llvm/docs/Frontend/PerformanceTips.rst

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Performance Tips for Frontend Authors
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Abstract
========

The intended audience of this document is developers of language frontends 
targeting LLVM IR. This document is home to a collection of tips on how to 
generate IR that optimizes well.  As with any optimizer, LLVM has its strengths
and weaknesses.  In some cases, surprisingly small changes in the source IR 
can have a large effect on the generated code.  

Avoid loads and stores of large aggregate type
================================================

LLVM currently does not optimize well loads and stores of large :ref:`aggregate
types <t_aggregate>` (i.e. structs and arrays).  As an alternative, consider 
loading individual fields from memory.

Aggregates that are smaller than the largest (performant) load or store 
instruction supported by the targeted hardware are well supported.  These can 
be an effective way to represent collections of small packed fields.  

Prefer zext over sext when legal
==================================

On some architectures (X86_64 is one), sign extension can involve an extra 
instruction whereas zero extension can be folded into a load.  LLVM will try to
replace a sext with a zext when it can be proven safe, but if you have 
information in your source language about the range of a integer value, it can 
be profitable to use a zext rather than a sext.  

Alternatively, you can :ref:`specify the range of the value using metadata 
<range-metadata>` and LLVM can do the sext to zext conversion for you.

Zext GEP indices to machine register width
============================================

Internally, LLVM often promotes the width of GEP indices to machine register
width.  When it does so, it will default to using sign extension (sext) 
operations for safety.  If your source language provides information about 
the range of the index, you may wish to manually extend indices to machine 
register width using a zext instruction.

Other things to consider
=========================

#. Make sure that a DataLayout is provided (this will likely become required in
   the near future, but is certainly important for optimization).

#. Add nsw/nuw/fast-math flags as appropriate

#. Add noalias/align/dereferenceable/nonnull to function arguments and return 
   values as appropriate

#. Mark functions as readnone/readonly/nounwind when known (especially for 
   external functions)

#. Use ptrtoint/inttoptr sparingly (they interfere with pointer aliasing 
   analysis), prefer GEPs

#. Use the lifetime.start/lifetime.end and invariant.start/invariant.end 
   intrinsics where possible.  Common profitable uses are for stack like data 
   structures (thus allowing dead store elimination) and for describing 
   life times of allocas (thus allowing smaller stack sizes).  

#. Use pointer aliasing metadata, especially tbaa metadata, to communicate 
   otherwise-non-deducible pointer aliasing facts

#. Use the "most-private" possible linkage types for the functions being defined
   (private, internal or linkonce_odr preferably)

#. Mark invariant locations using !invariant.load and TBAA's constant flags

#. Prefer globals over inttoptr of a constant address - this gives you 
   dereferencability information.  In MCJIT, use getSymbolAddress to provide 
   actual address.

#. Be wary of ordered and atomic memory operations.  They are hard to optimize 
   and may not be well optimized by the current optimizer.  Depending on your
   source language, you may consider using fences instead.

#. If you language uses range checks, consider using the IRCE pass.  It is not 
   currently part of the standard pass order.

p.s. If you want to help improve this document, patches expanding any of the 
above items into standalone sections of their own with a more complete 
discussion would be very welcome.  


Adding to this document
=======================

If you run across a case that you feel deserves to be covered here, please send
a patch to `llvm-commits
<http://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/mailman/listinfo/llvm-commits>`_ for review.

If you have questions on these items, please direct them to `llvmdev 
<http://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/mailman/listinfo/llvmdev>`_.  The more relevant 
context you are able to give to your question, the more likely it is to be 
answered.