src/com/android/tradefed/device/NativeDevice.java

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package com.android.tradefed.device;

import com.android.ddmlib.AdbCommandRejectedException;
import com.android.ddmlib.FileListingService;
import com.android.ddmlib.FileListingService.FileEntry;
import com.android.ddmlib.IDevice;
import com.android.ddmlib.IShellOutputReceiver;
import com.android.ddmlib.InstallException;
import com.android.ddmlib.Log.LogLevel;
import com.android.ddmlib.NullOutputReceiver;
import com.android.ddmlib.ShellCommandUnresponsiveException;
import com.android.ddmlib.SyncException;
import com.android.ddmlib.SyncException.SyncError;
import com.android.ddmlib.SyncService;
import com.android.ddmlib.TimeoutException;
import com.android.ddmlib.testrunner.IRemoteAndroidTestRunner;
import com.android.ddmlib.testrunner.ITestRunListener;
import com.android.ddmlib.testrunner.RemoteAndroidTestRunner;
import com.android.tradefed.build.IBuildInfo;
import com.android.tradefed.command.remote.DeviceDescriptor;
import com.android.tradefed.config.GlobalConfiguration;
import com.android.tradefed.host.IHostOptions;
import com.android.tradefed.log.ITestLogger;
import com.android.tradefed.log.LogUtil.CLog;
import com.android.tradefed.result.ByteArrayInputStreamSource;
import com.android.tradefed.result.FileInputStreamSource;
import com.android.tradefed.result.ITestLifeCycleReceiver;
import com.android.tradefed.result.InputStreamSource;
import com.android.tradefed.result.LogDataType;
import com.android.tradefed.result.SnapshotInputStreamSource;
import com.android.tradefed.result.StubTestRunListener;
import com.android.tradefed.result.ddmlib.TestRunToTestInvocationForwarder;
import com.android.tradefed.targetprep.TargetSetupError;
import com.android.tradefed.util.ArrayUtil;
import com.android.tradefed.util.Bugreport;
import com.android.tradefed.util.CommandResult;
import com.android.tradefed.util.CommandStatus;
import com.android.tradefed.util.FileUtil;
import com.android.tradefed.util.IRunUtil;
import com.android.tradefed.util.KeyguardControllerState;
import com.android.tradefed.util.ProcessInfo;
import com.android.tradefed.util.PsParser;
import com.android.tradefed.util.QuotationAwareTokenizer;
import com.android.tradefed.util.RunUtil;
import com.android.tradefed.util.SizeLimitedOutputStream;
import com.android.tradefed.util.StreamUtil;
import com.android.tradefed.util.ZipUtil;
import com.android.tradefed.util.ZipUtil2;

import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;

import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.zip.ZipFile;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FilenameFilter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.time.Clock;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.TimeZone;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

import javax.annotation.concurrent.GuardedBy;

/**
 * Default implementation of a {@link ITestDevice}
 * Non-full stack android devices.
 */
public class NativeDevice implements IManagedTestDevice {

    /**
     * Allow pauses of up to 2 minutes while receiving bugreport.
     * <p/>
     * Note that dumpsys may pause up to a minute while waiting for unresponsive components.
     * It still should bail after that minute, if it will ever terminate on its own.
     */
    private static final int BUGREPORT_TIMEOUT = 2 * 60 * 1000;
    /**
     * Allow a little more time for bugreportz because there are extra steps.
     */
    private static final int BUGREPORTZ_TIMEOUT = 5 * 60 * 1000;
    private static final String BUGREPORT_CMD = "bugreport";
    private static final String BUGREPORTZ_CMD = "bugreportz";
    private static final String BUGREPORTZ_TMP_PATH = "/bugreports/";

    /**
     * Allow up to 2 minutes to receives the full logcat dump.
     */
    private static final int LOGCAT_DUMP_TIMEOUT = 2 * 60 * 1000;

    /** the default number of command retry attempts to perform */
    protected static final int MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS = 2;

    /** Value returned for any invalid/not found user id: UserHandle defined the -10000 value **/
    protected static final int INVALID_USER_ID = -10000;

    /** regex to match input dispatch readiness line **/
    static final Pattern INPUT_DISPATCH_STATE_REGEX =
            Pattern.compile("DispatchEnabled:\\s?([01])");
    /** regex to match build signing key type */
    private static final Pattern KEYS_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("^.*-keys$");
    private static final Pattern DF_PATTERN = Pattern.compile(
            //Fs 1K-blks Used    Available Use%      Mounted on
            "^/\\S+\\s+\\d+\\s+\\d+\\s+(\\d+)\\s+\\d+%\\s+/\\S*$", Pattern.MULTILINE);
    private static final Pattern BUGREPORTZ_RESPONSE_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("(OK:)(.*)");

    protected static final long MAX_HOST_DEVICE_TIME_OFFSET = 5 * 1000;

    /** The password for encrypting and decrypting the device. */
    private static final String ENCRYPTION_PASSWORD = "android";
    /** Encrypting with inplace can take up to 2 hours. */
    private static final int ENCRYPTION_INPLACE_TIMEOUT_MIN = 2 * 60;
    /** Encrypting with wipe can take up to 20 minutes. */
    private static final long ENCRYPTION_WIPE_TIMEOUT_MIN = 20;

    /** The time in ms to wait before starting logcat for a device */
    private int mLogStartDelay = 5*1000;

    /** The time in ms to wait for a device to become unavailable. Should usually be short */
    private static final int DEFAULT_UNAVAILABLE_TIMEOUT = 20 * 1000;
    /** The time in ms to wait for a recovery that we skip because of the NONE mode */
    static final int NONE_RECOVERY_MODE_DELAY = 1000;

    static final String BUILD_ID_PROP = "ro.build.version.incremental";
    private static final String PRODUCT_NAME_PROP = "ro.product.name";
    private static final String BUILD_TYPE_PROP = "ro.build.type";
    private static final String BUILD_ALIAS_PROP = "ro.build.id";
    private static final String BUILD_FLAVOR = "ro.build.flavor";
    private static final String HEADLESS_PROP = "ro.build.headless";
    static final String BUILD_CODENAME_PROP = "ro.build.version.codename";
    static final String BUILD_TAGS = "ro.build.tags";
    private static final String PS_COMMAND = "ps -A || ps";

    private static final String SIM_STATE_PROP = "gsm.sim.state";
    private static final String SIM_OPERATOR_PROP = "gsm.operator.alpha";

    static final String MAC_ADDRESS_PATTERN = "([0-9a-fA-F]{2}:){5}[0-9a-fA-F]{2}";
    static final String MAC_ADDRESS_COMMAND = "su root cat /sys/class/net/wlan0/address";

    /** The network monitoring interval in ms. */
    private static final int NETWORK_MONITOR_INTERVAL = 10 * 1000;

    /** Wifi reconnect check interval in ms. */
    private static final int WIFI_RECONNECT_CHECK_INTERVAL = 1 * 1000;

    /** Wifi reconnect timeout in ms. */
    private static final int WIFI_RECONNECT_TIMEOUT = 60 * 1000;

    /** Pattern to find an executable file. */
    private static final Pattern EXE_FILE = Pattern.compile("^[-l]r.x.+");

    /** The time in ms to wait for a command to complete. */
    private long mCmdTimeout = 2 * 60 * 1000L;
    /** The time in ms to wait for a 'long' command to complete. */
    private long mLongCmdTimeout = 25 * 60 * 1000L;

    private IDevice mIDevice;
    private IDeviceRecovery mRecovery = new WaitDeviceRecovery();
    protected final IDeviceStateMonitor mStateMonitor;
    private TestDeviceState mState = TestDeviceState.ONLINE;
    private final ReentrantLock mFastbootLock = new ReentrantLock();
    private LogcatReceiver mLogcatReceiver;
    private boolean mFastbootEnabled = true;
    private String mFastbootPath = "fastboot";

    protected TestDeviceOptions mOptions = new TestDeviceOptions();
    private Process mEmulatorProcess;
    private SizeLimitedOutputStream mEmulatorOutput;
    private Clock mClock = Clock.systemUTC();

    private RecoveryMode mRecoveryMode = RecoveryMode.AVAILABLE;

    private Boolean mIsEncryptionSupported = null;
    private ReentrantLock mAllocationStateLock = new ReentrantLock();
    @GuardedBy("mAllocationStateLock")
    private DeviceAllocationState mAllocationState = DeviceAllocationState.Unknown;
    private IDeviceMonitor mAllocationMonitor = null;

    private String mLastConnectedWifiSsid = null;
    private String mLastConnectedWifiPsk = null;
    private boolean mNetworkMonitorEnabled = false;

    /**
     * Interface for a generic device communication attempt.
     */
    abstract interface DeviceAction {

        /**
         * Execute the device operation.
         *
         * @return <code>true</code> if operation is performed successfully, <code>false</code>
         *         otherwise
         * @throws IOException, TimeoutException, AdbCommandRejectedException,
         *         ShellCommandUnresponsiveException, InstallException,
         *         SyncException if operation terminated abnormally
         */
        public boolean run() throws IOException, TimeoutException, AdbCommandRejectedException,
                ShellCommandUnresponsiveException, InstallException, SyncException;
    }

    /**
     * A {@link DeviceAction} for running a OS 'adb ....' command.
     */
    protected class AdbAction implements DeviceAction {
        /** the output from the command */
        String mOutput = null;
        private String[] mCmd;

        AdbAction(String[] cmd) {
            mCmd = cmd;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean run() throws TimeoutException, IOException {
            CommandResult result = getRunUtil().runTimedCmd(getCommandTimeout(), mCmd);
            // TODO: how to determine device not present with command failing for other reasons
            if (result.getStatus() == CommandStatus.EXCEPTION) {
                throw new IOException();
            } else if (result.getStatus() == CommandStatus.TIMED_OUT) {
                throw new TimeoutException();
            } else if (result.getStatus() == CommandStatus.FAILED) {
                // interpret as communication failure
                throw new IOException();
            }
            mOutput = result.getStdout();
            return true;
        }
    }

    protected class AdbShellAction implements DeviceAction {
        /** the output from the command */
        CommandResult mResult = null;

        private String[] mCmd;
        private long mTimeout;

        AdbShellAction(String[] cmd, long timeout) {
            mCmd = cmd;
            mTimeout = timeout;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean run() throws TimeoutException, IOException {
            mResult = getRunUtil().runTimedCmd(mTimeout, mCmd);
            if (mResult.getStatus() == CommandStatus.EXCEPTION) {
                throw new IOException(mResult.getStderr());
            } else if (mResult.getStatus() == CommandStatus.TIMED_OUT) {
                throw new TimeoutException(mResult.getStderr());
            }
            // If it's not some issue with running the adb command, then we return the CommandResult
            // which will contain all the infos.
            return true;
        }
    }

    /** {@link DeviceAction} for rebooting a device. */
    protected class RebootDeviceAction implements DeviceAction {

        private final String mInto;

        RebootDeviceAction(String into) {
            mInto = into;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean run() throws TimeoutException, IOException, AdbCommandRejectedException {
            getIDevice().reboot(mInto);
            return true;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates a {@link TestDevice}.
     *
     * @param device the associated {@link IDevice}
     * @param stateMonitor the {@link IDeviceStateMonitor} mechanism to use
     * @param allocationMonitor the {@link IDeviceMonitor} to inform of allocation state changes.
     *            Can be null
     */
    public NativeDevice(IDevice device, IDeviceStateMonitor stateMonitor,
            IDeviceMonitor allocationMonitor) {
        throwIfNull(device);
        throwIfNull(stateMonitor);
        mIDevice = device;
        mStateMonitor = stateMonitor;
        mAllocationMonitor = allocationMonitor;
    }

    /** Get the {@link RunUtil} instance to use. */
    @VisibleForTesting
    protected IRunUtil getRunUtil() {
        return RunUtil.getDefault();
    }

    /** Set the Clock instance to use. */
    @VisibleForTesting
    protected void setClock(Clock clock) {
        mClock = clock;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void setOptions(TestDeviceOptions options) {
        throwIfNull(options);
        mOptions = options;
        mStateMonitor.setDefaultOnlineTimeout(options.getOnlineTimeout());
        mStateMonitor.setDefaultAvailableTimeout(options.getAvailableTimeout());
    }

    /**
     * Sets the max size of a tmp logcat file.
     *
     * @param size max byte size of tmp file
     */
    void setTmpLogcatSize(long size) {
        mOptions.setMaxLogcatDataSize(size);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the time in ms to wait before starting logcat capture for a online device.
     *
     * @param delay the delay in ms
     */
    protected void setLogStartDelay(int delay) {
        mLogStartDelay = delay;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public IDevice getIDevice() {
        synchronized (mIDevice) {
            return mIDevice;
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void setIDevice(IDevice newDevice) {
        throwIfNull(newDevice);
        IDevice currentDevice = mIDevice;
        if (!getIDevice().equals(newDevice)) {
            synchronized (currentDevice) {
                mIDevice = newDevice;
            }
            mStateMonitor.setIDevice(mIDevice);
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getSerialNumber() {
        return getIDevice().getSerialNumber();
    }

    private boolean nullOrEmpty(String string) {
        return string == null || string.isEmpty();
    }

    /**
     * Fetch a device property, from the ddmlib cache by default, and falling back to either `adb
     * shell getprop` or `fastboot getvar` depending on whether the device is in Fastboot or not.
     *
     * @param propName The name of the device property as returned by `adb shell getprop`
     * @param fastbootVar The name of the equivalent fastboot variable to query. if {@code null},
     *     fastboot query will not be attempted
     * @param description A simple description of the variable. First letter should be capitalized.
     * @return A string, possibly {@code null} or empty, containing the value of the given property
     */
    protected String internalGetProperty(String propName, String fastbootVar, String description)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException, UnsupportedOperationException {
        String propValue = getIDevice().getProperty(propName);
        if (propValue != null) {
            return propValue;
        } else if (TestDeviceState.FASTBOOT.equals(getDeviceState()) &&
                fastbootVar != null) {
            CLog.i("%s for device %s is null, re-querying in fastboot", description,
                    getSerialNumber());
            return getFastbootVariable(fastbootVar);
        } else {
            CLog.d("property collection for device %s is null, re-querying for prop %s",
                    getSerialNumber(), description);
            return getProperty(propName);
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getProperty(final String name) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (getIDevice() instanceof StubDevice) {
            return null;
        }
        if (!TestDeviceState.ONLINE.equals(getDeviceState())) {
            // Only query property for online device
            CLog.d("Device %s is not online cannot get property %s.", getSerialNumber(), name);
            return null;
        }
        final String[] result = new String[1];
        DeviceAction propAction = new DeviceAction() {

            @Override
            public boolean run() throws IOException, TimeoutException, AdbCommandRejectedException,
                    ShellCommandUnresponsiveException, InstallException, SyncException {
                try {
                    result[0] = getIDevice().getSystemProperty(name).get();
                } catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException e) {
                    // getProperty will stash the original exception inside
                    // ExecutionException.getCause
                    // throw the specific original exception if available in case TF ever does
                    // specific handling for different exceptions
                    if (e.getCause() instanceof IOException) {
                        throw (IOException)e.getCause();
                    } else if (e.getCause() instanceof TimeoutException) {
                        throw (TimeoutException)e.getCause();
                    } else if (e.getCause() instanceof AdbCommandRejectedException) {
                        throw (AdbCommandRejectedException)e.getCause();
                    } else if (e.getCause() instanceof ShellCommandUnresponsiveException) {
                        throw (ShellCommandUnresponsiveException)e.getCause();
                    }
                    else {
                        throw new IOException(e);
                    }
                }
                return true;
            }

        };
        performDeviceAction("getprop", propAction, MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS);
        return result[0];
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public boolean setProperty(String propKey, String propValue)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (propKey == null || propValue == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("set property key or value cannot be null.");
        }
        if (!isAdbRoot()) {
            CLog.e("setProperty requires adb root = true.");
            return false;
        }
        CommandResult result =
                executeShellV2Command(String.format("setprop \"%s\" \"%s\"", propKey, propValue));
        if (CommandStatus.SUCCESS.equals(result.getStatus())) {
            return true;
        }
        CLog.e("Something went wrong went setting property %s: %s", propKey, result.getStderr());
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getBootloaderVersion() throws UnsupportedOperationException,
            DeviceNotAvailableException {
        return internalGetProperty("ro.bootloader", "version-bootloader", "Bootloader");
    }

    @Override
    public String getBasebandVersion() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        return internalGetProperty("gsm.version.baseband", "version-baseband", "Baseband");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getProductType() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        return internalGetProductType(MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS);
    }

    /**
     * {@link #getProductType()}
     *
     * @param retryAttempts The number of times to try calling {@link #recoverDevice()} if the
     *        device's product type cannot be found.
     */
    private String internalGetProductType(int retryAttempts) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String productType = internalGetProperty(DeviceProperties.BOARD, "product", "Product type");

        // Things will likely break if we don't have a valid product type.  Try recovery (in case
        // the device is only partially booted for some reason), and if that doesn't help, bail.
        if (nullOrEmpty(productType)) {
            if (retryAttempts > 0) {
                recoverDevice();
                productType = internalGetProductType(retryAttempts - 1);
            }

            if (nullOrEmpty(productType)) {
                throw new DeviceNotAvailableException(String.format(
                        "Could not determine product type for device %s.", getSerialNumber()),
                        getSerialNumber());
            }
        }

        return productType.toLowerCase();
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getFastbootProductType()
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException, UnsupportedOperationException {
        String prop = getFastbootVariable("product");
        if (prop != null) {
            prop = prop.toLowerCase();
        }
        return prop;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getProductVariant() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String prop = internalGetProperty(DeviceProperties.VARIANT, "variant", "Product variant");
        if (prop == null) {
            prop =
                    internalGetProperty(
                            DeviceProperties.VARIANT_LEGACY_O_MR1, "variant", "Product variant");
        }
        if (prop == null) {
            prop =
                    internalGetProperty(
                            DeviceProperties.VARIANT_LEGACY_LESS_EQUAL_O,
                            "variant",
                            "Product variant");
        }
        if (prop != null) {
            prop = prop.toLowerCase();
        }
        return prop;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getFastbootProductVariant()
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException, UnsupportedOperationException {
        String prop = getFastbootVariable("variant");
        if (prop != null) {
            prop = prop.toLowerCase();
        }
        return prop;
    }

    private String getFastbootVariable(String variableName)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException, UnsupportedOperationException {
        CommandResult result = executeFastbootCommand("getvar", variableName);
        if (result.getStatus() == CommandStatus.SUCCESS) {
            Pattern fastbootProductPattern = Pattern.compile(variableName + ":\\s(.*)\\s");
            // fastboot is weird, and may dump the output on stderr instead of stdout
            String resultText = result.getStdout();
            if (resultText == null || resultText.length() < 1) {
                resultText = result.getStderr();
            }
            Matcher matcher = fastbootProductPattern.matcher(resultText);
            if (matcher.find()) {
                return matcher.group(1);
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getBuildAlias() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String alias = getProperty(BUILD_ALIAS_PROP);
        if (alias == null || alias.isEmpty()) {
            return getBuildId();
        }
        return alias;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getBuildId() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String bid = getProperty(BUILD_ID_PROP);
        if (bid == null) {
            CLog.w("Could not get device %s build id.", getSerialNumber());
            return IBuildInfo.UNKNOWN_BUILD_ID;
        }
        return bid;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getBuildFlavor() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String buildFlavor = getProperty(BUILD_FLAVOR);
        if (buildFlavor != null && !buildFlavor.isEmpty()) {
            return buildFlavor;
        }
        String productName = getProperty(PRODUCT_NAME_PROP);
        String buildType = getProperty(BUILD_TYPE_PROP);
        if (productName == null || buildType == null) {
            CLog.w("Could not get device %s build flavor.", getSerialNumber());
            return null;
        }
        return String.format("%s-%s", productName, buildType);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void executeShellCommand(final String command, final IShellOutputReceiver receiver)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        DeviceAction action = new DeviceAction() {
            @Override
            public boolean run() throws TimeoutException, IOException,
                    AdbCommandRejectedException, ShellCommandUnresponsiveException {
                getIDevice().executeShellCommand(command, receiver,
                        mCmdTimeout, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
                return true;
            }
        };
        performDeviceAction(String.format("shell %s", command), action, MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void executeShellCommand(final String command, final IShellOutputReceiver receiver,
            final long maxTimeToOutputShellResponse, final TimeUnit timeUnit,
            final int retryAttempts) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        DeviceAction action = new DeviceAction() {
            @Override
            public boolean run() throws TimeoutException, IOException, AdbCommandRejectedException,
                    ShellCommandUnresponsiveException {
                getIDevice().executeShellCommand(command, receiver,
                        maxTimeToOutputShellResponse, timeUnit);
                return true;
            }
        };
        performDeviceAction(String.format("shell %s", command), action, retryAttempts);
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public void executeShellCommand(
            final String command,
            final IShellOutputReceiver receiver,
            final long maxTimeoutForCommand,
            final long maxTimeToOutputShellResponse,
            final TimeUnit timeUnit,
            final int retryAttempts)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        DeviceAction action =
                new DeviceAction() {
                    @Override
                    public boolean run()
                            throws TimeoutException, IOException, AdbCommandRejectedException,
                                    ShellCommandUnresponsiveException {
                        getIDevice()
                                .executeShellCommand(
                                        command,
                                        receiver,
                                        maxTimeoutForCommand,
                                        maxTimeToOutputShellResponse,
                                        timeUnit);
                        return true;
                    }
                };
        performDeviceAction(String.format("shell %s", command), action, retryAttempts);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String executeShellCommand(String command) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        CollectingOutputReceiver receiver = new CollectingOutputReceiver();
        executeShellCommand(command, receiver);
        String output = receiver.getOutput();
        CLog.v("%s on %s returned %s", command, getSerialNumber(), output);
        return output;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public CommandResult executeShellV2Command(String cmd) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        return executeShellV2Command(cmd, getCommandTimeout(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public CommandResult executeShellV2Command(
            String cmd, final long maxTimeoutForCommand, final TimeUnit timeUnit)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        return executeShellV2Command(cmd, maxTimeoutForCommand, timeUnit, MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS);
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public CommandResult executeShellV2Command(
            String cmd, final long maxTimeoutForCommand, final TimeUnit timeUnit, int retryAttempts)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        final String[] fullCmd = buildAdbShellCommand(cmd);
        AdbShellAction adbActionV2 =
                new AdbShellAction(fullCmd, timeUnit.toMillis(maxTimeoutForCommand));
        performDeviceAction(String.format("adb %s", fullCmd[4]), adbActionV2, retryAttempts);
        return adbActionV2.mResult;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public boolean runInstrumentationTests(
            final IRemoteAndroidTestRunner runner,
            final Collection<ITestLifeCycleReceiver> listeners)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        RunFailureListener failureListener = new RunFailureListener();
        List<ITestRunListener> runListeners = new ArrayList<>();
        runListeners.add(failureListener);
        runListeners.add(new TestRunToTestInvocationForwarder(listeners));

        DeviceAction runTestsAction =
                new DeviceAction() {
                    @Override
                    public boolean run()
                            throws IOException, TimeoutException, AdbCommandRejectedException,
                                    ShellCommandUnresponsiveException, InstallException,
                                    SyncException {
                        runner.run(runListeners);
                        return true;
                    }
                };
        boolean result = performDeviceAction(String.format("run %s instrumentation tests",
                runner.getPackageName()), runTestsAction, 0);
        if (failureListener.isRunFailure()) {
            // run failed, might be system crash. Ensure device is up
            if (mStateMonitor.waitForDeviceAvailable(5 * 1000) == null) {
                // device isn't up, recover
                recoverDevice();
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public boolean runInstrumentationTestsAsUser(
            final IRemoteAndroidTestRunner runner,
            int userId,
            final Collection<ITestLifeCycleReceiver> listeners)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String oldRunTimeOptions = appendUserRunTimeOptionToRunner(runner, userId);
        boolean result = runInstrumentationTests(runner, listeners);
        resetUserRunTimeOptionToRunner(runner, oldRunTimeOptions);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Helper method to add user run time option to {@link RemoteAndroidTestRunner}
     *
     * @param runner {@link IRemoteAndroidTestRunner}
     * @param userId the integer of the user id to run as.
     * @return original run time options.
     */
    private String appendUserRunTimeOptionToRunner(final IRemoteAndroidTestRunner runner, int userId) {
        if (runner instanceof RemoteAndroidTestRunner) {
            String original = ((RemoteAndroidTestRunner) runner).getRunOptions();
            String userRunTimeOption = String.format("--user %s", Integer.toString(userId));
            String updated = (original != null) ? (original + " " + userRunTimeOption)
                    : userRunTimeOption;
            ((RemoteAndroidTestRunner) runner).setRunOptions(updated);
            return original;
        } else {
            throw new IllegalStateException(String.format("%s runner does not support multi-user",
                    runner.getClass().getName()));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Helper method to reset the run time options to {@link RemoteAndroidTestRunner}
     *
     * @param runner {@link IRemoteAndroidTestRunner}
     * @param oldRunTimeOptions
     */
    private void resetUserRunTimeOptionToRunner(final IRemoteAndroidTestRunner runner,
            String oldRunTimeOptions) {
        if (runner instanceof RemoteAndroidTestRunner) {
            if (oldRunTimeOptions != null) {
                ((RemoteAndroidTestRunner) runner).setRunOptions(oldRunTimeOptions);
            }
        } else {
            throw new IllegalStateException(String.format("%s runner does not support multi-user",
                    runner.getClass().getName()));
        }
    }

    private static class RunFailureListener extends StubTestRunListener {
        private boolean mIsRunFailure = false;

        @Override
        public void testRunFailed(String message) {
            mIsRunFailure = true;
        }

        public boolean isRunFailure() {
            return mIsRunFailure;
        }
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public boolean runInstrumentationTests(
            IRemoteAndroidTestRunner runner, ITestLifeCycleReceiver... listeners)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        List<ITestLifeCycleReceiver> listenerList = new ArrayList<>();
        listenerList.addAll(Arrays.asList(listeners));
        return runInstrumentationTests(runner, listenerList);
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public boolean runInstrumentationTestsAsUser(
            IRemoteAndroidTestRunner runner, int userId, ITestLifeCycleReceiver... listeners)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String oldRunTimeOptions = appendUserRunTimeOptionToRunner(runner, userId);
        boolean result = runInstrumentationTests(runner, listeners);
        resetUserRunTimeOptionToRunner(runner, oldRunTimeOptions);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean isRuntimePermissionSupported() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        return getApiLevel() > 22;
    }

    /**
     * helper method to throw exception if runtime permission isn't supported
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException
     */
    protected void ensureRuntimePermissionSupported() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        boolean runtimePermissionSupported = isRuntimePermissionSupported();
        if (!runtimePermissionSupported) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
                    "platform on device does not support runtime permission granting!");
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String installPackage(final File packageFile, final boolean reinstall,
            final String... extraArgs) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for Package Manager's features");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String installPackage(File packageFile, boolean reinstall, boolean grantPermissions,
            String... extraArgs) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for Package Manager's features");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String installPackageForUser(File packageFile, boolean reinstall, int userId,
            String... extraArgs) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for Package Manager's features");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String installPackageForUser(File packageFile, boolean reinstall,
            boolean grantPermissions, int userId, String... extraArgs)
                    throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for Package Manager's features");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String uninstallPackage(final String packageName) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for Package Manager's features");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean pullFile(final String remoteFilePath, final File localFile)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {

        DeviceAction pullAction = new DeviceAction() {
            @Override
            public boolean run() throws TimeoutException, IOException, AdbCommandRejectedException,
                    SyncException {
                SyncService syncService = null;
                boolean status = false;
                try {
                    syncService = getIDevice().getSyncService();
                    syncService.pullFile(interpolatePathVariables(remoteFilePath),
                            localFile.getAbsolutePath(), SyncService.getNullProgressMonitor());
                    status = true;
                } catch (SyncException e) {
                    CLog.w("Failed to pull %s from %s to %s. Message %s", remoteFilePath,
                            getSerialNumber(), localFile.getAbsolutePath(), e.getMessage());
                    throw e;
                } finally {
                    if (syncService != null) {
                        syncService.close();
                    }
                }
                return status;
            }
        };
        return performDeviceAction(String.format("pull %s to %s", remoteFilePath,
                localFile.getAbsolutePath()), pullAction, MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public File pullFile(String remoteFilePath) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        File localFile = null;
        boolean success = false;
        try {
            localFile = FileUtil.createTempFileForRemote(remoteFilePath, null);
            if (pullFile(remoteFilePath, localFile)) {
                success = true;
                return localFile;
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            CLog.w("Encountered IOException while trying to pull '%s':", remoteFilePath);
            CLog.e(e);
        } finally {
            if (!success) {
                FileUtil.deleteFile(localFile);
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String pullFileContents(String remoteFilePath) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        File temp = pullFile(remoteFilePath);

        if (temp != null) {
            try {
                return FileUtil.readStringFromFile(temp);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                CLog.e(String.format("Could not pull file: %s", remoteFilePath));
            } finally {
                FileUtil.deleteFile(temp);
            }
        }

        return null;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public File pullFileFromExternal(String remoteFilePath) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String externalPath = getMountPoint(IDevice.MNT_EXTERNAL_STORAGE);
        String fullPath = (new File(externalPath, remoteFilePath)).getPath();
        return pullFile(fullPath);
    }

    /**
     * Helper function that watches for the string "${EXTERNAL_STORAGE}" and replaces it with the
     * pathname of the EXTERNAL_STORAGE mountpoint.  Specifically intended to be used for pathnames
     * that are being passed to SyncService, which does not support variables inside of filenames.
     */
    String interpolatePathVariables(String path) {
        final String esString = "${EXTERNAL_STORAGE}";
        if (path.contains(esString)) {
            final String esPath = getMountPoint(IDevice.MNT_EXTERNAL_STORAGE);
            path = path.replace(esString, esPath);
        }
        return path;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean pushFile(final File localFile, final String remoteFilePath)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        DeviceAction pushAction =
                new DeviceAction() {
                    @Override
                    public boolean run()
                            throws TimeoutException, IOException, AdbCommandRejectedException,
                                    SyncException {
                        SyncService syncService = null;
                        boolean status = false;
                        try {
                            syncService = getIDevice().getSyncService();
                            if (syncService == null) {
                                throw new IOException("SyncService returned null.");
                            }
                            syncService.pushFile(
                                    localFile.getAbsolutePath(),
                                    interpolatePathVariables(remoteFilePath),
                                    SyncService.getNullProgressMonitor());
                            status = true;
                        } catch (SyncException e) {
                            CLog.w(
                                    "Failed to push %s to %s on device %s. Message: '%s'. "
                                            + "Error code: %s",
                                    localFile.getAbsolutePath(),
                                    remoteFilePath,
                                    getSerialNumber(),
                                    e.getMessage(),
                                    e.getErrorCode());
                            // TODO: check if ddmlib can report a better error
                            if (SyncError.TRANSFER_PROTOCOL_ERROR.equals(e.getErrorCode())) {
                                if (e.getMessage().contains("Permission denied")) {
                                    return false;
                                }
                            }
                            throw e;
                        } finally {
                            if (syncService != null) {
                                syncService.close();
                            }
                        }
                        return status;
                    }
                };
        return performDeviceAction(String.format("push %s to %s", localFile.getAbsolutePath(),
                remoteFilePath), pushAction, MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean pushString(final String contents, final String remoteFilePath)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        File tmpFile = null;
        try {
            tmpFile = FileUtil.createTempFile("temp", ".txt");
            FileUtil.writeToFile(contents, tmpFile);
            return pushFile(tmpFile, remoteFilePath);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            CLog.e(e);
            return false;
        } finally {
            FileUtil.deleteFile(tmpFile);
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean doesFileExist(String destPath) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String lsGrep = executeShellCommand(String.format("ls \"%s\"", destPath));
        return !lsGrep.contains("No such file or directory");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public long getExternalStoreFreeSpace() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String externalStorePath = getMountPoint(IDevice.MNT_EXTERNAL_STORAGE);
        return getPartitionFreeSpace(externalStorePath);
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public long getPartitionFreeSpace(String partition) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        CLog.i("Checking free space for %s on partition %s", getSerialNumber(), partition);
        String output = getDfOutput(partition);
        // Try coreutils/toybox style output first.
        Long available = parseFreeSpaceFromModernOutput(output);
        if (available != null) {
            return available;
        }
        // Then the two legacy toolbox formats.
        available = parseFreeSpaceFromAvailable(output);
        if (available != null) {
            return available;
        }
        available = parseFreeSpaceFromFree(partition, output);
        if (available != null) {
            return available;
        }

        CLog.e("free space command output \"%s\" did not match expected patterns", output);
        return 0;
    }

    /**
     * Run the 'df' shell command and return output, making multiple attempts if necessary.
     *
     * @param externalStorePath the path to check
     * @return the output from 'shell df path'
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException
     */
    private String getDfOutput(String externalStorePath) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        for (int i=0; i < MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS; i++) {
            String output = executeShellCommand(String.format("df %s", externalStorePath));
            if (output.trim().length() > 0) {
                return output;
            }
        }
        throw new DeviceUnresponsiveException(String.format(
                "Device %s not returning output from df command after %d attempts",
                getSerialNumber(), MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS), getSerialNumber());
    }

    /**
     * Parses a partition's available space from the legacy output of a 'df' command, used
     * pre-gingerbread.
     * <p/>
     * Assumes output format of:
     * <br>/
     * <code>
     * [partition]: 15659168K total, 51584K used, 15607584K available (block size 32768)
     * </code>
     * @param dfOutput the output of df command to parse
     * @return the available space in kilobytes or <code>null</code> if output could not be parsed
     */
    private Long parseFreeSpaceFromAvailable(String dfOutput) {
        final Pattern freeSpacePattern = Pattern.compile("(\\d+)K available");
        Matcher patternMatcher = freeSpacePattern.matcher(dfOutput);
        if (patternMatcher.find()) {
            String freeSpaceString = patternMatcher.group(1);
            try {
                return Long.parseLong(freeSpaceString);
            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
                // fall through
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Parses a partition's available space from the 'table-formatted' output of a toolbox 'df'
     * command, used from gingerbread to lollipop.
     * <p/>
     * Assumes output format of:
     * <br/>
     * <code>
     * Filesystem             Size   Used   Free   Blksize
     * <br/>
     * [partition]:              3G   790M  2G     4096
     * </code>
     * @param dfOutput the output of df command to parse
     * @return the available space in kilobytes or <code>null</code> if output could not be parsed
     */
    Long parseFreeSpaceFromFree(String externalStorePath, String dfOutput) {
        Long freeSpace = null;
        final Pattern freeSpaceTablePattern = Pattern.compile(String.format(
                //fs   Size         Used         Free
                "%s\\s+[\\w\\d\\.]+\\s+[\\w\\d\\.]+\\s+([\\d\\.]+)(\\w)", externalStorePath));
        Matcher tablePatternMatcher = freeSpaceTablePattern.matcher(dfOutput);
        if (tablePatternMatcher.find()) {
            String numericValueString = tablePatternMatcher.group(1);
            String unitType = tablePatternMatcher.group(2);
            try {
                Float freeSpaceFloat = Float.parseFloat(numericValueString);
                if (unitType.equals("M")) {
                    freeSpaceFloat = freeSpaceFloat * 1024;
                } else if (unitType.equals("G")) {
                    freeSpaceFloat = freeSpaceFloat * 1024 * 1024;
                }
                freeSpace = freeSpaceFloat.longValue();
            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
                // fall through
            }
        }
        return freeSpace;
    }

    /**
     * Parses a partition's available space from the modern coreutils/toybox 'df' output, used
     * after lollipop.
     * <p/>
     * Assumes output format of:
     * <br/>
     * <code>
     * Filesystem      1K-blocks	Used  Available Use% Mounted on
     * <br/>
     * /dev/fuse        11585536    1316348   10269188  12% /mnt/shell/emulated
     * </code>
     * @param dfOutput the output of df command to parse
     * @return the available space in kilobytes or <code>null</code> if output could not be parsed
     */
    Long parseFreeSpaceFromModernOutput(String dfOutput) {
        Matcher matcher = DF_PATTERN.matcher(dfOutput);
        if (matcher.find()) {
            try {
                return Long.parseLong(matcher.group(1));
            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
                // fall through
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getMountPoint(String mountName) {
        return mStateMonitor.getMountPoint(mountName);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public List<MountPointInfo> getMountPointInfo() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        final String mountInfo = executeShellCommand("cat /proc/mounts");
        final String[] mountInfoLines = mountInfo.split("\r?\n");
        List<MountPointInfo> list = new ArrayList<>(mountInfoLines.length);

        for (String line : mountInfoLines) {
            // We ignore the last two fields
            // /dev/block/mtdblock4 /cache yaffs2 rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime 0 0
            final String[] parts = line.split("\\s+", 5);
            list.add(new MountPointInfo(parts[0], parts[1], parts[2], parts[3]));
        }

        return list;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public MountPointInfo getMountPointInfo(String mountpoint) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        // The overhead of parsing all of the lines should be minimal
        List<MountPointInfo> mountpoints = getMountPointInfo();
        for (MountPointInfo info : mountpoints) {
            if (mountpoint.equals(info.mountpoint)) return info;
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public IFileEntry getFileEntry(String path) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        path = interpolatePathVariables(path);
        String[] pathComponents = path.split(FileListingService.FILE_SEPARATOR);
        FileListingService service = getFileListingService();
        IFileEntry rootFile = new FileEntryWrapper(this, service.getRoot());
        return FileEntryWrapper.getDescendant(rootFile, Arrays.asList(pathComponents));
    }

    /**
     * Unofficial helper to get a {@link FileEntry} from a non-root path. FIXME: Refactor the
     * FileEntry system to have it available from any path. (even non root).
     *
     * @param entry a {@link FileEntry} not necessarily root as Ddmlib requires.
     * @return a {@link FileEntryWrapper} representing the FileEntry.
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException
     */
    public IFileEntry getFileEntry(FileEntry entry) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        // FileEntryWrapper is going to construct the list of child file internally.
        return new FileEntryWrapper(this, entry);
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public boolean isExecutable(String fullPath) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String fileMode = executeShellCommand(String.format("ls -l %s", fullPath));
        if (fileMode != null) {
            return EXE_FILE.matcher(fileMode).find();
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean isDirectory(String path) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        return executeShellCommand(String.format("ls -ld %s", path)).charAt(0) == 'd';
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String[] getChildren(String path) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String lsOutput = executeShellCommand(String.format("ls -A1 %s", path));
        if (lsOutput.trim().isEmpty()) {
            return new String[0];
        }
        return lsOutput.split("\r?\n");
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the {@link FileListingService} for the {@link IDevice}, making multiple attempts
     * and recovery operations if necessary.
     * <p/>
     * This is necessary because {@link IDevice#getFileListingService()} can return
     * <code>null</code> if device is in fastboot.  The symptom of this condition is that the
     * current {@link #getIDevice()} is a {@link StubDevice}.
     *
     * @return the {@link FileListingService}
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException if device communication is lost.
     */
    private FileListingService getFileListingService() throws DeviceNotAvailableException  {
        final FileListingService[] service = new FileListingService[1];
        DeviceAction serviceAction = new DeviceAction() {
            @Override
            public boolean run() throws IOException, TimeoutException, AdbCommandRejectedException,
                    ShellCommandUnresponsiveException, InstallException, SyncException {
                service[0] = getIDevice().getFileListingService();
                if (service[0] == null) {
                    // could not get file listing service - must be a stub device - enter recovery
                    throw new IOException("Could not get file listing service");
                }
                return true;
            }
        };
        performDeviceAction("getFileListingService", serviceAction, MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS);
        return service[0];
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean pushDir(File localFileDir, String deviceFilePath)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        return pushDir(localFileDir, deviceFilePath, new HashSet<>());
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public boolean pushDir(
            File localFileDir, String deviceFilePath, Set<String> excludedDirectories)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (!localFileDir.isDirectory()) {
            CLog.e("file %s is not a directory", localFileDir.getAbsolutePath());
            return false;
        }
        File[] childFiles = localFileDir.listFiles();
        if (childFiles == null) {
            CLog.e("Could not read files in %s", localFileDir.getAbsolutePath());
            return false;
        }
        for (File childFile : childFiles) {
            String remotePath = String.format("%s/%s", deviceFilePath, childFile.getName());
            if (childFile.isDirectory()) {
                // If we encounter a filtered directory do not push it.
                if (excludedDirectories.contains(childFile.getName())) {
                    CLog.d(
                            "%s directory was not pushed because it was filtered.",
                            childFile.getAbsolutePath());
                    continue;
                }
                executeShellCommand(String.format("mkdir -p \"%s\"", remotePath));
                if (!pushDir(childFile, remotePath, excludedDirectories)) {
                    return false;
                }
            } else if (childFile.isFile()) {
                if (!pushFile(childFile, remotePath)) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean pullDir(String deviceFilePath, File localDir)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (!localDir.isDirectory()) {
            CLog.e("Local path %s is not a directory", localDir.getAbsolutePath());
            return false;
        }
        if (!isDirectory(deviceFilePath)) {
            CLog.e("Device path %s is not a directory", deviceFilePath);
            return false;
        }
        FileEntry entryRoot =
                new FileEntry(null, deviceFilePath, FileListingService.TYPE_DIRECTORY, false);
        IFileEntry entry = getFileEntry(entryRoot);
        Collection<IFileEntry> children = entry.getChildren(false);
        if (children.isEmpty()) {
            CLog.i("Device path is empty, nothing to do.");
            return true;
        }
        for (IFileEntry item : children) {
            if (item.isDirectory()) {
                // handle sub dir
                File subDir = new File(localDir, item.getName());
                if (!subDir.mkdir()) {
                    CLog.w("Failed to create sub directory %s, aborting.",
                            subDir.getAbsolutePath());
                    return false;
                }
                String deviceSubDir = item.getFullPath();
                if (!pullDir(deviceSubDir, subDir)) {
                    CLog.w("Failed to pull sub directory %s from device, aborting", deviceSubDir);
                    return false;
                }
            } else {
                // handle regular file
                File localFile = new File(localDir, item.getName());
                String fullPath = item.getFullPath();
                if (!pullFile(fullPath, localFile)) {
                    CLog.w("Failed to pull file %s from device, aborting", fullPath);
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean syncFiles(File localFileDir, String deviceFilePath)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (localFileDir == null || deviceFilePath == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("syncFiles does not take null arguments");
        }
        CLog.i("Syncing %s to %s on device %s",
                localFileDir.getAbsolutePath(), deviceFilePath, getSerialNumber());
        if (!localFileDir.isDirectory()) {
            CLog.e("file %s is not a directory", localFileDir.getAbsolutePath());
            return false;
        }
        // get the real destination path. This is done because underlying syncService.push
        // implementation will add localFileDir.getName() to destination path
        deviceFilePath = String.format("%s/%s", interpolatePathVariables(deviceFilePath),
                localFileDir.getName());
        if (!doesFileExist(deviceFilePath)) {
            executeShellCommand(String.format("mkdir -p \"%s\"", deviceFilePath));
        }
        IFileEntry remoteFileEntry = getFileEntry(deviceFilePath);
        if (remoteFileEntry == null) {
            CLog.e("Could not find remote file entry %s ", deviceFilePath);
            return false;
        }

        return syncFiles(localFileDir, remoteFileEntry);
    }

    /**
     * Recursively sync newer files.
     *
     * @param localFileDir the local {@link File} directory to sync
     * @param remoteFileEntry the remote destination {@link IFileEntry}
     * @return <code>true</code> if files were synced successfully
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException
     */
    private boolean syncFiles(File localFileDir, final IFileEntry remoteFileEntry)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        CLog.d("Syncing %s to %s on %s", localFileDir.getAbsolutePath(),
                remoteFileEntry.getFullPath(), getSerialNumber());
        // find newer files to sync
        File[] localFiles = localFileDir.listFiles(new NoHiddenFilesFilter());
        ArrayList<String> filePathsToSync = new ArrayList<>();
        for (File localFile : localFiles) {
            IFileEntry entry = remoteFileEntry.findChild(localFile.getName());
            if (entry == null) {
                CLog.d("Detected missing file path %s", localFile.getAbsolutePath());
                filePathsToSync.add(localFile.getAbsolutePath());
            } else if (localFile.isDirectory()) {
                // This directory exists remotely. recursively sync it to sync only its newer files
                // contents
                if (!syncFiles(localFile, entry)) {
                    return false;
                }
            } else if (isNewer(localFile, entry)) {
                CLog.d("Detected newer file %s", localFile.getAbsolutePath());
                filePathsToSync.add(localFile.getAbsolutePath());
            }
        }

        if (filePathsToSync.size() == 0) {
            CLog.d("No files to sync");
            return true;
        }
        final String files[] = filePathsToSync.toArray(new String[filePathsToSync.size()]);
        DeviceAction syncAction = new DeviceAction() {
            @Override
            public boolean run() throws TimeoutException, IOException, AdbCommandRejectedException,
                    SyncException {
                SyncService syncService = null;
                boolean status = false;
                try {
                    syncService = getIDevice().getSyncService();
                    syncService.push(files, remoteFileEntry.getFileEntry(),
                            SyncService.getNullProgressMonitor());
                    status = true;
                } catch (SyncException e) {
                    CLog.w("Failed to sync files to %s on device %s. Message %s",
                            remoteFileEntry.getFullPath(), getSerialNumber(), e.getMessage());
                    throw e;
                } finally {
                    if (syncService != null) {
                        syncService.close();
                    }
                }
                return status;
            }
        };
        return performDeviceAction(String.format("sync files %s", remoteFileEntry.getFullPath()),
                syncAction, MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS);
    }

    /**
     * Queries the file listing service for a given directory
     *
     * @param remoteFileEntry
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException
     */
    FileEntry[] getFileChildren(final FileEntry remoteFileEntry)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        // time this operation because its known to hang
        FileQueryAction action = new FileQueryAction(remoteFileEntry,
                getIDevice().getFileListingService());
        performDeviceAction("buildFileCache", action, MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS);
        return action.mFileContents;
    }

    private class FileQueryAction implements DeviceAction {

        FileEntry[] mFileContents = null;
        private final FileEntry mRemoteFileEntry;
        private final FileListingService mService;

        FileQueryAction(FileEntry remoteFileEntry, FileListingService service) {
            throwIfNull(remoteFileEntry);
            throwIfNull(service);
            mRemoteFileEntry = remoteFileEntry;
            mService = service;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean run() throws TimeoutException, IOException, AdbCommandRejectedException,
                ShellCommandUnresponsiveException {
            mFileContents = mService.getChildrenSync(mRemoteFileEntry);
            return true;
        }
    }

    /**
     * A {@link FilenameFilter} that rejects hidden (ie starts with ".") files.
     */
    private static class NoHiddenFilesFilter implements FilenameFilter {
        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        @Override
        public boolean accept(File dir, String name) {
            return !name.startsWith(".");
        }
    }

    /**
     * helper to get the timezone from the device. Example: "Europe/London"
     */
    private String getDeviceTimezone() {
        try {
            // This may not be set at first, default to GMT in this case.
            String timezone = getProperty("persist.sys.timezone");
            if (timezone != null) {
                return timezone.trim();
            }
        } catch (DeviceNotAvailableException e) {
            // Fall through on purpose
        }
        return "GMT";
    }

    /**
     * Return <code>true</code> if local file is newer than remote file. {@link IFileEntry} being
     * accurate to the minute, in case of equal times, the file will be considered newer.
     */
    @VisibleForTesting
    protected boolean isNewer(File localFile, IFileEntry entry) {
        final String entryTimeString = String.format("%s %s", entry.getDate(), entry.getTime());
        try {
            String timezone = getDeviceTimezone();
            // expected format of a FileEntry's date and time
            SimpleDateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm");
            format.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone(timezone));
            Date remoteDate = format.parse(entryTimeString);

            long offset = 0;
            try {
                offset = getDeviceTimeOffset(null);
            } catch (DeviceNotAvailableException e) {
                offset = 0;
            }
            CLog.i("Device offset time: %s", offset);

            // localFile.lastModified has granularity of ms, but remoteDate.getTime only has
            // granularity of minutes. Shift remoteDate.getTime() backward by one minute so newly
            // modified files get synced
            return localFile.lastModified() > (remoteDate.getTime() - 60 * 1000 + offset);
        } catch (ParseException e) {
            CLog.e("Error converting remote time stamp %s for %s on device %s", entryTimeString,
                    entry.getFullPath(), getSerialNumber());
        }
        // sync file by default
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String executeAdbCommand(String... cmdArgs) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        final String[] fullCmd = buildAdbCommand(cmdArgs);
        AdbAction adbAction = new AdbAction(fullCmd);
        performDeviceAction(String.format("adb %s", cmdArgs[0]), adbAction, MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS);
        return adbAction.mOutput;
    }


    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public CommandResult executeFastbootCommand(String... cmdArgs)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException, UnsupportedOperationException {
        return doFastbootCommand(getCommandTimeout(), cmdArgs);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public CommandResult executeFastbootCommand(long timeout, String... cmdArgs)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException, UnsupportedOperationException {
        return doFastbootCommand(timeout, cmdArgs);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public CommandResult executeLongFastbootCommand(String... cmdArgs)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException, UnsupportedOperationException {
        return doFastbootCommand(getLongCommandTimeout(), cmdArgs);
    }

    /**
     * @param cmdArgs
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException
     */
    private CommandResult doFastbootCommand(final long timeout, String... cmdArgs)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException, UnsupportedOperationException {
        if (!mFastbootEnabled) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(String.format(
                    "Attempted to fastboot on device %s , but fastboot is not available. Aborting.",
                    getSerialNumber()));
        }
        final String[] fullCmd = buildFastbootCommand(cmdArgs);
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS; i++) {
            File fastbootTmpDir = getHostOptions().getFastbootTmpDir();
            IRunUtil runUtil = null;
            if (fastbootTmpDir != null) {
                runUtil = new RunUtil();
                runUtil.setEnvVariable("TMPDIR", fastbootTmpDir.getAbsolutePath());
            } else {
                runUtil = getRunUtil();
            }
            CommandResult result = new CommandResult(CommandStatus.EXCEPTION);
            // block state changes while executing a fastboot command, since
            // device will disappear from fastboot devices while command is being executed
            mFastbootLock.lock();
            try {
                result = runUtil.runTimedCmd(timeout, fullCmd);
            } finally {
                mFastbootLock.unlock();
            }
            if (!isRecoveryNeeded(result)) {
                return result;
            }
            CLog.w("Recovery needed after executing fastboot command");
            if (result != null) {
                CLog.v("fastboot command output:\nstdout: %s\nstderr:%s",
                        result.getStdout(), result.getStderr());
            }
            recoverDeviceFromBootloader();
        }
        throw new DeviceUnresponsiveException(String.format("Attempted fastboot %s multiple "
                + "times on device %s without communication success. Aborting.", cmdArgs[0],
                getSerialNumber()), getSerialNumber());
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean getUseFastbootErase() {
        return mOptions.getUseFastbootErase();
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void setUseFastbootErase(boolean useFastbootErase) {
        mOptions.setUseFastbootErase(useFastbootErase);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public CommandResult fastbootWipePartition(String partition)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (mOptions.getUseFastbootErase()) {
            return executeLongFastbootCommand("erase", partition);
        } else {
            return executeLongFastbootCommand("format", partition);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Evaluate the given fastboot result to determine if recovery mode needs to be entered
     *
     * @param fastbootResult the {@link CommandResult} from a fastboot command
     * @return <code>true</code> if recovery mode should be entered, <code>false</code> otherwise.
     */
    private boolean isRecoveryNeeded(CommandResult fastbootResult) {
        if (fastbootResult.getStatus().equals(CommandStatus.TIMED_OUT)) {
            // fastboot commands always time out if devices is not present
            return true;
        } else {
            // check for specific error messages in result that indicate bad device communication
            // and recovery mode is needed
            if (fastbootResult.getStderr() == null ||
                fastbootResult.getStderr().contains("data transfer failure (Protocol error)") ||
                fastbootResult.getStderr().contains("status read failed (No such device)")) {
                CLog.w("Bad fastboot response from device %s. stderr: %s. Entering recovery",
                        getSerialNumber(), fastbootResult.getStderr());
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /** Get the max time allowed in ms for commands. */
    long getCommandTimeout() {
        return mCmdTimeout;
    }

    /**
     * Set the max time allowed in ms for commands.
     */
    void setLongCommandTimeout(long timeout) {
        mLongCmdTimeout = timeout;
    }

    /**
     * Get the max time allowed in ms for commands.
     */
    long getLongCommandTimeout() {
        return mLongCmdTimeout;
    }

    /** Set the max time allowed in ms for commands. */
    void setCommandTimeout(long timeout) {
        mCmdTimeout = timeout;
    }

    /**
     * Builds the OS command for the given adb command and args
     */
    private String[] buildAdbCommand(String... commandArgs) {
        return ArrayUtil.buildArray(new String[] {"adb", "-s", getSerialNumber()},
                commandArgs);
    }

    /** Builds the OS command for the given adb shell command session and args */
    private String[] buildAdbShellCommand(String command) {
        // TODO: implement the shell v2 support in ddmlib itself.
        String[] commandArgs = QuotationAwareTokenizer.tokenizeLine(command);
        return ArrayUtil.buildArray(
                new String[] {"adb", "-s", getSerialNumber(), "shell"}, commandArgs);
    }

    /**
     * Builds the OS command for the given fastboot command and args
     */
    private String[] buildFastbootCommand(String... commandArgs) {
        return ArrayUtil.buildArray(new String[] {getFastbootPath(), "-s", getSerialNumber()},
                commandArgs);
    }

    /**
     * Performs an action on this device. Attempts to recover device and optionally retry command
     * if action fails.
     *
     * @param actionDescription a short description of action to be performed. Used for logging
     *            purposes only.
     * @param action the action to be performed
     * @param retryAttempts the retry attempts to make for action if it fails but
     *            recovery succeeds
     * @return <code>true</code> if action was performed successfully
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException if recovery attempt fails or max attempts done without
     *             success
     */
    protected boolean performDeviceAction(String actionDescription, final DeviceAction action,
            int retryAttempts) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {

        for (int i = 0; i < retryAttempts + 1; i++) {
            try {
                return action.run();
            } catch (TimeoutException e) {
                logDeviceActionException(actionDescription, e);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                logDeviceActionException(actionDescription, e);
            } catch (InstallException e) {
                logDeviceActionException(actionDescription, e);
            } catch (SyncException e) {
                logDeviceActionException(actionDescription, e);
                // a SyncException is not necessarily a device communication problem
                // do additional diagnosis
                if (!e.getErrorCode().equals(SyncError.BUFFER_OVERRUN) &&
                        !e.getErrorCode().equals(SyncError.TRANSFER_PROTOCOL_ERROR)) {
                    // this is a logic problem, doesn't need recovery or to be retried
                    return false;
                }
            } catch (AdbCommandRejectedException e) {
                logDeviceActionException(actionDescription, e);
            } catch (ShellCommandUnresponsiveException e) {
                CLog.w("Device %s stopped responding when attempting %s", getSerialNumber(),
                        actionDescription);
            }
            // TODO: currently treat all exceptions the same. In future consider different recovery
            // mechanisms for time out's vs IOExceptions
            recoverDevice();
        }
        if (retryAttempts > 0) {
            throw new DeviceUnresponsiveException(String.format("Attempted %s multiple times "
                    + "on device %s without communication success. Aborting.", actionDescription,
                    getSerialNumber()), getSerialNumber());
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Log an entry for given exception
     *
     * @param actionDescription the action's description
     * @param e the exception
     */
    private void logDeviceActionException(String actionDescription, Exception e) {
        CLog.w("%s (%s) when attempting %s on device %s", e.getClass().getSimpleName(),
                getExceptionMessage(e), actionDescription, getSerialNumber());
    }

    /**
     * Make a best effort attempt to retrieve a meaningful short descriptive message for given
     * {@link Exception}
     *
     * @param e the {@link Exception}
     * @return a short message
     */
    private String getExceptionMessage(Exception e) {
        StringBuilder msgBuilder = new StringBuilder();
        if (e.getMessage() != null) {
            msgBuilder.append(e.getMessage());
        }
        if (e.getCause() != null) {
            msgBuilder.append(" cause: ");
            msgBuilder.append(e.getCause().getClass().getSimpleName());
            if (e.getCause().getMessage() != null) {
                msgBuilder.append(" (");
                msgBuilder.append(e.getCause().getMessage());
                msgBuilder.append(")");
            }
        }
        return msgBuilder.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Attempts to recover device communication.
     *
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException if device is not longer available
     */
    @Override
    public void recoverDevice() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (mRecoveryMode.equals(RecoveryMode.NONE)) {
            CLog.i("Skipping recovery on %s", getSerialNumber());
            getRunUtil().sleep(NONE_RECOVERY_MODE_DELAY);
            return;
        }
        CLog.i("Attempting recovery on %s", getSerialNumber());
        try {
            mRecovery.recoverDevice(mStateMonitor, mRecoveryMode.equals(RecoveryMode.ONLINE));
        } catch (DeviceUnresponsiveException due) {
            RecoveryMode previousRecoveryMode = mRecoveryMode;
            mRecoveryMode = RecoveryMode.NONE;
            boolean enabled = enableAdbRoot();
            CLog.d("Device Unresponsive during recovery, is root still enabled: %s", enabled);
            mRecoveryMode = previousRecoveryMode;
            throw due;
        }
        if (mRecoveryMode.equals(RecoveryMode.AVAILABLE)) {
            // turn off recovery mode to prevent reentrant recovery
            // TODO: look for a better way to handle this, such as doing postBootUp steps in
            // recovery itself
            mRecoveryMode = RecoveryMode.NONE;
            // this might be a runtime reset - still need to run post boot setup steps
            if (isEncryptionSupported() && isDeviceEncrypted()) {
                unlockDevice();
            }
            postBootSetup();
            mRecoveryMode = RecoveryMode.AVAILABLE;
        } else if (mRecoveryMode.equals(RecoveryMode.ONLINE)) {
            // turn off recovery mode to prevent reentrant recovery
            // TODO: look for a better way to handle this, such as doing postBootUp steps in
            // recovery itself
            mRecoveryMode = RecoveryMode.NONE;
            enableAdbRoot();
            mRecoveryMode = RecoveryMode.ONLINE;
        }
        CLog.i("Recovery successful for %s", getSerialNumber());
    }

    /**
     * Attempts to recover device fastboot communication.
     *
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException if device is not longer available
     */
    private void recoverDeviceFromBootloader() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        CLog.i("Attempting recovery on %s in bootloader", getSerialNumber());
        mRecovery.recoverDeviceBootloader(mStateMonitor);
        CLog.i("Bootloader recovery successful for %s", getSerialNumber());
    }

    private void recoverDeviceInRecovery() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        CLog.i("Attempting recovery on %s in recovery", getSerialNumber());
        mRecovery.recoverDeviceRecovery(mStateMonitor);
        CLog.i("Recovery mode recovery successful for %s", getSerialNumber());
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void startLogcat() {
        if (mLogcatReceiver != null) {
            CLog.d("Already capturing logcat for %s, ignoring", getSerialNumber());
            return;
        }
        mLogcatReceiver = createLogcatReceiver();
        mLogcatReceiver.start();
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void clearLogcat() {
        if (mLogcatReceiver != null) {
            mLogcatReceiver.clear();
        }
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    @SuppressWarnings("MustBeClosedChecker")
    public InputStreamSource getLogcat() {
        if (mLogcatReceiver == null) {
            CLog.w("Not capturing logcat for %s in background, returning a logcat dump",
                    getSerialNumber());
            return getLogcatDump();
        } else {
            return mLogcatReceiver.getLogcatData();
        }
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    @SuppressWarnings("MustBeClosedChecker")
    public InputStreamSource getLogcat(int maxBytes) {
        if (mLogcatReceiver == null) {
            CLog.w("Not capturing logcat for %s in background, returning a logcat dump "
                    + "ignoring size", getSerialNumber());
            return getLogcatDump();
        } else {
            return mLogcatReceiver.getLogcatData(maxBytes);
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public InputStreamSource getLogcatSince(long date) {
        try {
            if (getApiLevel() <= 22) {
                CLog.i("Api level too low to use logcat -t 'time' reverting to dump");
                return getLogcatDump();
            }
        } catch (DeviceNotAvailableException e) {
            // For convenience of interface, we catch the DNAE here.
            CLog.e(e);
            return getLogcatDump();
        }

        // Convert date to format needed by the command:
        // 'MM-DD HH:mm:ss.mmm' or 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss.mmm'
        SimpleDateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat("MM-dd HH:mm:ss.mmm");
        String dateFormatted = format.format(new Date(date));

        byte[] output = new byte[0];
        try {
            // use IDevice directly because we don't want callers to handle
            // DeviceNotAvailableException for this method
            CollectingByteOutputReceiver receiver = new CollectingByteOutputReceiver();
            String command = String.format("%s -t '%s'", LogcatReceiver.LOGCAT_CMD, dateFormatted);
            getIDevice().executeShellCommand(command, receiver);
            output = receiver.getOutput();
        } catch (IOException|AdbCommandRejectedException|
                ShellCommandUnresponsiveException|TimeoutException e) {
            CLog.w("Failed to get logcat dump from %s: %s", getSerialNumber(), e.getMessage());
            CLog.e(e);
        }
        return new ByteArrayInputStreamSource(output);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public InputStreamSource getLogcatDump() {
        byte[] output = new byte[0];
        try {
            // use IDevice directly because we don't want callers to handle
            // DeviceNotAvailableException for this method
            CollectingByteOutputReceiver receiver = new CollectingByteOutputReceiver();
            // add -d parameter to make this a non blocking call
            getIDevice().executeShellCommand(LogcatReceiver.LOGCAT_CMD + " -d", receiver,
                    LOGCAT_DUMP_TIMEOUT, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
            output = receiver.getOutput();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            CLog.w("Failed to get logcat dump from %s: ", getSerialNumber(), e.getMessage());
        } catch (TimeoutException e) {
            CLog.w("Failed to get logcat dump from %s: timeout", getSerialNumber());
        } catch (AdbCommandRejectedException e) {
            CLog.w("Failed to get logcat dump from %s: ", getSerialNumber(), e.getMessage());
        } catch (ShellCommandUnresponsiveException e) {
            CLog.w("Failed to get logcat dump from %s: ", getSerialNumber(), e.getMessage());
        }
        return new ByteArrayInputStreamSource(output);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void stopLogcat() {
        if (mLogcatReceiver != null) {
            mLogcatReceiver.stop();
            mLogcatReceiver = null;
        } else {
            CLog.w("Attempting to stop logcat when not capturing for %s", getSerialNumber());
        }
    }

    /** Factory method to create a {@link LogcatReceiver}. */
    @VisibleForTesting
    LogcatReceiver createLogcatReceiver() {
        String logcatOptions = mOptions.getLogcatOptions();
        if (logcatOptions == null) {
            return new LogcatReceiver(this, mOptions.getMaxLogcatDataSize(), mLogStartDelay);
        } else {
            return new LogcatReceiver(this,
                    String.format("%s %s", LogcatReceiver.LOGCAT_CMD, logcatOptions),
                    mOptions.getMaxLogcatDataSize(), mLogStartDelay);
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public InputStreamSource getBugreport() {
        if (getApiLevelSafe() < 24) {
            InputStreamSource bugreport = getBugreportInternal();
            if (bugreport == null) {
                // Safe call so we don't return null but an empty resource.
                return new ByteArrayInputStreamSource("".getBytes());
            }
            return bugreport;
        }
        CLog.d("Api level above 24, using bugreportz instead.");
        File mainEntry = null;
        File bugreportzFile = null;
        try {
            bugreportzFile = getBugreportzInternal();
            if (bugreportzFile == null) {
                bugreportzFile = bugreportzFallback();
            }
            if (bugreportzFile == null) {
                // return empty buffer
                return new ByteArrayInputStreamSource("".getBytes());
            }
            try (ZipFile zip = new ZipFile(bugreportzFile)) {
                // We get the main_entry.txt that contains the bugreport name.
                mainEntry = ZipUtil2.extractFileFromZip(zip, "main_entry.txt");
                String bugreportName = FileUtil.readStringFromFile(mainEntry).trim();
                CLog.d("bugreport name: '%s'", bugreportName);
                File bugreport = ZipUtil2.extractFileFromZip(zip, bugreportName);
                return new FileInputStreamSource(bugreport, true);
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            CLog.e("Error while unzipping bugreportz");
            CLog.e(e);
            return new ByteArrayInputStreamSource("corrupted bugreport.".getBytes());
        } finally {
            FileUtil.deleteFile(bugreportzFile);
            FileUtil.deleteFile(mainEntry);
        }
    }

    /**
     * If first bugreportz collection was interrupted for any reasons, the temporary file where the
     * dumpstate is redirected could exists if it started. We attempt to get it to have some partial
     * data.
     */
    private File bugreportzFallback() {
        try {
            IFileEntry entries = getFileEntry(BUGREPORTZ_TMP_PATH);
            if (entries != null) {
                for (IFileEntry f : entries.getChildren(false)) {
                    String name = f.getName();
                    CLog.d("bugreport entry: %s", name);
                    // Only get left-over zipped data to avoid confusing data types.
                    if (name.endsWith(".zip")) {
                        File pulledZip = pullFile(BUGREPORTZ_TMP_PATH + name);
                        try {
                            // Validate the zip before returning it.
                            if (ZipUtil.isZipFileValid(pulledZip, false)) {
                                return pulledZip;
                            }
                        } catch (IOException e) {
                            CLog.e(e);
                        }
                        CLog.w("Failed to get a valid bugreportz.");
                        // if zip validation failed, delete it and return null.
                        FileUtil.deleteFile(pulledZip);
                        return null;

                    }
                }
                CLog.w("Could not find a tmp bugreport file in the directory.");
            } else {
                CLog.w("Could not find the file entry: '%s' on the device.", BUGREPORTZ_TMP_PATH);
            }
        } catch (DeviceNotAvailableException e) {
            CLog.e(e);
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean logBugreport(String dataName, ITestLogger listener) {
        InputStreamSource bugreport = null;
        LogDataType type = null;
        try {
            bugreport = getBugreportz();
            type = LogDataType.BUGREPORTZ;

            if (bugreport == null) {
                CLog.d("Bugreportz failed, attempting bugreport collection instead.");
                bugreport = getBugreportInternal();
                type = LogDataType.BUGREPORT;
            }
            // log what we managed to capture.
            if (bugreport != null) {
                listener.testLog(dataName, type, bugreport);
                return true;
            }
        } finally {
            StreamUtil.cancel(bugreport);
        }
        CLog.d(
                "logBugreport() was not successful in collecting and logging the bugreport "
                        + "for device %s",
                getSerialNumber());
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public Bugreport takeBugreport() {
        File bugreportFile = null;
        int apiLevel = getApiLevelSafe();
        if (apiLevel == UNKNOWN_API_LEVEL) {
            return null;
        }
        if (apiLevel >= 24) {
            CLog.d("Api level above 24, using bugreportz.");
            bugreportFile = getBugreportzInternal();
            if (bugreportFile != null) {
                return new Bugreport(bugreportFile, true);
            }
            return null;
        }
        // fall back to regular bugreport
        InputStreamSource bugreport = getBugreportInternal();
        if (bugreport == null) {
            CLog.e("Error when collecting the bugreport.");
            return null;
        }
        try {
            bugreportFile = FileUtil.createTempFile("bugreport", ".txt");
            FileUtil.writeToFile(bugreport.createInputStream(), bugreportFile);
            return new Bugreport(bugreportFile, false);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            CLog.e("Error when writing the bugreport file");
            CLog.e(e);
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public InputStreamSource getBugreportz() {
        if (getApiLevelSafe() < 24) {
            return null;
        }
        File bugreportZip = getBugreportzInternal();
        if (bugreportZip == null) {
            bugreportZip = bugreportzFallback();
        }
        if (bugreportZip != null) {
            return new FileInputStreamSource(bugreportZip, true);
        }
        return null;
    }

    /** Internal Helper method to get the bugreportz zip file as a {@link File}. */
    @VisibleForTesting
    protected File getBugreportzInternal() {
        CollectingOutputReceiver receiver = new CollectingOutputReceiver();
        // Does not rely on {@link ITestDevice#executeAdbCommand(String...)} because it does not
        // provide a timeout.
        try {
            executeShellCommand(BUGREPORTZ_CMD, receiver,
                    BUGREPORTZ_TIMEOUT, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS, 0 /* don't retry */);
            String output = receiver.getOutput().trim();
            Matcher match = BUGREPORTZ_RESPONSE_PATTERN.matcher(output);
            if (!match.find()) {
                CLog.e("Something went went wrong during bugreportz collection: '%s'", output);
                return null;
            } else {
                String remoteFilePath = match.group(2);
                File zipFile = null;
                try {
                    if (!doesFileExist(remoteFilePath)) {
                        CLog.e("Did not find bugreportz at: %s", remoteFilePath);
                        return null;
                    }
                    // Create a placeholder to replace the file
                    zipFile = FileUtil.createTempFile("bugreportz", ".zip");
                    pullFile(remoteFilePath, zipFile);
                    String bugreportDir =
                            remoteFilePath.substring(0, remoteFilePath.lastIndexOf('/'));
                    if (!bugreportDir.isEmpty()) {
                        // clean bugreport files directory on device
                        executeShellCommand(String.format("rm %s/*", bugreportDir));
                    }

                    return zipFile;
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    CLog.e("Failed to create the temporary file.");
                    return null;
                }
            }
        } catch (DeviceNotAvailableException e) {
            CLog.e("Device %s became unresponsive while retrieving bugreportz", getSerialNumber());
            CLog.e(e);
        }
        return null;
    }

    protected InputStreamSource getBugreportInternal() {
        CollectingByteOutputReceiver receiver = new CollectingByteOutputReceiver();
        try {
            executeShellCommand(
                    BUGREPORT_CMD,
                    receiver,
                    BUGREPORT_TIMEOUT,
                    TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                    0 /* don't retry */);
        } catch (DeviceNotAvailableException e) {
            // Log, but don't throw, so the caller can get the bugreport contents even
            // if the device goes away
            CLog.e("Device %s became unresponsive while retrieving bugreport", getSerialNumber());
            return null;
        }
        return new ByteArrayInputStreamSource(receiver.getOutput());
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public InputStreamSource getScreenshot() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for Screenshot");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public InputStreamSource getScreenshot(String format) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for Screenshot");
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public InputStreamSource getScreenshot(String format, boolean rescale)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for Screenshot");
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public void clearLastConnectedWifiNetwork() {
        mLastConnectedWifiSsid = null;
        mLastConnectedWifiPsk = null;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean connectToWifiNetwork(String wifiSsid, String wifiPsk)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        return connectToWifiNetwork(wifiSsid, wifiPsk, false);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean connectToWifiNetwork(String wifiSsid, String wifiPsk, boolean scanSsid)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        // Clears the last connected wifi network.
        mLastConnectedWifiSsid = null;
        mLastConnectedWifiPsk = null;

        // Connects to wifi network. It retries up to {@link TestDeviceOptions@getWifiAttempts()}
        // times
        Random rnd = new Random();
        int backoffSlotCount = 2;
        int slotTime = mOptions.getWifiRetryWaitTime();
        int waitTime = 0;
        IWifiHelper wifi = createWifiHelper();
        long startTime = mClock.millis();
        for (int i = 1; i <= mOptions.getWifiAttempts(); i++) {
            CLog.i("Connecting to wifi network %s on %s", wifiSsid, getSerialNumber());
            boolean success =
                    wifi.connectToNetwork(wifiSsid, wifiPsk, mOptions.getConnCheckUrl(), scanSsid);
            final Map<String, String> wifiInfo = wifi.getWifiInfo();
            if (success) {
                CLog.i(
                        "Successfully connected to wifi network %s(%s) on %s",
                        wifiSsid, wifiInfo.get("bssid"), getSerialNumber());

                mLastConnectedWifiSsid = wifiSsid;
                mLastConnectedWifiPsk = wifiPsk;

                return true;
            } else {
                CLog.w(
                        "Failed to connect to wifi network %s(%s) on %s on attempt %d of %d",
                        wifiSsid,
                        wifiInfo.get("bssid"),
                        getSerialNumber(),
                        i,
                        mOptions.getWifiAttempts());
            }
            if (mClock.millis() - startTime >= mOptions.getMaxWifiConnectTime()) {
                CLog.e(
                        "Failed to connect to wifi after %d ms. Aborting.",
                        mOptions.getMaxWifiConnectTime());
                break;
            }
            if (i < mOptions.getWifiAttempts()) {
                if (mOptions.isWifiExpoRetryEnabled()) {
                    // use binary exponential back-offs when retrying.
                    waitTime = rnd.nextInt(backoffSlotCount) * slotTime;
                    backoffSlotCount *= 2;
                }
                CLog.e("Waiting for %d ms before reconnecting to %s...", waitTime, wifiSsid);
                getRunUtil().sleep(waitTime);
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean checkConnectivity() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        IWifiHelper wifi = createWifiHelper();
        return wifi.checkConnectivity(mOptions.getConnCheckUrl());
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean connectToWifiNetworkIfNeeded(String wifiSsid, String wifiPsk)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        return connectToWifiNetworkIfNeeded(wifiSsid, wifiPsk, false);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean connectToWifiNetworkIfNeeded(String wifiSsid, String wifiPsk, boolean scanSsid)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (!checkConnectivity())  {
            return connectToWifiNetwork(wifiSsid, wifiPsk, scanSsid);
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean isWifiEnabled() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        final IWifiHelper wifi = createWifiHelper();
        try {
            return wifi.isWifiEnabled();
        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
            CLog.w("Failed to create WifiHelper: %s", e.getMessage());
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Checks that the device is currently successfully connected to given wifi SSID.
     *
     * @param wifiSSID the wifi ssid
     * @return <code>true</code> if device is currently connected to wifiSSID and has network
     *         connectivity. <code>false</code> otherwise
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException if connection with device was lost
     */
    boolean checkWifiConnection(String wifiSSID) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        CLog.i("Checking connection with wifi network %s on %s", wifiSSID, getSerialNumber());
        final IWifiHelper wifi = createWifiHelper();
        // getSSID returns SSID as "SSID"
        final String quotedSSID = String.format("\"%s\"", wifiSSID);

        boolean test = wifi.isWifiEnabled();
        CLog.v("%s: wifi enabled? %b", getSerialNumber(), test);

        if (test) {
            final String actualSSID = wifi.getSSID();
            test = quotedSSID.equals(actualSSID);
            CLog.v("%s: SSID match (%s, %s, %b)", getSerialNumber(), quotedSSID, actualSSID, test);
        }
        if (test) {
            test = wifi.hasValidIp();
            CLog.v("%s: validIP? %b", getSerialNumber(), test);
        }
        if (test) {
            test = checkConnectivity();
            CLog.v("%s: checkConnectivity returned %b", getSerialNumber(), test);
        }
        return test;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean disconnectFromWifi() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        CLog.i("Disconnecting from wifi on %s", getSerialNumber());
        // Clears the last connected wifi network.
        mLastConnectedWifiSsid = null;
        mLastConnectedWifiPsk = null;

        IWifiHelper wifi = createWifiHelper();
        return wifi.disconnectFromNetwork();
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getIpAddress() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        IWifiHelper wifi = createWifiHelper();
        return wifi.getIpAddress();
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean enableNetworkMonitor() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        mNetworkMonitorEnabled = false;

        IWifiHelper wifi = createWifiHelper();
        wifi.stopMonitor();
        if (wifi.startMonitor(NETWORK_MONITOR_INTERVAL, mOptions.getConnCheckUrl())) {
            mNetworkMonitorEnabled = true;
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean disableNetworkMonitor() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        mNetworkMonitorEnabled = false;

        IWifiHelper wifi = createWifiHelper();
        List<Long> samples = wifi.stopMonitor();
        if (!samples.isEmpty()) {
            int failures = 0;
            long totalLatency = 0;
            for (Long sample : samples) {
                if (sample < 0) {
                    failures += 1;
                } else {
                    totalLatency += sample;
                }
            }
            double failureRate = failures * 100.0 / samples.size();
            double avgLatency = 0.0;
            if (failures < samples.size()) {
                avgLatency = totalLatency / (samples.size() - failures);
            }
            CLog.d("[metric] url=%s, window=%ss, failure_rate=%.2f%%, latency_avg=%.2f",
                    mOptions.getConnCheckUrl(), samples.size() * NETWORK_MONITOR_INTERVAL / 1000,
                    failureRate, avgLatency);
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Create a {@link WifiHelper} to use
     *
     * <p>
     *
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException
     */
    @VisibleForTesting
    IWifiHelper createWifiHelper() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        // current wifi helper won't work on AndroidNativeDevice
        // TODO: create a new Wifi helper with supported feature of AndroidNativeDevice when
        // we learn what is available.
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Wifi helper is not supported.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean clearErrorDialogs() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for Screen's features");
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public KeyguardControllerState getKeyguardState() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for keyguard querying.");
    }

    IDeviceStateMonitor getDeviceStateMonitor() {
        return mStateMonitor;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void postBootSetup() throws DeviceNotAvailableException  {
        enableAdbRoot();
        prePostBootSetup();
        for (String command : mOptions.getPostBootCommands()) {
            executeShellCommand(command);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Allows each device type (AndroidNativeDevice, TestDevice) to override this method for
     * specific post boot setup.
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException
     */
    protected void prePostBootSetup() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        // Empty on purpose.
    }

    /**
     * Ensure wifi connection is re-established after boot. This is intended to be called after TF
     * initiated reboots(ones triggered by {@link #reboot()}) only.
     *
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException
     */
    void postBootWifiSetup() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (mLastConnectedWifiSsid != null) {
            reconnectToWifiNetwork();
        }
        if (mNetworkMonitorEnabled) {
            if (!enableNetworkMonitor()) {
                CLog.w("Failed to enable network monitor on %s after reboot", getSerialNumber());
            }
        }
    }

    void reconnectToWifiNetwork() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        // First, wait for wifi to re-connect automatically.
        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        boolean isConnected = checkConnectivity();
        while (!isConnected && (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime) < WIFI_RECONNECT_TIMEOUT) {
            getRunUtil().sleep(WIFI_RECONNECT_CHECK_INTERVAL);
            isConnected = checkConnectivity();
        }

        if (isConnected) {
            return;
        }

        // If wifi is still not connected, try to re-connect on our own.
        final String wifiSsid = mLastConnectedWifiSsid;
        if (!connectToWifiNetworkIfNeeded(mLastConnectedWifiSsid, mLastConnectedWifiPsk)) {
            throw new NetworkNotAvailableException(
                    String.format("Failed to connect to wifi network %s on %s after reboot",
                            wifiSsid, getSerialNumber()));
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void rebootIntoBootloader()
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException, UnsupportedOperationException {
        if (!mFastbootEnabled) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
                    "Fastboot is not available and cannot reboot into bootloader");
        }
        CLog.i("Rebooting device %s in state %s into bootloader", getSerialNumber(),
                getDeviceState());
        if (TestDeviceState.FASTBOOT.equals(getDeviceState())) {
            CLog.i("device %s already in fastboot. Rebooting anyway", getSerialNumber());
            executeFastbootCommand("reboot-bootloader");
        } else {
            CLog.i("Booting device %s into bootloader", getSerialNumber());
            doAdbRebootBootloader();
        }
        if (!mStateMonitor.waitForDeviceBootloader(mOptions.getFastbootTimeout())) {
            recoverDeviceFromBootloader();
        }
    }

    private void doAdbRebootBootloader() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        doAdbReboot("bootloader");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void reboot() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        rebootUntilOnline();

        RecoveryMode cachedRecoveryMode = getRecoveryMode();
        setRecoveryMode(RecoveryMode.ONLINE);

        if (isEncryptionSupported() && isDeviceEncrypted()) {
            unlockDevice();
        }

        setRecoveryMode(cachedRecoveryMode);

        if (mStateMonitor.waitForDeviceAvailable(mOptions.getRebootTimeout()) != null) {
            postBootSetup();
            postBootWifiSetup();
            return;
        } else {
            recoverDevice();
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void rebootUntilOnline() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        doReboot();
        RecoveryMode cachedRecoveryMode = getRecoveryMode();
        setRecoveryMode(RecoveryMode.ONLINE);
        if (mStateMonitor.waitForDeviceOnline() != null) {
            enableAdbRoot();
        } else {
            recoverDevice();
        }
        setRecoveryMode(cachedRecoveryMode);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void rebootIntoRecovery() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (TestDeviceState.FASTBOOT == getDeviceState()) {
            CLog.w("device %s in fastboot when requesting boot to recovery. " +
                    "Rebooting to userspace first.", getSerialNumber());
            rebootUntilOnline();
        }
        doAdbReboot("recovery");
        if (!waitForDeviceInRecovery(mOptions.getAdbRecoveryTimeout())) {
            recoverDeviceInRecovery();
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void nonBlockingReboot() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        doReboot();
    }

    /**
     * Trigger a reboot of the device, offers no guarantee of the device state after the call.
     *
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException
     */
    @VisibleForTesting
    void doReboot() throws DeviceNotAvailableException, UnsupportedOperationException {
        if (TestDeviceState.FASTBOOT == getDeviceState()) {
            CLog.i("device %s in fastboot. Rebooting to userspace.", getSerialNumber());
            executeFastbootCommand("reboot");
        } else {
            if (mOptions.shouldDisableReboot()) {
                CLog.i("Device reboot disabled by options, skipped.");
                return;
            }
            CLog.i("Rebooting device %s", getSerialNumber());
            doAdbReboot(null);
            // Check if device shows as unavailable (as expected after reboot).
            boolean notAvailable = waitForDeviceNotAvailable(DEFAULT_UNAVAILABLE_TIMEOUT);
            if (notAvailable) {
                postAdbReboot();
            } else {
                CLog.w(
                        "Did not detect device %s becoming unavailable after reboot",
                        getSerialNumber());
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Possible extra actions that can be taken after a reboot.
     *
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException
     */
    protected void postAdbReboot() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        // Default implementation empty on purpose.
    }

    /**
     * Perform a adb reboot.
     *
     * @param into the bootloader name to reboot into, or <code>null</code> to just reboot the
     *            device.
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException
     */
    protected void doAdbReboot(final String into) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        DeviceAction rebootAction = createRebootDeviceAction(into);
        performDeviceAction("reboot", rebootAction, MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS);
    }

    /**
     * Create a {@link RebootDeviceAction} to be used when performing a reboot action.
     *
     * @param into the bootloader name to reboot into, or <code>null</code> to just reboot the
     *     device.
     * @return the created {@link RebootDeviceAction}.
     */
    protected RebootDeviceAction createRebootDeviceAction(final String into) {
        return new RebootDeviceAction(into);
    }

    protected void waitForDeviceNotAvailable(String operationDesc, long time) {
        // TODO: a bit of a race condition here. Would be better to start a
        // before the operation
        if (!mStateMonitor.waitForDeviceNotAvailable(time)) {
            // above check is flaky, ignore till better solution is found
            CLog.w("Did not detect device %s becoming unavailable after %s", getSerialNumber(),
                    operationDesc);
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean enableAdbRoot() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        // adb root is a relatively intensive command, so do a brief check first to see
        // if its necessary or not
        if (isAdbRoot()) {
            CLog.i("adb is already running as root on %s", getSerialNumber());
            // Still check for online, in some case we could see the root, but device could be
            // very early in its cycle.
            waitForDeviceOnline();
            return true;
        }
        // Don't enable root if user requested no root
        if (!isEnableAdbRoot()) {
            CLog.i("\"enable-root\" set to false; ignoring 'adb root' request");
            return false;
        }
        CLog.i("adb root on device %s", getSerialNumber());
        int attempts = MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS + 1;
        for (int i=1; i <= attempts; i++) {
            String output = executeAdbCommand("root");
            // wait for device to disappear from adb
            waitForDeviceNotAvailable("root", 20 * 1000);

            postAdbRootAction();

            // wait for device to be back online
            waitForDeviceOnline();

            if (isAdbRoot()) {
                return true;
            }
            CLog.w("'adb root' on %s unsuccessful on attempt %d of %d. Output: '%s'",
                    getSerialNumber(), i, attempts, output);
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean disableAdbRoot() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (!isAdbRoot()) {
            CLog.i("adb is already unroot on %s", getSerialNumber());
            return true;
        }

        CLog.i("adb unroot on device %s", getSerialNumber());
        int attempts = MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS + 1;
        for (int i=1; i <= attempts; i++) {
            String output = executeAdbCommand("unroot");
            // wait for device to disappear from adb
            waitForDeviceNotAvailable("unroot", 5 * 1000);

            postAdbUnrootAction();

            // wait for device to be back online
            waitForDeviceOnline();

            if (!isAdbRoot()) {
                return true;
            }
            CLog.w("'adb unroot' on %s unsuccessful on attempt %d of %d. Output: '%s'",
                    getSerialNumber(), i, attempts, output);
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Override if the device needs some specific actions to be taken after adb root and before the
     * device is back online.
     * Default implementation doesn't include any addition actions.
     * adb root is not guaranteed to be enabled at this stage.
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException
     */
    public void postAdbRootAction() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        // Empty on purpose.
    }

    /**
     * Override if the device needs some specific actions to be taken after adb unroot and before
     * the device is back online.
     * Default implementation doesn't include any additional actions.
     * adb root is not guaranteed to be disabled at this stage.
     * @throws DeviceNotAvailableException
     */
    public void postAdbUnrootAction() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        // Empty on purpose.
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean isAdbRoot() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String output = executeShellCommand("id");
        return output.contains("uid=0(root)");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean encryptDevice(boolean inplace) throws DeviceNotAvailableException,
            UnsupportedOperationException {
        if (!isEncryptionSupported()) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(String.format("Can't encrypt device %s: "
                    + "encryption not supported", getSerialNumber()));
        }

        if (isDeviceEncrypted()) {
            CLog.d("Device %s is already encrypted, skipping", getSerialNumber());
            return true;
        }

        enableAdbRoot();

        String encryptMethod;
        long timeout;
        if (inplace) {
            encryptMethod = "inplace";
            timeout = ENCRYPTION_INPLACE_TIMEOUT_MIN;
        } else {
            encryptMethod = "wipe";
            timeout = ENCRYPTION_WIPE_TIMEOUT_MIN;
        }

        CLog.i("Encrypting device %s via %s", getSerialNumber(), encryptMethod);

        // enable crypto takes one of the following formats:
        // cryptfs enablecrypto <wipe|inplace> <passwd>
        // cryptfs enablecrypto <wipe|inplace> default|password|pin|pattern [passwd]
        // Try the first one first, if it outputs "500 0 Usage: ...", try the second.
        CollectingOutputReceiver receiver = new CollectingOutputReceiver();
        String command = String.format("vdc cryptfs enablecrypto %s \"%s\"", encryptMethod,
                ENCRYPTION_PASSWORD);
        executeShellCommand(command, receiver, timeout, TimeUnit.MINUTES, 1);
        if (receiver.getOutput().split(":")[0].matches("500 \\d+ Usage")) {
            command = String.format("vdc cryptfs enablecrypto %s default", encryptMethod);
            executeShellCommand(command, new NullOutputReceiver(), timeout, TimeUnit.MINUTES, 1);
        }

        waitForDeviceNotAvailable("reboot", getCommandTimeout());
        waitForDeviceOnline();  // Device will not become available until the user data is unlocked.

        return isDeviceEncrypted();
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean unencryptDevice() throws DeviceNotAvailableException,
            UnsupportedOperationException {
        if (!isEncryptionSupported()) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(String.format("Can't unencrypt device %s: "
                    + "encryption not supported", getSerialNumber()));
        }

        if (!isDeviceEncrypted()) {
            CLog.d("Device %s is already unencrypted, skipping", getSerialNumber());
            return true;
        }

        CLog.i("Unencrypting device %s", getSerialNumber());

        // If the device supports fastboot format, then we're done.
        if (!mOptions.getUseFastbootErase()) {
            rebootIntoBootloader();
            fastbootWipePartition("userdata");
            rebootUntilOnline();
            waitForDeviceAvailable(ENCRYPTION_WIPE_TIMEOUT_MIN * 60 * 1000);
            return true;
        }

        // Determine if we need to format partition instead of wipe.
        boolean format = false;
        String output = executeShellCommand("vdc volume list");
        String[] splitOutput;
        if (output != null) {
            splitOutput = output.split("\r?\n");
            for (String line : splitOutput) {
                if (line.startsWith("110 ") && line.contains("sdcard /mnt/sdcard") &&
                        !line.endsWith("0")) {
                    format = true;
                }
            }
        }

        rebootIntoBootloader();
        fastbootWipePartition("userdata");

        // If the device requires time to format the filesystem after fastboot erase userdata, wait
        // for the device to reboot a second time.
        if (mOptions.getUnencryptRebootTimeout() > 0) {
            rebootUntilOnline();
            if (waitForDeviceNotAvailable(mOptions.getUnencryptRebootTimeout())) {
                waitForDeviceOnline();
            }
        }

        if (format) {
            CLog.d("Need to format sdcard for device %s", getSerialNumber());

            RecoveryMode cachedRecoveryMode = getRecoveryMode();
            setRecoveryMode(RecoveryMode.ONLINE);

            output = executeShellCommand("vdc volume format sdcard");
            if (output == null) {
                CLog.e("Command vdc volume format sdcard failed will no output for device %s:\n%s",
                        getSerialNumber());
                setRecoveryMode(cachedRecoveryMode);
                return false;
            }
            splitOutput = output.split("\r?\n");
            if (!splitOutput[splitOutput.length - 1].startsWith("200 ")) {
                CLog.e("Command vdc volume format sdcard failed for device %s:\n%s",
                        getSerialNumber(), output);
                setRecoveryMode(cachedRecoveryMode);
                return false;
            }

            setRecoveryMode(cachedRecoveryMode);
        }

        reboot();

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean unlockDevice() throws DeviceNotAvailableException,
            UnsupportedOperationException {
        if (!isEncryptionSupported()) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(String.format("Can't unlock device %s: "
                    + "encryption not supported", getSerialNumber()));
        }

        if (!isDeviceEncrypted()) {
            CLog.d("Device %s is not encrypted, skipping", getSerialNumber());
            return true;
        }

        CLog.i("Unlocking device %s", getSerialNumber());

        enableAdbRoot();

        // FIXME: currently, vcd checkpw can return an empty string when it never should.  Try 3
        // times.
        String output;
        int i = 0;
        do {
            // Enter the password. Output will be:
            // "200 [X] -1" if the password has already been entered correctly,
            // "200 [X] 0" if the password is entered correctly,
            // "200 [X] N" where N is any positive number if the password is incorrect,
            // any other string if there is an error.
            output = executeShellCommand(String.format("vdc cryptfs checkpw \"%s\"",
                    ENCRYPTION_PASSWORD)).trim();

            if (output.startsWith("200 ") && output.endsWith(" -1")) {
                return true;
            }

            if (!output.isEmpty() && !(output.startsWith("200 ") && output.endsWith(" 0"))) {
                CLog.e("checkpw gave output '%s' while trying to unlock device %s",
                        output, getSerialNumber());
                return false;
            }

            getRunUtil().sleep(500);
        } while (output.isEmpty() && ++i < 3);

        if (output.isEmpty()) {
            CLog.e("checkpw gave no output while trying to unlock device %s");
        }

        // Restart the framework. Output will be:
        // "200 [X] 0" if the user data partition can be mounted,
        // "200 [X] -1" if the user data partition can not be mounted (no correct password given),
        // any other string if there is an error.
        output = executeShellCommand("vdc cryptfs restart").trim();

        if (!(output.startsWith("200 ") &&  output.endsWith(" 0"))) {
            CLog.e("restart gave output '%s' while trying to unlock device %s", output,
                    getSerialNumber());
            return false;
        }

        waitForDeviceAvailable();

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean isDeviceEncrypted() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String output = getProperty("ro.crypto.state");

        if (output == null && isEncryptionSupported()) {
            CLog.w("Property ro.crypto.state is null on device %s", getSerialNumber());
        }

        return "encrypted".equals(output);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean isEncryptionSupported() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (!isEnableAdbRoot()) {
            CLog.i("root is required for encryption");
            mIsEncryptionSupported = false;
            return mIsEncryptionSupported;
        }
        if (mIsEncryptionSupported != null) {
            return mIsEncryptionSupported.booleanValue();
        }
        enableAdbRoot();
        String output = executeShellCommand("vdc cryptfs enablecrypto").trim();

        mIsEncryptionSupported =
                (output != null
                        && Pattern.matches("(500)(\\s+)(\\d+)(\\s+)(Usage)(.*)(:)(.*)", output));
        return mIsEncryptionSupported;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void waitForDeviceOnline(long waitTime) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (mStateMonitor.waitForDeviceOnline(waitTime) == null) {
            recoverDevice();
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void waitForDeviceOnline() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (mStateMonitor.waitForDeviceOnline() == null) {
            recoverDevice();
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void waitForDeviceAvailable(long waitTime) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (mStateMonitor.waitForDeviceAvailable(waitTime) == null) {
            recoverDevice();
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void waitForDeviceAvailable() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (mStateMonitor.waitForDeviceAvailable() == null) {
            recoverDevice();
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean waitForDeviceNotAvailable(long waitTime) {
        return mStateMonitor.waitForDeviceNotAvailable(waitTime);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean waitForDeviceInRecovery(long waitTime) {
        return mStateMonitor.waitForDeviceInRecovery(waitTime);
    }

    /**
     * Small helper function to throw an NPE if the passed arg is null.  This should be used when
     * some value will be stored and used later, in which case it'll avoid hard-to-trace
     * asynchronous NullPointerExceptions by throwing the exception synchronously.  This is not
     * intended to be used where the NPE would be thrown synchronously -- just let the jvm take care
     * of it in that case.
     */
    private void throwIfNull(Object obj) {
        if (obj == null) throw new NullPointerException();
    }

    /** Retrieve this device's recovery mechanism. */
    @VisibleForTesting
    IDeviceRecovery getRecovery() {
        return mRecovery;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void setRecovery(IDeviceRecovery recovery) {
        throwIfNull(recovery);
        mRecovery = recovery;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void setRecoveryMode(RecoveryMode mode) {
        throwIfNull(mRecoveryMode);
        mRecoveryMode = mode;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public RecoveryMode getRecoveryMode() {
        return mRecoveryMode;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void setFastbootEnabled(boolean fastbootEnabled) {
        mFastbootEnabled = fastbootEnabled;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean isFastbootEnabled() {
        return mFastbootEnabled;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void setFastbootPath(String fastbootPath) {
        mFastbootPath = fastbootPath;
        // ensure the device and its associated recovery use the same fastboot version.
        mRecovery.setFastbootPath(fastbootPath);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getFastbootPath() {
        return mFastbootPath;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void setDeviceState(final TestDeviceState deviceState) {
        if (!deviceState.equals(getDeviceState())) {
            // disable state changes while fastboot lock is held, because issuing fastboot command
            // will disrupt state
            if (getDeviceState().equals(TestDeviceState.FASTBOOT) && mFastbootLock.isLocked()) {
                return;
            }
            mState = deviceState;
            CLog.d("Device %s state is now %s", getSerialNumber(), deviceState);
            mStateMonitor.setState(deviceState);
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public TestDeviceState getDeviceState() {
        return mState;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isAdbTcp() {
        return mStateMonitor.isAdbTcp();
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String switchToAdbTcp() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String ipAddress = getIpAddress();
        if (ipAddress == null) {
            CLog.e("connectToTcp failed: Device %s doesn't have an IP", getSerialNumber());
            return null;
        }
        String port = "5555";
        executeAdbCommand("tcpip", port);
        // TODO: analyze result? wait for device offline?
        return String.format("%s:%s", ipAddress, port);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean switchToAdbUsb() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        executeAdbCommand("usb");
        // TODO: analyze result? wait for device offline?
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void setEmulatorProcess(Process p) {
        mEmulatorProcess = p;

    }

    /**
     * For emulator set {@link SizeLimitedOutputStream} to log output
     * @param output to log the output
     */
    public void setEmulatorOutputStream(SizeLimitedOutputStream output) {
        mEmulatorOutput = output;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void stopEmulatorOutput() {
        if (mEmulatorOutput != null) {
            mEmulatorOutput.delete();
            mEmulatorOutput = null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public InputStreamSource getEmulatorOutput() {
        if (getIDevice().isEmulator()) {
            if (mEmulatorOutput == null) {
                CLog.w("Emulator output for %s was not captured in background",
                        getSerialNumber());
            } else {
                try {
                    return new SnapshotInputStreamSource(
                            "getEmulatorOutput", mEmulatorOutput.getData());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    CLog.e("Failed to get %s data.", getSerialNumber());
                    CLog.e(e);
                }
            }
        }
        return new ByteArrayInputStreamSource(new byte[0]);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public Process getEmulatorProcess() {
        return mEmulatorProcess;
    }

    /**
     * @return <code>true</code> if adb root should be enabled on device
     */
    public boolean isEnableAdbRoot() {
        return mOptions.isEnableAdbRoot();
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public Set<String> getInstalledPackageNames() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for Package's feature");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public Set<String> getUninstallablePackageNames() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for Package's feature");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public PackageInfo getAppPackageInfo(String packageName) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for Package's feature");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public TestDeviceOptions getOptions() {
        return mOptions;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public int getApiLevel() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        int apiLevel = UNKNOWN_API_LEVEL;
        try {
            String prop = getProperty("ro.build.version.sdk");
            apiLevel = Integer.parseInt(prop);
        } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
            // ignore, return unknown instead
        }
        return apiLevel;
    }

    private int getApiLevelSafe() {
        try {
            return getApiLevel();
        } catch (DeviceNotAvailableException e) {
            CLog.e(e);
            return UNKNOWN_API_LEVEL;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public IDeviceStateMonitor getMonitor() {
        return mStateMonitor;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean waitForDeviceShell(long waitTime) {
        return mStateMonitor.waitForDeviceShell(waitTime);
    }

    @Override
    public DeviceAllocationState getAllocationState() {
        return mAllocationState;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     * <p>
     * Process the DeviceEvent, which may or may not transition this device to a new allocation
     * state.
     * </p>
     */
    @Override
    public DeviceEventResponse handleAllocationEvent(DeviceEvent event) {

        // keep track of whether state has actually changed or not
        boolean stateChanged = false;
        DeviceAllocationState newState;
        DeviceAllocationState oldState = mAllocationState;
        mAllocationStateLock.lock();
        try {
            // update oldState here, just in case in changed before we got lock
            oldState = mAllocationState;
            newState = mAllocationState.handleDeviceEvent(event);
            if (oldState != newState) {
                // state has changed! record this fact, and store the new state
                stateChanged = true;
                mAllocationState = newState;
            }
        } finally {
            mAllocationStateLock.unlock();
        }
        if (stateChanged && mAllocationMonitor != null) {
            // state has changed! Lets inform the allocation monitor listener
            mAllocationMonitor.notifyDeviceStateChange(getSerialNumber(), oldState, newState);
        }
        return new DeviceEventResponse(newState, stateChanged);
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public long getDeviceTimeOffset(Date date) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        Long deviceTime = getDeviceDate();
        long offset = 0;

        if (date == null) {
            date = new Date();
        }

        offset = date.getTime() - deviceTime;
        CLog.d("Time offset = %d ms", offset);
        return offset;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void setDate(Date date) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (date == null) {
            date = new Date();
        }
        long timeOffset = getDeviceTimeOffset(date);
        // no need to set date
        if (Math.abs(timeOffset) <= MAX_HOST_DEVICE_TIME_OFFSET) {
            return;
        }
        String dateString = null;
        if (getApiLevel() < 23) {
            // set date in epoch format
            dateString = Long.toString(date.getTime() / 1000); //ms to s
        } else {
            // set date with POSIX like params
            SimpleDateFormat sdf = new java.text.SimpleDateFormat(
                    "MMddHHmmyyyy.ss");
            sdf.setTimeZone(java.util.TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
            dateString = sdf.format(date);
        }
        // best effort, no verification
        executeShellCommand("date -u " + dateString);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public long getDeviceDate() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String deviceTimeString = executeShellCommand("date +%s");
        Long deviceTime = null;
        try {
            deviceTime = Long.valueOf(deviceTimeString.trim());
        } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
            CLog.i("Invalid device time: \"%s\", ignored.", nfe);
            return 0;
        }
        // Convert from seconds to milliseconds
        return deviceTime * 1000L;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean waitForBootComplete(long timeOut) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        return mStateMonitor.waitForBootComplete(timeOut);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public ArrayList<Integer> listUsers() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public int getMaxNumberOfUsersSupported() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    @Override
    public int getMaxNumberOfRunningUsersSupported() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean isMultiUserSupported() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public int createUser(String name) throws DeviceNotAvailableException, IllegalStateException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public int createUser(String name, boolean guest, boolean ephemeral)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException, IllegalStateException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean removeUser(int userId) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean startUser(int userId) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean stopUser(int userId) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean stopUser(int userId, boolean waitFlag, boolean forceFlag)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void remountSystemWritable() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String verity = getProperty("partition.system.verified");
        // have the property set (regardless state) implies verity is enabled, so we send adb
        // command to disable verity
        if (verity != null && !verity.isEmpty()) {
            executeAdbCommand("disable-verity");
            reboot();
        }
        executeAdbCommand("remount");
        waitForDeviceAvailable();
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public Integer getPrimaryUserId() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public int getCurrentUser() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public int getUserFlags(int userId) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public int getUserSerialNumber(int userId) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean switchUser(int userId) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean switchUser(int userId, long timeout) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean isUserRunning(int userId) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean hasFeature(String feature) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support pm's features.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getSetting(String namespace, String key)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for setting's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getSetting(int userId, String namespace, String key)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for setting's feature.");
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public Map<String, String> getAllSettings(String namespace) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for setting's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void setSetting(String namespace, String key, String value)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for setting's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void setSetting(int userId, String namespace, String key, String value)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for setting's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getBuildSigningKeys() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String buildTags = getProperty(BUILD_TAGS);
        if (buildTags != null) {
            String[] tags = buildTags.split(",");
            for (String tag : tags) {
                Matcher m = KEYS_PATTERN.matcher(tag);
                if (m.matches()) {
                    return tag;
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getAndroidId(int userId) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public Map<Integer, String> getAndroidIds() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public boolean setDeviceOwner(String componentName, int userId)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public boolean removeAdmin(String componentName, int userId)
            throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public void removeOwners() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for user's feature.");
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void disableKeyguard() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No support for Window Manager's features");
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public String getDeviceClass() {
        IDevice device = getIDevice();
        if (device == null) {
            CLog.w("No IDevice instance, cannot determine device class.");
            return "";
        }
        return device.getClass().getSimpleName();
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void preInvocationSetup(IBuildInfo info)
            throws TargetSetupError, DeviceNotAvailableException {
        // Default implementation empty on purpose
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void postInvocationTearDown() {
        // Default implementation empty on purpose
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public boolean isHeadless() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        if (getProperty(HEADLESS_PROP) != null) {
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    protected void checkApiLevelAgainst(String feature, int strictMinLevel) {
        try {
            if (getApiLevel() < strictMinLevel){
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("%s not supported on %s. "
                        + "Must be API %d.", feature, getSerialNumber(), strictMinLevel));
            }
        } catch (DeviceNotAvailableException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Device became unavailable while checking API level", e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public DeviceDescriptor getDeviceDescriptor() {
        IDeviceSelection selector = new DeviceSelectionOptions();
        IDevice idevice = getIDevice();
        return new DeviceDescriptor(
                idevice.getSerialNumber(),
                idevice instanceof StubDevice,
                getAllocationState(),
                getDisplayString(selector.getDeviceProductType(idevice)),
                getDisplayString(selector.getDeviceProductVariant(idevice)),
                getDisplayString(idevice.getProperty("ro.build.version.sdk")),
                getDisplayString(idevice.getProperty("ro.build.id")),
                getDisplayString(selector.getBatteryLevel(idevice)),
                getDeviceClass(),
                getDisplayString(getMacAddress()),
                getDisplayString(getSimState()),
                getDisplayString(getSimOperator()));
    }

    /**
     * Return the displayable string for given object
     */
    private String getDisplayString(Object o) {
        return o == null ? "unknown" : o.toString();
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public List<ProcessInfo> getProcesses() throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        return PsParser.getProcesses(executeShellCommand(PS_COMMAND));
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public ProcessInfo getProcessByName(String processName) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        List<ProcessInfo> processList = getProcesses();
        for (ProcessInfo processInfo : processList) {
            if (processName.equals(processInfo.getName())) {
                return processInfo;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Validates that the given input is a valid MAC address
     *
     * @param address input to validate
     * @return true if the input is a valid MAC address
     */
    boolean isMacAddress(String address) {
        Pattern macPattern = Pattern.compile(MAC_ADDRESS_PATTERN);
        Matcher macMatcher = macPattern.matcher(address);
        return macMatcher.find();
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public String getMacAddress() {
        if (getIDevice() instanceof StubDevice) {
            // Do not query MAC addresses from stub devices.
            return null;
        }
        if (!TestDeviceState.ONLINE.equals(mState)) {
            // Only query MAC addresses from online devices.
            return null;
        }
        CollectingOutputReceiver receiver = new CollectingOutputReceiver();
        try {
            mIDevice.executeShellCommand(MAC_ADDRESS_COMMAND, receiver);
        } catch (IOException | TimeoutException | AdbCommandRejectedException |
                ShellCommandUnresponsiveException e) {
            CLog.w("Failed to query MAC address for %s", mIDevice.getSerialNumber());
            CLog.w(e);
        }
        String output = receiver.getOutput().trim();
        if (isMacAddress(output)) {
            return output;
        }
        CLog.d("No valid MAC address queried from device %s", mIDevice.getSerialNumber());
        return null;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public String getSimState() {
        try {
            return getProperty(SIM_STATE_PROP);
        } catch (DeviceNotAvailableException e) {
            CLog.w("Failed to query SIM state for %s", mIDevice.getSerialNumber());
            CLog.w(e);
            return null;
        }
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public String getSimOperator() {
        try {
            return getProperty(SIM_OPERATOR_PROP);
        } catch (DeviceNotAvailableException e) {
            CLog.w("Failed to query SIM operator for %s", mIDevice.getSerialNumber());
            CLog.w(e);
            return null;
        }
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public File dumpHeap(String process, String devicePath) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("dumpHeap is not supported.");
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public String getProcessPid(String process) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
        String output = executeShellCommand(String.format("pidof %s", process)).trim();
        if (checkValidPid(output)) {
            return output;
        }
        CLog.e("Failed to find a valid pid for process.");
        return null;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public void logOnDevice(String tag, LogLevel level, String format, Object... args) {
        String message = String.format(format, args);
        try {
            String levelLetter = logLevelToLogcatLevel(level);
            String command = String.format("log -t %s -p %s '%s'", tag, levelLetter, message);
            executeShellCommand(command);
        } catch (DeviceNotAvailableException e) {
            CLog.e("Device went not available when attempting to log '%s'", message);
            CLog.e(e);
        }
    }

    /** Convert the {@link LogLevel} to the letter used in log (see 'adb shell log --help'). */
    private String logLevelToLogcatLevel(LogLevel level) {
        switch (level) {
            case DEBUG:
                return "d";
            case ERROR:
                return "e";
            case INFO:
                return "i";
            case VERBOSE:
                return "v";
            case WARN:
                return "w";
            default:
                return "i";
        }
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public long getTotalMemory() {
        // "/proc/meminfo" always returns value in kilobytes.
        long totalMemory = 0;
        String output = null;
        try {
            output = executeShellCommand("cat /proc/meminfo | grep MemTotal");
        } catch (DeviceNotAvailableException e) {
            CLog.e(e);
            return -1;
        }
        if (output.isEmpty()) {
            return -1;
        }
        String[] results = output.split("\\s+");
        try {
            totalMemory = Long.parseLong(results[1].replaceAll("\\D+", ""));
        } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException | NumberFormatException e) {
            CLog.e(e);
            return -1;
        }
        return totalMemory * 1024;
    }

    /** Validate that pid is an integer and not empty. */
    private boolean checkValidPid(String output) {
        if (output.isEmpty()) {
            return false;
        }
        try {
            Integer.parseInt(output);
        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
            CLog.e(e);
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    /** Gets the {@link IHostOptions} instance to use. */
    @VisibleForTesting
    IHostOptions getHostOptions() {
        return GlobalConfiguration.getInstance().getHostOptions();
    }
}