);
                } finally {
                    pw.flush();
                }
            }
        };
        thr.start();
    }

    /**
     * Print the object's state into the given stream.
     * 
     * @param fd The raw file descriptor that the dump is being sent to.
     * @param fout The file to which you should dump your state.  This will be
     * closed for you after you return.
     * @param args additional arguments to the dump request.
     */
    protected void dump(FileDescriptor fd, PrintWriter fout, String[] args) {
    }

    /**
     * @param in The raw file descriptor that an input data stream can be read from.
     * @param out The raw file descriptor that normal command messages should be written to.
     * @param err The raw file descriptor that command error messages should be written to.
     * @param args Command-line arguments.
     * @param resultReceiver Called when the command has finished executing, with the result code.
     * @throws RemoteException
     * @hide
     */
    public void shellCommand(FileDescriptor in, FileDescriptor out, FileDescriptor err,
            String[] args, ResultReceiver resultReceiver) throws RemoteException {
        onShellCommand(in, out, err, args, resultReceiver);
    }

    /**
     * Handle a call to {@link #shellCommand}.  The default implementation simply prints
     * an error message.  Override and replace with your own.
     * <p class="caution">Note: no permission checking is done before calling this method; you must
     * apply any security checks as appropriate for the command being executed.
     * Consider using {@link ShellCommand} to help in the implementation.</p>
     * @hide
     */
    public void onShellCommand(FileDescriptor in, FileDescriptor out, FileDescriptor err,
            String[] args, ResultReceiver resultReceiver) throws RemoteException {
        FileOutputStream fout = new FileOutputStream(err != null ? err : out);
        PrintWriter pw = new FastPrintWriter(fout);
        pw.println("No shell command implementation.");
        pw.flush();
        resultReceiver.send(0, null);
    }

    /**
     * Default implementation rewinds the parcels and calls onTransact.  On
     * the remote side, transact calls into the binder to do the IPC.
     */
    public final boolean transact(int code, Parcel data, Parcel reply,
            int flags) throws RemoteException {
        if (false) Log.v("Binder", "Transact: " + code + " to " + this);

        if (data != null) {
            data.setDataPosition(0);
        }
        boolean r = onTransact(code, data, reply, flags);
        if (reply != null) {
            reply.setDataPosition(0);
        }
        return r;
    }
    
    /**
     * Local implementation is a no-op.
     */
    public void linkToDeath(DeathRecipient recipient, int flags) {
    }

    /**
     * Local implementation is a no-op.
     */
    public boolean unlinkToDeath(DeathRecipient recipient, int flags) {
        return true;
    }
    
    protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
        try {
            destroy();
        } finally {
            super.finalize();
        }
    }

    static void checkParcel(IBinder obj, int code, Parcel parcel, String msg) {
        if (CHECK_PARCEL_SIZE && parcel.dataSize() >= 800*1024) {
            // Trying to send > 800k, this is way too much
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
            sb.append(msg);
            sb.append(": on ");
            sb.append(obj);
            sb.append(" calling ");
            sb.append(code);
            sb.append(" size ");
            sb.append(parcel.dataSize());
            sb.append(" (data: ");
            parcel.setDataPosition(0);
            sb.append(parcel.readInt());
            sb.append(", ");
            sb.append(parcel.readInt());
            sb.append(", ");
            sb.append(parcel.readInt());
            sb.append(")");
            Slog.wtfStack(TAG, sb.toString());
        }
    }

    private native final void init();
    private native final void destroy();

    // Entry point from android_util_Binder.cpp's onTransact
    private boolean execTransact(int code, long dataObj, long replyObj,
            int flags) {
        Parcel data = Parcel.obtain(dataObj);
        Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain(replyObj);
        // theoretically, we should call transact, which will call onTransact,
        // but all that does is rewind it, and we just got these from an IPC,
        // so we'll just call it directly.
        boolean res;
        // Log any exceptions as warnings, don't silently suppress them.
        // If the call was FLAG_ONEWAY then these exceptions disappear into the ether.
        try {
            res = onTransact(code, data, reply, flags);
        } catch (RemoteException|RuntimeException e) {
            if (LOG_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION) {
                Log.w(TAG, "Caught a RuntimeException from the binder stub implementation.", e);
            }
            if ((flags & FLAG_ONEWAY) != 0) {
                if (e instanceof RemoteException) {
                    Log.w(TAG, "Binder call failed.", e);
                } else {
                    Log.w(TAG, "Caught a RuntimeException from the binder stub implementation.", e);
                }
            } else {
                reply.setDataPosition(0);
                reply.writeException(e);
            }
            res = true;
        } catch (OutOfMemoryError e) {
            // Unconditionally log this, since this is generally unrecoverable.
            Log.e(TAG, "Caught an OutOfMemoryError from the binder stub implementation.", e);
            RuntimeException re = new RuntimeException("Out of memory", e);
            reply.setDataPosition(0);
            reply.writeException(re);
            res = true;
        }
        checkParcel(this, code, reply, "Unreasonably large binder reply buffer");
        reply.recycle();
        data.recycle();

        // Just in case -- we are done with the IPC, so there should be no more strict
        // mode violations that have gathered for this thread.  Either they have been
        // parceled and are now in transport off to the caller, or we are returning back
        // to the main transaction loop to wait for another incoming transaction.  Either
        // way, strict mode begone!
        StrictMode.clearGatheredViolations();

        return res;
    }
}

final class BinderProxy implements IBinder {
    public native boolean pingBinder();
    public native boolean isBinderAlive();

    public IInterface queryLocalInterface(String descriptor) {
        return null;
    }

    public boolean transact(int code, Parcel data, Parcel reply, int flags) throws RemoteException {
        Binder.checkParcel(this, code, data, "Unreasonably large binder buffer");
        if (Binder.isTracingEnabled()) { Binder.getTransactionTracker().addTrace(); }
        return transactNative(code, data, reply, flags);
    }

    public native String getInterfaceDescriptor() throws RemoteException;
    public native boolean transactNative(int code, Parcel data, Parcel reply,
            int flags) throws RemoteException;
    public native void linkToDeath(DeathRecipient recipient, int flags)
            throws RemoteException;
    public native boolean unlinkToDeath(DeathRecipient recipient, int flags);

    public void dump(FileDescriptor fd, String[] args) throws RemoteException {
        Parcel data = Parcel.obtain();
        Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain();
        data.writeFileDescriptor(fd);
        data.writeStringArray(args);
        try {
            transact(DUMP_TRANSACTION, data, reply, 0);
            reply.readException();
        } finally {
            data.recycle();
            reply.recycle();
        }
    }
    
    public void dumpAsync(FileDescriptor fd, String[] args) throws RemoteException {
        Parcel data = Parcel.obtain();
        Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain();
        data.writeFileDescriptor(fd);
        data.writeStringArray(args);
        try {
            transact(DUMP_TRANSACTION, data, reply, FLAG_ONEWAY);
        } finally {
            data.recycle();
            reply.recycle();
        }
    }

    public void shellCommand(FileDescriptor in, FileDescriptor out, FileDescriptor err,
            String[] args, ResultReceiver resultReceiver) throws RemoteException {
        Parcel data = Parcel.obtain();
        Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain();
        data.writeFileDescriptor(in);
        data.writeFileDescriptor(out);
        data.writeFileDescriptor(err);
        data.writeStringArray(args);
        resultReceiver.writeToParcel(data, 0);
        try {
            transact(SHELL_COMMAND_TRANSACTION, data, reply, 0);
            reply.readException();
        } finally {
            data.recycle();
            reply.recycle();
        }
    }

    BinderProxy() {
        mSelf = new WeakReference(this);
    }
    
    @Override
    protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
        try {
            destroy();
        } finally {
            super.finalize();
        }
    }
    
    private native final void destroy();
    
    private static final void sendDeathNotice(DeathRecipient recipient) {
        if (false) Log.v("JavaBinder", "sendDeathNotice to " + recipient);
        try {
            recipient.binderDied();
        }
        catch (RuntimeException exc) {
            Log.w("BinderNative", "Uncaught exception from death notification",
                    exc);
        }
    }
    
    final private WeakReference mSelf;
    private long mObject;
    private long mOrgue;
}