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NAKAMURA Takumifc8d9302011-04-18 23:59:50 +000012<h1>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +000013 Extending LLVM: Adding instructions, intrinsics, types, etc.
NAKAMURA Takumifc8d9302011-04-18 23:59:50 +000014</h1>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +000015
16<ol>
17 <li><a href="#introduction">Introduction and Warning</a></li>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +000018 <li><a href="#intrinsic">Adding a new intrinsic function</a></li>
Chris Lattner8ffe3e02004-04-09 19:24:20 +000019 <li><a href="#instruction">Adding a new instruction</a></li>
Nate Begeman024348e2006-01-16 07:54:23 +000020 <li><a href="#sdnode">Adding a new SelectionDAG node</a></li>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +000021 <li><a href="#type">Adding a new type</a>
22 <ol>
23 <li><a href="#fund_type">Adding a new fundamental type</a></li>
24 <li><a href="#derived_type">Adding a new derived type</a></li>
25 </ol></li>
26</ol>
27
Chris Lattner020e1fc2004-05-23 21:07:27 +000028<div class="doc_author">
Chris Lattner0a338a62005-05-11 03:53:53 +000029 <p>Written by <a href="http://misha.brukman.net">Misha Brukman</a>,
Chris Lattner63f29c62006-01-16 16:31:40 +000030 Brad Jones, Nate Begeman,
31 and <a href="http://nondot.org/sabre">Chris Lattner</a></p>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +000032</div>
33
34<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
NAKAMURA Takumifc8d9302011-04-18 23:59:50 +000035<h2>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +000036 <a name="introduction">Introduction and Warning</a>
NAKAMURA Takumifc8d9302011-04-18 23:59:50 +000037</h2>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +000038<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
39
NAKAMURA Takumiaa3d6242011-04-23 00:30:22 +000040<div>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +000041
42<p>During the course of using LLVM, you may wish to customize it for your
43research project or for experimentation. At this point, you may realize that
44you need to add something to LLVM, whether it be a new fundamental type, a new
45intrinsic function, or a whole new instruction.</p>
46
47<p>When you come to this realization, stop and think. Do you really need to
48extend LLVM? Is it a new fundamental capability that LLVM does not support at
49its current incarnation or can it be synthesized from already pre-existing LLVM
50elements? If you are not sure, ask on the <a
51href="http://mail.cs.uiuc.edu/mailman/listinfo/llvmdev">LLVM-dev</a> list. The
52reason is that extending LLVM will get involved as you need to update all the
53different passes that you intend to use with your extension, and there are
54<em>many</em> LLVM analyses and transformations, so it may be quite a bit of
55work.</p>
56
Chris Lattnerb1dc4362006-04-12 17:42:39 +000057<p>Adding an <a href="#intrinsic">intrinsic function</a> is far easier than
58adding an instruction, and is transparent to optimization passes. If your added
59functionality can be expressed as a
Misha Brukmanc069ca52004-04-06 04:17:51 +000060function call, an intrinsic function is the method of choice for LLVM
61extension.</p>
62
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +000063<p>Before you invest a significant amount of effort into a non-trivial
64extension, <span class="doc_warning">ask on the list</span> if what you are
65looking to do can be done with already-existing infrastructure, or if maybe
66someone else is already working on it. You will save yourself a lot of time and
67effort by doing so.</p>
68
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +000069</div>
70
71<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
NAKAMURA Takumifc8d9302011-04-18 23:59:50 +000072<h2>
Chris Lattner8ffe3e02004-04-09 19:24:20 +000073 <a name="intrinsic">Adding a new intrinsic function</a>
NAKAMURA Takumifc8d9302011-04-18 23:59:50 +000074</h2>
Chris Lattner8ffe3e02004-04-09 19:24:20 +000075<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
76
NAKAMURA Takumiaa3d6242011-04-23 00:30:22 +000077<div>
Chris Lattner8ffe3e02004-04-09 19:24:20 +000078
79<p>Adding a new intrinsic function to LLVM is much easier than adding a new
80instruction. Almost all extensions to LLVM should start as an intrinsic
81function and then be turned into an instruction if warranted.</p>
82
83<ol>
84<li><tt>llvm/docs/LangRef.html</tt>:
85 Document the intrinsic. Decide whether it is code generator specific and
86 what the restrictions are. Talk to other people about it so that you are
87 sure it's a good idea.</li>
88
Chris Lattnerb1dc4362006-04-12 17:42:39 +000089<li><tt>llvm/include/llvm/Intrinsics*.td</tt>:
90 Add an entry for your intrinsic. Describe its memory access characteristics
Reid Spencer9ade28d2007-04-01 07:44:52 +000091 for optimization (this controls whether it will be DCE'd, CSE'd, etc). Note
92 that any intrinsic using the <tt>llvm_int_ty</tt> type for an argument will
93 be deemed by <tt>tblgen</tt> as overloaded and the corresponding suffix
94 will be required on the intrinsic's name.</li>
Chris Lattner027ccc12004-04-10 06:56:53 +000095
Nate Begemanf6b7dd72006-01-14 01:27:10 +000096<li><tt>llvm/lib/Analysis/ConstantFolding.cpp</tt>: If it is possible to
97 constant fold your intrinsic, add support to it in the
98 <tt>canConstantFoldCallTo</tt> and <tt>ConstantFoldCall</tt> functions.</li>
99
Nate Begeman024348e2006-01-16 07:54:23 +0000100<li><tt>llvm/test/Regression/*</tt>: Add test cases for your test cases to the
101 test suite</li>
Chris Lattner8ffe3e02004-04-09 19:24:20 +0000102</ol>
103
Chris Lattner0a338a62005-05-11 03:53:53 +0000104<p>Once the intrinsic has been added to the system, you must add code generator
105support for it. Generally you must do the following steps:</p>
106
107<dl>
Chris Lattner0a338a62005-05-11 03:53:53 +0000108
Chris Lattnerb1dc4362006-04-12 17:42:39 +0000109<dt>Add support to the .td file for the target(s) of your choice in
110 <tt>lib/Target/*/*.td</tt>.</dt>
Chris Lattner0a338a62005-05-11 03:53:53 +0000111
Chris Lattnerb1dc4362006-04-12 17:42:39 +0000112<dd>This is usually a matter of adding a pattern to the .td file that matches
113 the intrinsic, though it may obviously require adding the instructions you
114 want to generate as well. There are lots of examples in the PowerPC and X86
115 backend to follow.</dd>
Bill Wendling31e1e5e2007-09-22 10:07:00 +0000116</dl>
Chris Lattner0a338a62005-05-11 03:53:53 +0000117
Nate Begeman024348e2006-01-16 07:54:23 +0000118</div>
Chris Lattner0a338a62005-05-11 03:53:53 +0000119
Nate Begeman024348e2006-01-16 07:54:23 +0000120<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
NAKAMURA Takumifc8d9302011-04-18 23:59:50 +0000121<h2>
Nate Begeman024348e2006-01-16 07:54:23 +0000122 <a name="sdnode">Adding a new SelectionDAG node</a>
NAKAMURA Takumifc8d9302011-04-18 23:59:50 +0000123</h2>
Nate Begeman024348e2006-01-16 07:54:23 +0000124<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
Chris Lattner0a338a62005-05-11 03:53:53 +0000125
NAKAMURA Takumiaa3d6242011-04-23 00:30:22 +0000126<div>
Chris Lattner0a338a62005-05-11 03:53:53 +0000127
Nate Begeman024348e2006-01-16 07:54:23 +0000128<p>As with intrinsics, adding a new SelectionDAG node to LLVM is much easier
129than adding a new instruction. New nodes are often added to help represent
130instructions common to many targets. These nodes often map to an LLVM
131instruction (add, sub) or intrinsic (byteswap, population count). In other
132cases, new nodes have been added to allow many targets to perform a common task
133(converting between floating point and integer representation) or capture more
134complicated behavior in a single node (rotate).</p>
Chris Lattner0a338a62005-05-11 03:53:53 +0000135
Nate Begeman024348e2006-01-16 07:54:23 +0000136<ol>
Duncan Sands23fb54e2011-06-30 06:37:07 +0000137<li><tt>include/llvm/CodeGen/ISDOpcodes.h</tt>:
Nate Begeman024348e2006-01-16 07:54:23 +0000138 Add an enum value for the new SelectionDAG node.</li>
139<li><tt>lib/CodeGen/SelectionDAG/SelectionDAG.cpp</tt>:
140 Add code to print the node to <tt>getOperationName</tt>. If your new node
141 can be evaluated at compile time when given constant arguments (such as an
142 add of a constant with another constant), find the <tt>getNode</tt> method
143 that takes the appropriate number of arguments, and add a case for your node
144 to the switch statement that performs constant folding for nodes that take
145 the same number of arguments as your new node.</li>
146<li><tt>lib/CodeGen/SelectionDAG/LegalizeDAG.cpp</tt>:
147 Add code to <a href="CodeGenerator.html#selectiondag_legalize">legalize,
148 promote, and expand</a> the node as necessary. At a minimum, you will need
149 to add a case statement for your node in <tt>LegalizeOp</tt> which calls
150 LegalizeOp on the node's operands, and returns a new node if any of the
151 operands changed as a result of being legalized. It is likely that not all
152 targets supported by the SelectionDAG framework will natively support the
153 new node. In this case, you must also add code in your node's case
154 statement in <tt>LegalizeOp</tt> to Expand your node into simpler, legal
Chris Lattner63f29c62006-01-16 16:31:40 +0000155 operations. The case for <tt>ISD::UREM</tt> for expanding a remainder into
156 a divide, multiply, and a subtract is a good example.</li>
Nate Begeman024348e2006-01-16 07:54:23 +0000157<li><tt>lib/CodeGen/SelectionDAG/LegalizeDAG.cpp</tt>:
158 If targets may support the new node being added only at certain sizes, you
159 will also need to add code to your node's case statement in
160 <tt>LegalizeOp</tt> to Promote your node's operands to a larger size, and
161 perform the correct operation. You will also need to add code to
Chris Lattner63f29c62006-01-16 16:31:40 +0000162 <tt>PromoteOp</tt> to do this as well. For a good example, see
163 <tt>ISD::BSWAP</tt>,
Nate Begeman024348e2006-01-16 07:54:23 +0000164 which promotes its operand to a wider size, performs the byteswap, and then
165 shifts the correct bytes right to emulate the narrower byteswap in the
166 wider type.</li>
167<li><tt>lib/CodeGen/SelectionDAG/LegalizeDAG.cpp</tt>:
168 Add a case for your node in <tt>ExpandOp</tt> to teach the legalizer how to
169 perform the action represented by the new node on a value that has been
170 split into high and low halves. This case will be used to support your
171 node with a 64 bit operand on a 32 bit target.</li>
172<li><tt>lib/CodeGen/SelectionDAG/DAGCombiner.cpp</tt>:
173 If your node can be combined with itself, or other existing nodes in a
174 peephole-like fashion, add a visit function for it, and call that function
175 from <tt></tt>. There are several good examples for simple combines you
176 can do; <tt>visitFABS</tt> and <tt>visitSRL</tt> are good starting places.
177 </li>
178<li><tt>lib/Target/PowerPC/PPCISelLowering.cpp</tt>:
179 Each target has an implementation of the <tt>TargetLowering</tt> class,
180 usually in its own file (although some targets include it in the same
181 file as the DAGToDAGISel). The default behavior for a target is to
182 assume that your new node is legal for all types that are legal for
183 that target. If this target does not natively support your node, then
184 tell the target to either Promote it (if it is supported at a larger
185 type) or Expand it. This will cause the code you wrote in
186 <tt>LegalizeOp</tt> above to decompose your new node into other legal
187 nodes for this target.</li>
188<li><tt>lib/Target/TargetSelectionDAG.td</tt>:
189 Most current targets supported by LLVM generate code using the DAGToDAG
190 method, where SelectionDAG nodes are pattern matched to target-specific
191 nodes, which represent individual instructions. In order for the targets
192 to match an instruction to your new node, you must add a def for that node
193 to the list in this file, with the appropriate type constraints. Look at
194 <tt>add</tt>, <tt>bswap</tt>, and <tt>fadd</tt> for examples.</li>
195<li><tt>lib/Target/PowerPC/PPCInstrInfo.td</tt>:
196 Each target has a tablegen file that describes the target's instruction
197 set. For targets that use the DAGToDAG instruction selection framework,
198 add a pattern for your new node that uses one or more target nodes.
199 Documentation for this is a bit sparse right now, but there are several
200 decent examples. See the patterns for <tt>rotl</tt> in
201 <tt>PPCInstrInfo.td</tt>.</li>
202<li>TODO: document complex patterns.</li>
203<li><tt>llvm/test/Regression/CodeGen/*</tt>: Add test cases for your new node
204 to the test suite. <tt>llvm/test/Regression/CodeGen/X86/bswap.ll</tt> is
205 a good example.</li>
206</ol>
Chris Lattner8ffe3e02004-04-09 19:24:20 +0000207
208</div>
209
210<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
NAKAMURA Takumifc8d9302011-04-18 23:59:50 +0000211<h2>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000212 <a name="instruction">Adding a new instruction</a>
NAKAMURA Takumifc8d9302011-04-18 23:59:50 +0000213</h2>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000214<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
215
NAKAMURA Takumiaa3d6242011-04-23 00:30:22 +0000216<div>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000217
Gabor Greifa54634a2007-07-06 22:07:22 +0000218<p><span class="doc_warning">WARNING: adding instructions changes the bitcode
Misha Brukmanc069ca52004-04-06 04:17:51 +0000219format, and it will take some effort to maintain compatibility with
220the previous version.</span> Only add an instruction if it is absolutely
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000221necessary.</p>
222
223<ol>
Misha Brukmanc069ca52004-04-06 04:17:51 +0000224
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000225<li><tt>llvm/include/llvm/Instruction.def</tt>:
226 add a number for your instruction and an enum name</li>
227
Misha Brukman63b38bd2004-07-29 17:30:56 +0000228<li><tt>llvm/include/llvm/Instructions.h</tt>:
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000229 add a definition for the class that will represent your instruction</li>
230
231<li><tt>llvm/include/llvm/Support/InstVisitor.h</tt>:
232 add a prototype for a visitor to your new instruction type</li>
233
234<li><tt>llvm/lib/AsmParser/Lexer.l</tt>:
235 add a new token to parse your instruction from assembly text file</li>
236
237<li><tt>llvm/lib/AsmParser/llvmAsmParser.y</tt>:
238 add the grammar on how your instruction can be read and what it will
239 construct as a result</li>
240
Gabor Greifa54634a2007-07-06 22:07:22 +0000241<li><tt>llvm/lib/Bitcode/Reader/Reader.cpp</tt>:
242 add a case for your instruction and how it will be parsed from bitcode</li>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000243
244<li><tt>llvm/lib/VMCore/Instruction.cpp</tt>:
245 add a case for how your instruction will be printed out to assembly</li>
246
Chris Lattner5de840d2004-07-29 17:31:57 +0000247<li><tt>llvm/lib/VMCore/Instructions.cpp</tt>:
Misha Brukman57538832004-09-28 16:58:12 +0000248 implement the class you defined in
249 <tt>llvm/include/llvm/Instructions.h</tt></li>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000250
Misha Brukmand0bb8be2004-12-01 20:58:54 +0000251<li>Test your instruction</li>
252
253<li><tt>llvm/lib/Target/*</tt>:
254 Add support for your instruction to code generators, or add a lowering
255 pass.</li>
256
257<li><tt>llvm/test/Regression/*</tt>: add your test cases to the test suite.</li>
258
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000259</ol>
260
261<p>Also, you need to implement (or modify) any analyses or passes that you want
262to understand this new instruction.</p>
263
264</div>
265
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000266
267<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
NAKAMURA Takumifc8d9302011-04-18 23:59:50 +0000268<h2>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000269 <a name="type">Adding a new type</a>
NAKAMURA Takumifc8d9302011-04-18 23:59:50 +0000270</h2>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000271<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
272
NAKAMURA Takumiaa3d6242011-04-23 00:30:22 +0000273<div>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000274
Gabor Greifa54634a2007-07-06 22:07:22 +0000275<p><span class="doc_warning">WARNING: adding new types changes the bitcode
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000276format, and will break compatibility with currently-existing LLVM
277installations.</span> Only add new types if it is absolutely necessary.</p>
278
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000279<!-- ======================================================================= -->
NAKAMURA Takumifc8d9302011-04-18 23:59:50 +0000280<h3>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000281 <a name="fund_type">Adding a fundamental type</a>
NAKAMURA Takumifc8d9302011-04-18 23:59:50 +0000282</h3>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000283
NAKAMURA Takumiaa3d6242011-04-23 00:30:22 +0000284<div>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000285
286<ol>
287
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000288<li><tt>llvm/include/llvm/Type.h</tt>:
Chris Lattner6226f942005-04-23 21:59:11 +0000289 add enum for the new type; add static <tt>Type*</tt> for this type</li>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000290
291<li><tt>llvm/lib/VMCore/Type.cpp</tt>:
292 add mapping from <tt>TypeID</tt> =&gt; <tt>Type*</tt>;
293 initialize the static <tt>Type*</tt></li>
294
295<li><tt>llvm/lib/AsmReader/Lexer.l</tt>:
296 add ability to parse in the type from text assembly</li>
297
298<li><tt>llvm/lib/AsmReader/llvmAsmParser.y</tt>:
299 add a token for that type</li>
300
301</ol>
302
303</div>
304
305<!-- ======================================================================= -->
NAKAMURA Takumifc8d9302011-04-18 23:59:50 +0000306<h3>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000307 <a name="derived_type">Adding a derived type</a>
NAKAMURA Takumifc8d9302011-04-18 23:59:50 +0000308</h3>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000309
NAKAMURA Takumiaa3d6242011-04-23 00:30:22 +0000310<div>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000311
Chris Lattner012301c2004-08-12 19:06:24 +0000312<ol>
Chris Lattner012301c2004-08-12 19:06:24 +0000313<li><tt>llvm/include/llvm/Type.h</tt>:
Chris Lattner6226f942005-04-23 21:59:11 +0000314 add enum for the new type; add a forward declaration of the type
Misha Brukman810f89d2004-08-12 19:58:43 +0000315 also</li>
Chris Lattner012301c2004-08-12 19:06:24 +0000316
Chris Lattnerd05550a2005-11-13 02:09:55 +0000317<li><tt>llvm/include/llvm/DerivedTypes.h</tt>:
Chris Lattner012301c2004-08-12 19:06:24 +0000318 add new class to represent new class in the hierarchy; add forward
319 declaration to the TypeMap value type</li>
320
321<li><tt>llvm/lib/VMCore/Type.cpp</tt>:
322 add support for derived type to:
Misha Brukman810f89d2004-08-12 19:58:43 +0000323<div class="doc_code">
324<pre>
325std::string getTypeDescription(const Type &amp;Ty,
326 std::vector&lt;const Type*&gt; &amp;TypeStack)
327bool TypesEqual(const Type *Ty, const Type *Ty2,
328 std::map&lt;const Type*, const Type*&gt; &amp; EqTypes)
329</pre>
330</div>
331 add necessary member functions for type, and factory methods</li>
Chris Lattner012301c2004-08-12 19:06:24 +0000332
333<li><tt>llvm/lib/AsmReader/Lexer.l</tt>:
334 add ability to parse in the type from text assembly</li>
335
Gabor Greifa54634a2007-07-06 22:07:22 +0000336<li><tt>llvm/lib/BitCode/Writer/Writer.cpp</tt>:
337 modify <tt>void BitcodeWriter::outputType(const Type *T)</tt> to serialize
Misha Brukman810f89d2004-08-12 19:58:43 +0000338 your type</li>
Chris Lattner012301c2004-08-12 19:06:24 +0000339
Gabor Greifa54634a2007-07-06 22:07:22 +0000340<li><tt>llvm/lib/BitCode/Reader/Reader.cpp</tt>:
341 modify <tt>const Type *BitcodeReader::ParseType()</tt> to read your data
Misha Brukman810f89d2004-08-12 19:58:43 +0000342 type</li>
Chris Lattner012301c2004-08-12 19:06:24 +0000343
344<li><tt>llvm/lib/VMCore/AsmWriter.cpp</tt>:
Misha Brukman810f89d2004-08-12 19:58:43 +0000345 modify
346<div class="doc_code">
347<pre>
348void calcTypeName(const Type *Ty,
349 std::vector&lt;const Type*&gt; &amp;TypeStack,
350 std::map&lt;const Type*,std::string&gt; &amp;TypeNames,
351 std::string &amp; Result)
352</pre>
353</div>
Chris Lattner012301c2004-08-12 19:06:24 +0000354 to output the new derived type
355</li>
356
357
358</ol>
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000359
360</div>
361
NAKAMURA Takumiaa3d6242011-04-23 00:30:22 +0000362</div>
363
Misha Brukman2282a6e2004-04-06 03:53:49 +0000364<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
365
366<hr>
367<address>
368 <a href="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/check/referer"><img
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NAKAMURA Takumica46f5a2011-04-09 02:13:37 +0000373 <a href="http://llvm.org/">The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure</a>
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375 Last modified: $Date$
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