lld/ELF/Writer.cpp

//===- Writer.cpp ---------------------------------------------------------===//
//
//                             The LLVM Linker
//
// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "Writer.h"
#include "Config.h"
#include "OutputSections.h"
#include "SymbolTable.h"
#include "Target.h"

#include "llvm/ADT/StringMap.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/StringSwitch.h"
#include "llvm/Support/FileOutputBuffer.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include "llvm/Support/StringSaver.h"

using namespace llvm;
using namespace llvm::ELF;
using namespace llvm::object;

using namespace lld;
using namespace lld::elf2;

namespace {
// The writer writes a SymbolTable result to a file.
template <class ELFT> class Writer {
public:
  typedef typename ELFFile<ELFT>::uintX_t uintX_t;
  typedef typename ELFFile<ELFT>::Elf_Shdr Elf_Shdr;
  typedef typename ELFFile<ELFT>::Elf_Ehdr Elf_Ehdr;
  typedef typename ELFFile<ELFT>::Elf_Phdr Elf_Phdr;
  typedef typename ELFFile<ELFT>::Elf_Sym Elf_Sym;
  typedef typename ELFFile<ELFT>::Elf_Sym_Range Elf_Sym_Range;
  typedef typename ELFFile<ELFT>::Elf_Rela Elf_Rela;
  Writer(SymbolTable<ELFT> &S) : Symtab(S) {}
  void run();

private:
  void copyLocalSymbols();
  void addReservedSymbols();
  void createSections();
  void addPredefinedSections();

  template <bool isRela>
  void scanRelocs(InputSectionBase<ELFT> &C,
                  iterator_range<const Elf_Rel_Impl<ELFT, isRela> *> Rels);

  void scanRelocs(InputSection<ELFT> &C);
  void scanRelocs(InputSectionBase<ELFT> &S, const Elf_Shdr &RelSec);
  void updateRelro(Elf_Phdr *Cur, Elf_Phdr *GnuRelroPhdr, uintX_t VA);
  void assignAddresses();
  void buildSectionMap();
  void fixAbsoluteSymbols();
  void openFile(StringRef OutputPath);
  void writeHeader();
  void writeSections();
  bool isDiscarded(InputSectionBase<ELFT> *IS) const;
  StringRef getOutputSectionName(StringRef S) const;
  bool needsInterpSection() const {
    return !Symtab.getSharedFiles().empty() && !Config->DynamicLinker.empty();
  }
  bool isOutputDynamic() const {
    return !Symtab.getSharedFiles().empty() || Config->Shared;
  }
  int getPhdrsNum() const;

  OutputSection<ELFT> *getBss();
  void addCommonSymbols(std::vector<DefinedCommon *> &Syms);
  void addCopyRelSymbols(std::vector<SharedSymbol<ELFT> *> &Syms);

  std::unique_ptr<llvm::FileOutputBuffer> Buffer;

  BumpPtrAllocator Alloc;
  std::vector<OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *> OutputSections;
  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<OutputSectionBase<ELFT>>> OwningSections;
  unsigned getNumSections() const { return OutputSections.size() + 1; }

  void addRelIpltSymbols();
  void addStartEndSymbols();
  void addStartStopSymbols(OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *Sec);
  void setPhdr(Elf_Phdr *PH, uint32_t Type, uint32_t Flags, uintX_t FileOff,
               uintX_t VA, uintX_t Size, uintX_t Align);
  void copyPhdr(Elf_Phdr *PH, OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *From);

  bool HasRelro = false;
  SymbolTable<ELFT> &Symtab;
  std::vector<Elf_Phdr> Phdrs;

  uintX_t FileSize;
  uintX_t SectionHeaderOff;

  llvm::StringMap<llvm::StringRef> InputToOutputSection;

  // Flag to force GOT to be in output if we have relocations
  // that relies on its address.
  bool HasGotOffRel = false;
};
} // anonymous namespace

template <class ELFT> static bool shouldUseRela() { return ELFT::Is64Bits; }

template <class ELFT> void elf2::writeResult(SymbolTable<ELFT> *Symtab) {
  // Initialize output sections that are handled by Writer specially.
  // Don't reorder because the order of initialization matters.
  InterpSection<ELFT> Interp;
  Out<ELFT>::Interp = &Interp;
  StringTableSection<ELFT> ShStrTab(".shstrtab", false);
  Out<ELFT>::ShStrTab = &ShStrTab;
  StringTableSection<ELFT> StrTab(".strtab", false);
  if (!Config->StripAll)
    Out<ELFT>::StrTab = &StrTab;
  StringTableSection<ELFT> DynStrTab(".dynstr", true);
  Out<ELFT>::DynStrTab = &DynStrTab;
  GotSection<ELFT> Got;
  Out<ELFT>::Got = &Got;
  GotPltSection<ELFT> GotPlt;
  if (Target->supportsLazyRelocations())
    Out<ELFT>::GotPlt = &GotPlt;
  PltSection<ELFT> Plt;
  Out<ELFT>::Plt = &Plt;
  std::unique_ptr<SymbolTableSection<ELFT>> SymTab;
  if (!Config->StripAll) {
    SymTab.reset(new SymbolTableSection<ELFT>(*Symtab, *Out<ELFT>::StrTab));
    Out<ELFT>::SymTab = SymTab.get();
  }
  SymbolTableSection<ELFT> DynSymTab(*Symtab, *Out<ELFT>::DynStrTab);
  Out<ELFT>::DynSymTab = &DynSymTab;
  HashTableSection<ELFT> HashTab;
  if (Config->SysvHash)
    Out<ELFT>::HashTab = &HashTab;
  GnuHashTableSection<ELFT> GnuHashTab;
  if (Config->GnuHash)
    Out<ELFT>::GnuHashTab = &GnuHashTab;
  bool IsRela = shouldUseRela<ELFT>();
  RelocationSection<ELFT> RelaDyn(IsRela ? ".rela.dyn" : ".rel.dyn", IsRela);
  Out<ELFT>::RelaDyn = &RelaDyn;
  RelocationSection<ELFT> RelaPlt(IsRela ? ".rela.plt" : ".rel.plt", IsRela);
  if (Target->supportsLazyRelocations())
    Out<ELFT>::RelaPlt = &RelaPlt;
  DynamicSection<ELFT> Dynamic(*Symtab);
  Out<ELFT>::Dynamic = &Dynamic;
  EhFrameHeader<ELFT> EhFrameHdr;
  Out<ELFT>::EhFrameHdr = &EhFrameHdr;

  Writer<ELFT>(*Symtab).run();
}

// The main function of the writer.
template <class ELFT> void Writer<ELFT>::run() {
  buildSectionMap();
  if (!Config->DiscardAll)
    copyLocalSymbols();
  addReservedSymbols();
  createSections();
  assignAddresses();
  fixAbsoluteSymbols();
  openFile(Config->OutputFile);
  writeHeader();
  writeSections();
  error(Buffer->commit());
}

namespace {
template <bool Is64Bits> struct SectionKey {
  typedef typename std::conditional<Is64Bits, uint64_t, uint32_t>::type uintX_t;
  StringRef Name;
  uint32_t Type;
  uintX_t Flags;
  uintX_t EntSize;
};
}
namespace llvm {
template <bool Is64Bits> struct DenseMapInfo<SectionKey<Is64Bits>> {
  static SectionKey<Is64Bits> getEmptyKey() {
    return SectionKey<Is64Bits>{DenseMapInfo<StringRef>::getEmptyKey(), 0, 0,
                                0};
  }
  static SectionKey<Is64Bits> getTombstoneKey() {
    return SectionKey<Is64Bits>{DenseMapInfo<StringRef>::getTombstoneKey(), 0,
                                0, 0};
  }
  static unsigned getHashValue(const SectionKey<Is64Bits> &Val) {
    return hash_combine(Val.Name, Val.Type, Val.Flags, Val.EntSize);
  }
  static bool isEqual(const SectionKey<Is64Bits> &LHS,
                      const SectionKey<Is64Bits> &RHS) {
    return DenseMapInfo<StringRef>::isEqual(LHS.Name, RHS.Name) &&
           LHS.Type == RHS.Type && LHS.Flags == RHS.Flags &&
           LHS.EntSize == RHS.EntSize;
  }
};
}

template <class ELFT, class RelT>
static bool handleTlsRelocation(unsigned Type, SymbolBody *Body,
                                InputSectionBase<ELFT> &C, RelT &RI) {
  if (Target->isTlsLocalDynamicReloc(Type)) {
    if (Target->isTlsOptimized(Type, nullptr))
      return true;
    if (Out<ELFT>::Got->addCurrentModuleTlsIndex())
      Out<ELFT>::RelaDyn->addReloc({&C, &RI});
    return true;
  }

  if (!Body || !Body->isTls())
    return false;

  if (Target->isTlsGlobalDynamicReloc(Type)) {
    bool Opt = Target->isTlsOptimized(Type, Body);
    if (!Opt && Out<ELFT>::Got->addDynTlsEntry(Body)) {
      Out<ELFT>::RelaDyn->addReloc({&C, &RI});
      Out<ELFT>::RelaDyn->addReloc({nullptr, nullptr});
      Body->setUsedInDynamicReloc();
      return true;
    }
    if (!canBePreempted(Body, true))
      return true;
  }
  return !Target->isTlsDynReloc(Type, *Body);
}

// The reason we have to do this early scan is as follows
// * To mmap the output file, we need to know the size
// * For that, we need to know how many dynamic relocs we will have.
// It might be possible to avoid this by outputting the file with write:
// * Write the allocated output sections, computing addresses.
// * Apply relocations, recording which ones require a dynamic reloc.
// * Write the dynamic relocations.
// * Write the rest of the file.
template <class ELFT>
template <bool isRela>
void Writer<ELFT>::scanRelocs(
    InputSectionBase<ELFT> &C,
    iterator_range<const Elf_Rel_Impl<ELFT, isRela> *> Rels) {
  typedef Elf_Rel_Impl<ELFT, isRela> RelType;
  const ObjectFile<ELFT> &File = *C.getFile();
  for (const RelType &RI : Rels) {
    uint32_t SymIndex = RI.getSymbol(Config->Mips64EL);
    SymbolBody *Body = File.getSymbolBody(SymIndex);
    uint32_t Type = RI.getType(Config->Mips64EL);

    // Ignore "hint" relocation because it is for optional code optimization.
    if (Target->isHintReloc(Type))
      continue;

    if (Target->isGotRelative(Type))
      HasGotOffRel = true;

    // Set "used" bit for --as-needed.
    if (Body && Body->isUndefined() && !Body->isWeak())
      if (auto *S = dyn_cast<SharedSymbol<ELFT>>(Body->repl()))
        S->File->IsUsed = true;

    if (Body)
      Body = Body->repl();

    if (handleTlsRelocation<ELFT>(Type, Body, C, RI))
      continue;

    if (Target->relocNeedsDynRelative(Type)) {
      RelType *Rel = new (Alloc) RelType;
      Rel->setSymbolAndType(0, Target->getRelativeReloc(), Config->Mips64EL);
      Rel->r_offset = RI.r_offset;
      Out<ELFT>::RelaDyn->addReloc({&C, Rel});
    }

    bool NeedsGot = false;
    bool NeedsMipsLocalGot = false;
    bool NeedsPlt = false;
    if (Config->EMachine == EM_MIPS && needsMipsLocalGot(Type, Body)) {
      NeedsMipsLocalGot = true;
      // FIXME (simon): Do not add so many redundant entries.
      Out<ELFT>::Got->addMipsLocalEntry();
    } else if (Body) {
      if (auto *E = dyn_cast<SharedSymbol<ELFT>>(Body)) {
        if (E->NeedsCopy)
          continue;
        if (Target->needsCopyRel(Type, *Body))
          E->NeedsCopy = true;
      }
      NeedsPlt = Target->relocNeedsPlt(Type, *Body);
      if (NeedsPlt) {
        if (Body->isInPlt())
          continue;
        Out<ELFT>::Plt->addEntry(Body);
      }
      NeedsGot = Target->relocNeedsGot(Type, *Body);
      if (NeedsGot) {
        if (NeedsPlt && Target->supportsLazyRelocations()) {
          Out<ELFT>::GotPlt->addEntry(Body);
        } else {
          if (Body->isInGot())
            continue;
          Out<ELFT>::Got->addEntry(Body);
        }
      }
    }

    // An STT_GNU_IFUNC symbol always uses a PLT entry, and all references
    // to the symbol go through the PLT. This is true even for a local
    // symbol, although local symbols normally do not require PLT entries.
    if (Body && isGnuIFunc<ELFT>(*Body)) {
      Body->setUsedInDynamicReloc();
      Out<ELFT>::RelaPlt->addReloc({&C, &RI});
      continue;
    }

    if (Config->EMachine == EM_MIPS) {
      if (Type == R_MIPS_LO16)
        // Ignore R_MIPS_LO16 relocation. If it is a pair for R_MIPS_GOT16 we
        // already completed all required action (GOT entry allocation) when
        // handle R_MIPS_GOT16a. If it is a pair for R_MIPS_HI16 against
        // _gp_disp it does not require dynamic relocation. If its a pair for
        // R_MIPS_HI16 against a regular symbol it does not require dynamic
        // relocation too because that case is possible for executable file
        // linking only.
        continue;
      if (NeedsGot || NeedsMipsLocalGot) {
        // MIPS ABI has special rules to process GOT entries
        // and doesn't require relocation entries for them.
        // See "Global Offset Table" in Chapter 5 in the following document
        // for detailed description:
        // ftp://www.linux-mips.org/pub/linux/mips/doc/ABI/mipsabi.pdf
        if (NeedsGot)
          Body->setUsedInDynamicReloc();
        continue;
      }
      if (Body == Config->MipsGpDisp)
        // MIPS _gp_disp designates offset between start of function and gp
        // pointer into GOT therefore any relocations against it do not require
        // dynamic relocation.
        continue;
    }

    // Here we are creating a relocation for the dynamic linker based on
    // a relocation from an object file, but some relocations need no
    // load-time fixup when the final target is known. Skip such relocation.
    bool CBP = canBePreempted(Body, NeedsGot);
    bool NoDynrel = Target->isRelRelative(Type) || Target->isSizeReloc(Type) ||
                    !Config->Shared;
    if (!CBP && NoDynrel)
      continue;

    if (CBP)
      Body->setUsedInDynamicReloc();
    if (NeedsPlt && Target->supportsLazyRelocations())
      Out<ELFT>::RelaPlt->addReloc({&C, &RI});
    else
      Out<ELFT>::RelaDyn->addReloc({&C, &RI});
  }
}

template <class ELFT> void Writer<ELFT>::scanRelocs(InputSection<ELFT> &C) {
  if (!(C.getSectionHdr()->sh_flags & SHF_ALLOC))
    return;

  for (const Elf_Shdr *RelSec : C.RelocSections)
    scanRelocs(C, *RelSec);
}

template <class ELFT>
void Writer<ELFT>::scanRelocs(InputSectionBase<ELFT> &S,
                              const Elf_Shdr &RelSec) {
  ELFFile<ELFT> &EObj = S.getFile()->getObj();
  if (RelSec.sh_type == SHT_RELA)
    scanRelocs(S, EObj.relas(&RelSec));
  else
    scanRelocs(S, EObj.rels(&RelSec));
}

template <class ELFT>
static void reportUndefined(SymbolTable<ELFT> &Symtab, SymbolBody *Sym) {
  if (Config->Shared && !Config->NoUndefined)
    return;

  std::string Msg = "undefined symbol: " + Sym->getName().str();
  if (ELFFileBase<ELFT> *File = Symtab.findFile(Sym))
    Msg += " in " + File->getName().str();
  if (Config->NoInhibitExec)
    warning(Msg);
  else
    error(Msg);
}

// Local symbols are not in the linker's symbol table. This function scans
// each object file's symbol table to copy local symbols to the output.
template <class ELFT> void Writer<ELFT>::copyLocalSymbols() {
  if (!Out<ELFT>::SymTab)
    return;
  for (const std::unique_ptr<ObjectFile<ELFT>> &F : Symtab.getObjectFiles()) {
    for (const Elf_Sym &Sym : F->getLocalSymbols()) {
      ErrorOr<StringRef> SymNameOrErr = Sym.getName(F->getStringTable());
      error(SymNameOrErr);
      StringRef SymName = *SymNameOrErr;
      if (!shouldKeepInSymtab<ELFT>(*F, SymName, Sym))
        continue;
      Out<ELFT>::SymTab->addLocalSymbol(SymName);
    }
  }
}

// PPC64 has a number of special SHT_PROGBITS+SHF_ALLOC+SHF_WRITE sections that
// we would like to make sure appear is a specific order to maximize their
// coverage by a single signed 16-bit offset from the TOC base pointer.
// Conversely, the special .tocbss section should be first among all SHT_NOBITS
// sections. This will put it next to the loaded special PPC64 sections (and,
// thus, within reach of the TOC base pointer).
static int getPPC64SectionRank(StringRef SectionName) {
  return StringSwitch<int>(SectionName)
           .Case(".tocbss", 0)
           .Case(".branch_lt", 2)
           .Case(".toc", 3)
           .Case(".toc1", 4)
           .Case(".opd", 5)
           .Default(1);
}

template <class ELFT> static bool isRelroSection(OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *Sec) {
  typename OutputSectionBase<ELFT>::uintX_t Flags = Sec->getFlags();
  if (!(Flags & SHF_ALLOC) || !(Flags & SHF_WRITE))
    return false;
  if (Flags & SHF_TLS)
    return true;
  uint32_t Type = Sec->getType();
  if (Type == SHT_INIT_ARRAY || Type == SHT_FINI_ARRAY ||
      Type == SHT_PREINIT_ARRAY)
    return true;
  if (Sec == Out<ELFT>::GotPlt)
    return Config->ZNow;
  if (Sec == Out<ELFT>::Dynamic || Sec == Out<ELFT>::Got)
    return true;
  StringRef S = Sec->getName();
  return S == ".data.rel.ro" || S == ".ctors" || S == ".dtors" || S == ".jcr" ||
         S == ".eh_frame";
}

// Output section ordering is determined by this function.
template <class ELFT>
static bool compareOutputSections(OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *A,
                                  OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *B) {
  typedef typename ELFFile<ELFT>::uintX_t uintX_t;

  uintX_t AFlags = A->getFlags();
  uintX_t BFlags = B->getFlags();

  // Allocatable sections go first to reduce the total PT_LOAD size and
  // so debug info doesn't change addresses in actual code.
  bool AIsAlloc = AFlags & SHF_ALLOC;
  bool BIsAlloc = BFlags & SHF_ALLOC;
  if (AIsAlloc != BIsAlloc)
    return AIsAlloc;

  // We don't have any special requirements for the relative order of
  // two non allocatable sections.
  if (!AIsAlloc)
    return false;

  // We want the read only sections first so that they go in the PT_LOAD
  // covering the program headers at the start of the file.
  bool AIsWritable = AFlags & SHF_WRITE;
  bool BIsWritable = BFlags & SHF_WRITE;
  if (AIsWritable != BIsWritable)
    return BIsWritable;

  // For a corresponding reason, put non exec sections first (the program
  // header PT_LOAD is not executable).
  bool AIsExec = AFlags & SHF_EXECINSTR;
  bool BIsExec = BFlags & SHF_EXECINSTR;
  if (AIsExec != BIsExec)
    return BIsExec;

  // If we got here we know that both A and B are in the same PT_LOAD.

  // The TLS initialization block needs to be a single contiguous block in a R/W
  // PT_LOAD, so stick TLS sections directly before R/W sections. The TLS NOBITS
  // sections are placed here as they don't take up virtual address space in the
  // PT_LOAD.
  bool AIsTls = AFlags & SHF_TLS;
  bool BIsTls = BFlags & SHF_TLS;
  if (AIsTls != BIsTls)
    return AIsTls;

  // The next requirement we have is to put nobits sections last. The
  // reason is that the only thing the dynamic linker will see about
  // them is a p_memsz that is larger than p_filesz. Seeing that it
  // zeros the end of the PT_LOAD, so that has to correspond to the
  // nobits sections.
  bool AIsNoBits = A->getType() == SHT_NOBITS;
  bool BIsNoBits = B->getType() == SHT_NOBITS;
  if (AIsNoBits != BIsNoBits)
    return BIsNoBits;

  // We place RelRo section before plain r/w ones.
  bool AIsRelRo = isRelroSection(A);
  bool BIsRelRo = isRelroSection(B);
  if (AIsRelRo != BIsRelRo)
    return AIsRelRo;

  // Some architectures have additional ordering restrictions for sections
  // within the same PT_LOAD.
  if (Config->EMachine == EM_PPC64)
    return getPPC64SectionRank(A->getName()) <
           getPPC64SectionRank(B->getName());

  return false;
}

template <class ELFT> OutputSection<ELFT> *Writer<ELFT>::getBss() {
  if (!Out<ELFT>::Bss) {
    Out<ELFT>::Bss =
        new OutputSection<ELFT>(".bss", SHT_NOBITS, SHF_ALLOC | SHF_WRITE);
    OwningSections.emplace_back(Out<ELFT>::Bss);
    OutputSections.push_back(Out<ELFT>::Bss);
  }
  return Out<ELFT>::Bss;
}

// Until this function is called, common symbols do not belong to any section.
// This function adds them to end of BSS section.
template <class ELFT>
void Writer<ELFT>::addCommonSymbols(std::vector<DefinedCommon *> &Syms) {
  if (Syms.empty())
    return;

  // Sort the common symbols by alignment as an heuristic to pack them better.
  std::stable_sort(Syms.begin(), Syms.end(),
                   [](const DefinedCommon *A, const DefinedCommon *B) {
                     return A->MaxAlignment > B->MaxAlignment;
                   });

  uintX_t Off = getBss()->getSize();
  for (DefinedCommon *C : Syms) {
    Off = alignTo(Off, C->MaxAlignment);
    C->OffsetInBss = Off;
    Off += C->Size;
  }

  Out<ELFT>::Bss->setSize(Off);
}

// Reserve space in .bss for copy relocations.
template <class ELFT>
void Writer<ELFT>::addCopyRelSymbols(std::vector<SharedSymbol<ELFT> *> &Syms) {
  if (Syms.empty())
    return;
  uintX_t Off = getBss()->getSize();
  for (SharedSymbol<ELFT> *C : Syms) {
    const Elf_Sym &Sym = C->Sym;
    const Elf_Shdr *Sec = C->File->getSection(Sym);
    uintX_t SecAlign = Sec->sh_addralign;
    unsigned TrailingZeros =
        std::min(countTrailingZeros(SecAlign),
                 countTrailingZeros((uintX_t)Sym.st_value));
    uintX_t Align = 1 << TrailingZeros;
    Out<ELFT>::Bss->updateAlign(Align);
    Off = alignTo(Off, Align);
    C->OffsetInBss = Off;
    Off += Sym.st_size;
  }
  Out<ELFT>::Bss->setSize(Off);
}

template <class ELFT>
StringRef Writer<ELFT>::getOutputSectionName(StringRef S) const {
  auto It = InputToOutputSection.find(S);
  if (It != std::end(InputToOutputSection))
    return It->second;

  if (S.startswith(".text."))
    return ".text";
  if (S.startswith(".rodata."))
    return ".rodata";
  if (S.startswith(".data.rel.ro"))
    return ".data.rel.ro";
  if (S.startswith(".data."))
    return ".data";
  if (S.startswith(".bss."))
    return ".bss";
  return S;
}

template <class ELFT>
void reportDiscarded(InputSectionBase<ELFT> *IS,
                     const std::unique_ptr<ObjectFile<ELFT>> &File) {
  if (!Config->PrintGcSections || !IS || IS->isLive())
    return;
  llvm::errs() << "removing unused section from '" << IS->getSectionName()
               << "' in file '" << File->getName() << "'\n";
}

template <class ELFT>
bool Writer<ELFT>::isDiscarded(InputSectionBase<ELFT> *IS) const {
  if (!IS || !IS->isLive() || IS == &InputSection<ELFT>::Discarded)
    return true;
  return InputToOutputSection.lookup(IS->getSectionName()) == "/DISCARD/";
}

template <class ELFT>
static bool compareSections(OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *A,
                            OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *B) {
  auto ItA = Config->OutputSections.find(A->getName());
  auto ItEnd = std::end(Config->OutputSections);
  if (ItA == ItEnd)
    return compareOutputSections(A, B);
  auto ItB = Config->OutputSections.find(B->getName());
  if (ItB == ItEnd)
    return compareOutputSections(A, B);

  return std::distance(ItA, ItB) > 0;
}

// The beginning and the ending of .rel[a].plt section are marked
// with __rel[a]_iplt_{start,end} symbols if it is a statically linked
// executable. The runtime needs these symbols in order to resolve
// all IRELATIVE relocs on startup. For dynamic executables, we don't
// need these symbols, since IRELATIVE relocs are resolved through GOT
// and PLT. For details, see http://www.airs.com/blog/archives/403.
template <class ELFT>
void Writer<ELFT>::addRelIpltSymbols() {
  if (isOutputDynamic() || !Out<ELFT>::RelaPlt)
    return;
  bool IsRela = shouldUseRela<ELFT>();

  StringRef S = IsRela ? "__rela_iplt_start" : "__rel_iplt_start";
  if (Symtab.find(S))
    Symtab.addAbsolute(S, ElfSym<ELFT>::RelaIpltStart);

  S = IsRela ? "__rela_iplt_end" : "__rel_iplt_end";
  if (Symtab.find(S))
    Symtab.addAbsolute(S, ElfSym<ELFT>::RelaIpltEnd);
}

template <class ELFT> static bool includeInSymtab(const SymbolBody &B) {
  if (!B.isUsedInRegularObj())
    return false;

  // Don't include synthetic symbols like __init_array_start in every output.
  if (auto *U = dyn_cast<DefinedRegular<ELFT>>(&B))
    if (&U->Sym == &ElfSym<ELFT>::Ignored)
      return false;

  return true;
}

static bool includeInDynamicSymtab(const SymbolBody &B) {
  uint8_t V = B.getVisibility();
  if (V != STV_DEFAULT && V != STV_PROTECTED)
    return false;
  if (Config->ExportDynamic || Config->Shared)
    return true;
  return B.isUsedInDynamicReloc();
}

// This class knows how to create an output section for a given
// input section. Output section type is determined by various
// factors, including input section's sh_flags, sh_type and
// linker scripts.
namespace {
template <class ELFT> class OutputSectionFactory {
  typedef typename ELFFile<ELFT>::Elf_Shdr Elf_Shdr;
  typedef typename ELFFile<ELFT>::uintX_t uintX_t;

public:
  std::pair<OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *, bool> create(InputSectionBase<ELFT> *C,
                                                    StringRef OutsecName);

  OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *lookup(StringRef Name, uint32_t Type, uintX_t Flags);

private:
  SectionKey<ELFT::Is64Bits> createKey(InputSectionBase<ELFT> *C,
                                       StringRef OutsecName);

  SmallDenseMap<SectionKey<ELFT::Is64Bits>, OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *> Map;
};
}

template <class ELFT>
std::pair<OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *, bool>
OutputSectionFactory<ELFT>::create(InputSectionBase<ELFT> *C,
                                   StringRef OutsecName) {
  SectionKey<ELFT::Is64Bits> Key = createKey(C, OutsecName);
  OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *&Sec = Map[Key];
  if (Sec)
    return {Sec, false};

  switch (C->SectionKind) {
  case InputSectionBase<ELFT>::Regular:
    Sec = new OutputSection<ELFT>(Key.Name, Key.Type, Key.Flags);
    break;
  case InputSectionBase<ELFT>::EHFrame:
    Sec = new EHOutputSection<ELFT>(Key.Name, Key.Type, Key.Flags);
    break;
  case InputSectionBase<ELFT>::Merge:
    Sec = new MergeOutputSection<ELFT>(Key.Name, Key.Type, Key.Flags);
    break;
  case InputSectionBase<ELFT>::MipsReginfo:
    Sec = new MipsReginfoOutputSection<ELFT>();
    break;
  }
  return {Sec, true};
}

template <class ELFT>
OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *OutputSectionFactory<ELFT>::lookup(StringRef Name,
                                                            uint32_t Type,
                                                            uintX_t Flags) {
  return Map.lookup({Name, Type, Flags, 0});
}

template <class ELFT>
SectionKey<ELFT::Is64Bits>
OutputSectionFactory<ELFT>::createKey(InputSectionBase<ELFT> *C,
                                      StringRef OutsecName) {
  const Elf_Shdr *H = C->getSectionHdr();
  uintX_t Flags = H->sh_flags & ~SHF_GROUP;

  // For SHF_MERGE we create different output sections for each sh_entsize.
  // This makes each output section simple and keeps a single level
  // mapping from input to output.
  uintX_t EntSize = isa<MergeInputSection<ELFT>>(C) ? H->sh_entsize : 0;

  // GNU as can give .eh_frame secion type SHT_PROGBITS or SHT_X86_64_UNWIND
  // depending on the construct. We want to canonicalize it so that
  // there is only one .eh_frame in the end.
  uint32_t Type = H->sh_type;
  if (Type == SHT_PROGBITS && Config->EMachine == EM_X86_64 &&
      isa<EHInputSection<ELFT>>(C))
    Type = SHT_X86_64_UNWIND;

  return SectionKey<ELFT::Is64Bits>{OutsecName, Type, Flags, EntSize};
}

// The linker is expected to define some symbols depending on
// the linking result. This function defines such symbols.
template <class ELFT> void Writer<ELFT>::addReservedSymbols() {
  // __tls_get_addr is defined by the dynamic linker for dynamic ELFs. For
  // static linking the linker is required to optimize away any references to
  // __tls_get_addr, so it's not defined anywhere. Create a hidden definition
  // to avoid the undefined symbol error.
  if (!isOutputDynamic())
    Symtab.addIgnored("__tls_get_addr");

  // If the "_end" symbol is referenced, it is expected to point to the address
  // right after the data segment. Usually, this symbol points to the end
  // of .bss section or to the end of .data section if .bss section is absent.
  // The order of the sections can be affected by linker script,
  // so it is hard to predict which section will be the last one.
  // So, if this symbol is referenced, we just add the placeholder here
  // and update its value later.
  if (Symtab.find("_end"))
    Symtab.addAbsolute("_end", ElfSym<ELFT>::End);

  // If there is an undefined symbol "end", we should initialize it
  // with the same value as "_end". In any other case it should stay intact,
  // because it is an allowable name for a user symbol.
  if (SymbolBody *B = Symtab.find("end"))
    if (B->isUndefined())
      Symtab.addAbsolute("end", ElfSym<ELFT>::End);
}

// Create output section objects and add them to OutputSections.
template <class ELFT> void Writer<ELFT>::createSections() {
  // Add .interp first because some loaders want to see that section
  // on the first page of the executable file when loaded into memory.
  if (needsInterpSection())
    OutputSections.push_back(Out<ELFT>::Interp);

  // Create output sections for input object file sections.
  std::vector<OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *> RegularSections;
  OutputSectionFactory<ELFT> Factory;
  for (const std::unique_ptr<ObjectFile<ELFT>> &F : Symtab.getObjectFiles()) {
    for (InputSectionBase<ELFT> *C : F->getSections()) {
      if (isDiscarded(C)) {
        reportDiscarded(C, F);
        continue;
      }
      OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *Sec;
      bool IsNew;
      std::tie(Sec, IsNew) =
          Factory.create(C, getOutputSectionName(C->getSectionName()));
      if (IsNew) {
        OwningSections.emplace_back(Sec);
        OutputSections.push_back(Sec);
        RegularSections.push_back(Sec);
      }
      Sec->addSection(C);
    }
  }

  Out<ELFT>::Bss = static_cast<OutputSection<ELFT> *>(
      Factory.lookup(".bss", SHT_NOBITS, SHF_ALLOC | SHF_WRITE));

  // If we have a .opd section (used under PPC64 for function descriptors),
  // store a pointer to it here so that we can use it later when processing
  // relocations.
  Out<ELFT>::Opd = Factory.lookup(".opd", SHT_PROGBITS, SHF_WRITE | SHF_ALLOC);

  Out<ELFT>::Dynamic->PreInitArraySec = Factory.lookup(
      ".preinit_array", SHT_PREINIT_ARRAY, SHF_WRITE | SHF_ALLOC);
  Out<ELFT>::Dynamic->InitArraySec =
      Factory.lookup(".init_array", SHT_INIT_ARRAY, SHF_WRITE | SHF_ALLOC);
  Out<ELFT>::Dynamic->FiniArraySec =
      Factory.lookup(".fini_array", SHT_FINI_ARRAY, SHF_WRITE | SHF_ALLOC);

  // The linker needs to define SECNAME_start, SECNAME_end and SECNAME_stop
  // symbols for sections, so that the runtime can get the start and end
  // addresses of each section by section name. Add such symbols.
  addStartEndSymbols();
  for (OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *Sec : RegularSections)
    addStartStopSymbols(Sec);

  // Scan relocations. This must be done after every symbol is declared so that
  // we can correctly decide if a dynamic relocation is needed.
  for (const std::unique_ptr<ObjectFile<ELFT>> &F : Symtab.getObjectFiles()) {
    for (InputSectionBase<ELFT> *C : F->getSections()) {
      if (isDiscarded(C))
        continue;
      if (auto *S = dyn_cast<InputSection<ELFT>>(C))
        scanRelocs(*S);
      else if (auto *S = dyn_cast<EHInputSection<ELFT>>(C))
        if (S->RelocSection)
          scanRelocs(*S, *S->RelocSection);
    }
  }

  // Define __rel[a]_iplt_{start,end} symbols if needed.
  addRelIpltSymbols();

  // Now that we have defined all possible symbols including linker-
  // synthesized ones. Visit all symbols to give the finishing touches.
  std::vector<DefinedCommon *> CommonSymbols;
  std::vector<SharedSymbol<ELFT> *> CopyRelSymbols;
  for (auto &P : Symtab.getSymbols()) {
    SymbolBody *Body = P.second->Body;
    if (auto *U = dyn_cast<Undefined>(Body))
      if (!U->isWeak() && !U->canKeepUndefined())
        reportUndefined<ELFT>(Symtab, Body);

    if (auto *C = dyn_cast<DefinedCommon>(Body))
      CommonSymbols.push_back(C);
    if (auto *SC = dyn_cast<SharedSymbol<ELFT>>(Body))
      if (SC->NeedsCopy)
        CopyRelSymbols.push_back(SC);

    if (!includeInSymtab<ELFT>(*Body))
      continue;
    if (Out<ELFT>::SymTab)
      Out<ELFT>::SymTab->addSymbol(Body);

    if (isOutputDynamic() && includeInDynamicSymtab(*Body))
      Out<ELFT>::DynSymTab->addSymbol(Body);
  }
  addCommonSymbols(CommonSymbols);
  addCopyRelSymbols(CopyRelSymbols);

  // So far we have added sections from input object files.
  // This function adds linker-created Out<ELFT>::* sections.
  addPredefinedSections();

  std::stable_sort(OutputSections.begin(), OutputSections.end(),
                   compareSections<ELFT>);

  for (unsigned I = 0, N = OutputSections.size(); I < N; ++I) {
    OutputSections[I]->SectionIndex = I + 1;
    HasRelro |= (Config->ZRelro && isRelroSection(OutputSections[I]));
  }

  for (OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *Sec : OutputSections)
    Out<ELFT>::ShStrTab->reserve(Sec->getName());

  // Finalizers fix each section's size.
  // .dynamic section's finalizer may add strings to .dynstr,
  // so finalize that early.
  // Likewise, .dynsym is finalized early since that may fill up .gnu.hash.
  Out<ELFT>::Dynamic->finalize();
  if (isOutputDynamic())
    Out<ELFT>::DynSymTab->finalize();

  // Fill other section headers.
  for (OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *Sec : OutputSections)
    Sec->finalize();
}

// This function add Out<ELFT>::* sections to OutputSections.
template <class ELFT> void Writer<ELFT>::addPredefinedSections() {
  auto Add = [&](OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *C) {
    if (C)
      OutputSections.push_back(C);
  };

  // This order is not the same as the final output order
  // because we sort the sections using their attributes below.
  Add(Out<ELFT>::SymTab);
  Add(Out<ELFT>::ShStrTab);
  Add(Out<ELFT>::StrTab);
  if (isOutputDynamic()) {
    Add(Out<ELFT>::DynSymTab);
    Add(Out<ELFT>::GnuHashTab);
    Add(Out<ELFT>::HashTab);
    Add(Out<ELFT>::Dynamic);
    Add(Out<ELFT>::DynStrTab);
    if (Out<ELFT>::RelaDyn->hasRelocs())
      Add(Out<ELFT>::RelaDyn);

    // This is a MIPS specific section to hold a space within the data segment
    // of executable file which is pointed to by the DT_MIPS_RLD_MAP entry.
    // See "Dynamic section" in Chapter 5 in the following document:
    // ftp://www.linux-mips.org/pub/linux/mips/doc/ABI/mipsabi.pdf
    if (Config->EMachine == EM_MIPS && !Config->Shared) {
      Out<ELFT>::MipsRldMap = new OutputSection<ELFT>(".rld_map", SHT_PROGBITS,
                                                      SHF_ALLOC | SHF_WRITE);
      Out<ELFT>::MipsRldMap->setSize(ELFT::Is64Bits ? 8 : 4);
      Out<ELFT>::MipsRldMap->updateAlign(ELFT::Is64Bits ? 8 : 4);
      OwningSections.emplace_back(Out<ELFT>::MipsRldMap);
      Add(Out<ELFT>::MipsRldMap);
    }
  }

  // We always need to add rel[a].plt to output if it has entries.
  // Even during static linking it can contain R_[*]_IRELATIVE relocations.
  if (Out<ELFT>::RelaPlt && Out<ELFT>::RelaPlt->hasRelocs()) {
    Add(Out<ELFT>::RelaPlt);
    Out<ELFT>::RelaPlt->Static = !isOutputDynamic();
  }

  bool needsGot = !Out<ELFT>::Got->empty();
  // We add the .got section to the result for dynamic MIPS target because
  // its address and properties are mentioned in the .dynamic section.
  if (Config->EMachine == EM_MIPS)
    needsGot |= isOutputDynamic();
  // If we have a relocation that is relative to GOT (such as GOTOFFREL),
  // we need to emit a GOT even if it's empty.
  if (HasGotOffRel)
    needsGot = true;

  if (needsGot)
    Add(Out<ELFT>::Got);
  if (Out<ELFT>::GotPlt && !Out<ELFT>::GotPlt->empty())
    Add(Out<ELFT>::GotPlt);
  if (!Out<ELFT>::Plt->empty())
    Add(Out<ELFT>::Plt);

  if (Out<ELFT>::EhFrameHdr->Live)
    Add(Out<ELFT>::EhFrameHdr);
}

// The linker is expected to define SECNAME_start and SECNAME_end
// symbols for a few sections. This function defines them.
template <class ELFT> void Writer<ELFT>::addStartEndSymbols() {
  auto Define = [&](StringRef Start, StringRef End,
                    OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *OS) {
    if (OS) {
      Symtab.addSynthetic(Start, *OS, 0);
      Symtab.addSynthetic(End, *OS, OS->getSize());
    } else {
      Symtab.addIgnored(Start);
      Symtab.addIgnored(End);
    }
  };

  Define("__preinit_array_start", "__preinit_array_end",
         Out<ELFT>::Dynamic->PreInitArraySec);
  Define("__init_array_start", "__init_array_end",
         Out<ELFT>::Dynamic->InitArraySec);
  Define("__fini_array_start", "__fini_array_end",
         Out<ELFT>::Dynamic->FiniArraySec);
}

static bool isAlpha(char C) {
  return ('a' <= C && C <= 'z') || ('A' <= C && C <= 'Z') || C == '_';
}

static bool isAlnum(char C) { return isAlpha(C) || ('0' <= C && C <= '9'); }

// Returns true if S is valid as a C language identifier.
static bool isValidCIdentifier(StringRef S) {
  if (S.empty() || !isAlpha(S[0]))
    return false;
  return std::all_of(S.begin() + 1, S.end(), isAlnum);
}

// If a section name is valid as a C identifier (which is rare because of
// the leading '.'), linkers are expected to define __start_<secname> and
// __stop_<secname> symbols. They are at beginning and end of the section,
// respectively. This is not requested by the ELF standard, but GNU ld and
// gold provide the feature, and used by many programs.
template <class ELFT>
void Writer<ELFT>::addStartStopSymbols(OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *Sec) {
  StringRef S = Sec->getName();
  if (!isValidCIdentifier(S))
    return;
  StringSaver Saver(Alloc);
  StringRef Start = Saver.save("__start_" + S);
  StringRef Stop = Saver.save("__stop_" + S);
  if (SymbolBody *B = Symtab.find(Start))
    if (B->isUndefined())
      Symtab.addSynthetic(Start, *Sec, 0);
  if (SymbolBody *B = Symtab.find(Stop))
    if (B->isUndefined())
      Symtab.addSynthetic(Stop, *Sec, Sec->getSize());
}

template <class ELFT> static bool needsPhdr(OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *Sec) {
  return Sec->getFlags() & SHF_ALLOC;
}

static uint32_t toPhdrFlags(uint64_t Flags) {
  uint32_t Ret = PF_R;
  if (Flags & SHF_WRITE)
    Ret |= PF_W;
  if (Flags & SHF_EXECINSTR)
    Ret |= PF_X;
  return Ret;
}

/// For AMDGPU we need to use custom segment kinds in order to specify which
/// address space data should be loaded into.
template <class ELFT>
static uint32_t getAmdgpuPhdr(OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *Sec) {
  uint32_t Flags = Sec->getFlags();
  if (Flags & SHF_AMDGPU_HSA_CODE)
    return PT_AMDGPU_HSA_LOAD_CODE_AGENT;
  if ((Flags & SHF_AMDGPU_HSA_GLOBAL) && !(Flags & SHF_AMDGPU_HSA_AGENT))
    return PT_AMDGPU_HSA_LOAD_GLOBAL_PROGRAM;
  return PT_LOAD;
}

template <class ELFT>
void Writer<ELFT>::updateRelro(Elf_Phdr *Cur, Elf_Phdr *GnuRelroPhdr,
                               uintX_t VA) {
  if (!GnuRelroPhdr->p_type)
    setPhdr(GnuRelroPhdr, PT_GNU_RELRO, PF_R, Cur->p_offset, Cur->p_vaddr,
            VA - Cur->p_vaddr, 1 /*p_align*/);
  GnuRelroPhdr->p_filesz = VA - Cur->p_vaddr;
  GnuRelroPhdr->p_memsz = VA - Cur->p_vaddr;
}

// Visits all sections to create PHDRs and to assign incremental,
// non-overlapping addresses to output sections.
template <class ELFT> void Writer<ELFT>::assignAddresses() {
  uintX_t VA = Target->getVAStart() + sizeof(Elf_Ehdr);
  uintX_t FileOff = sizeof(Elf_Ehdr);

  // Calculate and reserve the space for the program header first so that
  // the first section can start right after the program header.
  Phdrs.resize(getPhdrsNum());
  size_t PhdrSize = sizeof(Elf_Phdr) * Phdrs.size();

  // The first phdr entry is PT_PHDR which describes the program header itself.
  setPhdr(&Phdrs[0], PT_PHDR, PF_R, FileOff, VA, PhdrSize, /*Align=*/8);
  FileOff += PhdrSize;
  VA += PhdrSize;

  // PT_INTERP must be the second entry if exists.
  int PhdrIdx = 0;
  Elf_Phdr *Interp = nullptr;
  if (needsInterpSection())
    Interp = &Phdrs[++PhdrIdx];

  // Add the first PT_LOAD segment for regular output sections.
  setPhdr(&Phdrs[++PhdrIdx], PT_LOAD, PF_R, 0, Target->getVAStart(), FileOff,
          Target->getPageSize());

  Elf_Phdr GnuRelroPhdr = {};
  Elf_Phdr TlsPhdr{};
  bool RelroAligned = false;
  uintX_t ThreadBssOffset = 0;
  // Create phdrs as we assign VAs and file offsets to all output sections.
  for (OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *Sec : OutputSections) {
    Elf_Phdr *PH = &Phdrs[PhdrIdx];
    if (needsPhdr<ELFT>(Sec)) {
      uintX_t Flags = toPhdrFlags(Sec->getFlags());
      bool InRelRo = Config->ZRelro && (Flags & PF_W) && isRelroSection(Sec);
      bool FirstNonRelRo = GnuRelroPhdr.p_type && !InRelRo && !RelroAligned;
      if (FirstNonRelRo || PH->p_flags != Flags) {
        VA = alignTo(VA, Target->getPageSize());
        FileOff = alignTo(FileOff, Target->getPageSize());
        if (FirstNonRelRo)
          RelroAligned = true;
      }

      if (PH->p_flags != Flags) {
        // Flags changed. Create a new PT_LOAD.
        PH = &Phdrs[++PhdrIdx];
        uint32_t PTType = (Config->EMachine != EM_AMDGPU) ? (uint32_t)PT_LOAD
                                                          : getAmdgpuPhdr(Sec);
        setPhdr(PH, PTType, Flags, FileOff, VA, 0, Target->getPageSize());
      }

      if (Sec->getFlags() & SHF_TLS) {
        if (!TlsPhdr.p_vaddr)
          setPhdr(&TlsPhdr, PT_TLS, PF_R, FileOff, VA, 0, Sec->getAlign());
        if (Sec->getType() != SHT_NOBITS)
          VA = alignTo(VA, Sec->getAlign());
        uintX_t TVA = alignTo(VA + ThreadBssOffset, Sec->getAlign());
        Sec->setVA(TVA);
        TlsPhdr.p_memsz += Sec->getSize();
        if (Sec->getType() == SHT_NOBITS) {
          ThreadBssOffset = TVA - VA + Sec->getSize();
        } else {
          TlsPhdr.p_filesz += Sec->getSize();
          VA += Sec->getSize();
        }
        TlsPhdr.p_align = std::max<uintX_t>(TlsPhdr.p_align, Sec->getAlign());
      } else {
        VA = alignTo(VA, Sec->getAlign());
        Sec->setVA(VA);
        VA += Sec->getSize();
        if (InRelRo)
          updateRelro(PH, &GnuRelroPhdr, VA);
      }
    }

    FileOff = alignTo(FileOff, Sec->getAlign());
    Sec->setFileOffset(FileOff);
    if (Sec->getType() != SHT_NOBITS)
      FileOff += Sec->getSize();
    if (needsPhdr<ELFT>(Sec)) {
      PH->p_filesz = FileOff - PH->p_offset;
      PH->p_memsz = VA - PH->p_vaddr;
    }
  }

  if (TlsPhdr.p_vaddr) {
    // The TLS pointer goes after PT_TLS. At least glibc will align it,
    // so round up the size to make sure the offsets are correct.
    TlsPhdr.p_memsz = alignTo(TlsPhdr.p_memsz, TlsPhdr.p_align);
    Phdrs[++PhdrIdx] = TlsPhdr;
    Out<ELFT>::TlsPhdr = &Phdrs[PhdrIdx];
  }

  // Add an entry for .dynamic.
  if (isOutputDynamic()) {
    Elf_Phdr *PH = &Phdrs[++PhdrIdx];
    PH->p_type = PT_DYNAMIC;
    copyPhdr(PH, Out<ELFT>::Dynamic);
  }

  if (HasRelro) {
    Elf_Phdr *PH = &Phdrs[++PhdrIdx];
    *PH = GnuRelroPhdr;
  }

  if (Out<ELFT>::EhFrameHdr->Live) {
    Elf_Phdr *PH = &Phdrs[++PhdrIdx];
    PH->p_type = PT_GNU_EH_FRAME;
    copyPhdr(PH, Out<ELFT>::EhFrameHdr);
  }

  // PT_GNU_STACK is a special section to tell the loader to make the
  // pages for the stack non-executable.
  if (!Config->ZExecStack) {
    Elf_Phdr *PH = &Phdrs[++PhdrIdx];
    PH->p_type = PT_GNU_STACK;
    PH->p_flags = PF_R | PF_W;
  }

  // Fix up PT_INTERP as we now know the address of .interp section.
  if (Interp) {
    Interp->p_type = PT_INTERP;
    copyPhdr(Interp, Out<ELFT>::Interp);
  }

  // Add space for section headers.
  SectionHeaderOff = alignTo(FileOff, ELFT::Is64Bits ? 8 : 4);
  FileSize = SectionHeaderOff + getNumSections() * sizeof(Elf_Shdr);

  // Update "_end" and "end" symbols so that they
  // point to the end of the data segment.
  ElfSym<ELFT>::End.st_value = VA;
}

// Returns the number of PHDR entries.
template <class ELFT> int Writer<ELFT>::getPhdrsNum() const {
  bool Tls = false;
  int I = 2; // 2 for PT_PHDR and first PT_LOAD
  if (needsInterpSection())
    ++I;
  if (isOutputDynamic())
    ++I;
  if (!Config->ZExecStack)
    ++I;
  uintX_t Last = PF_R;
  for (OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *Sec : OutputSections) {
    if (!needsPhdr<ELFT>(Sec))
      continue;
    if (Sec->getFlags() & SHF_TLS)
      Tls = true;
    uintX_t Flags = toPhdrFlags(Sec->getFlags());
    if (Last != Flags) {
      Last = Flags;
      ++I;
    }
  }
  if (Tls)
    ++I;
  if (HasRelro)
    ++I;
  if (Out<ELFT>::EhFrameHdr->Live)
    ++I;
  return I;
}

static uint32_t getELFFlags() {
  if (Config->EMachine != EM_MIPS)
    return 0;
  // FIXME: In fact ELF flags depends on ELF flags of input object files
  // and selected emulation. For now just use hard coded values.
  uint32_t V = EF_MIPS_ABI_O32 | EF_MIPS_CPIC | EF_MIPS_ARCH_32R2;
  if (Config->Shared)
    V |= EF_MIPS_PIC;
  return V;
}

template <class ELFT>
static typename ELFFile<ELFT>::uintX_t getEntryAddr() {
  if (Config->EntrySym) {
    if (SymbolBody *E = Config->EntrySym->repl())
      return getSymVA<ELFT>(*E);
    return 0;
  }
  if (Config->EntryAddr != uint64_t(-1))
    return Config->EntryAddr;
  return 0;
}

// This function is called after we have assigned address and size
// to each section. This function fixes some predefined absolute
// symbol values that depend on section address and size.
template <class ELFT> void Writer<ELFT>::fixAbsoluteSymbols() {
  // Update __rel[a]_iplt_{start,end} symbols so that they point
  // to beginning or ending of .rela.plt section, respectively.
  if (Out<ELFT>::RelaPlt) {
    uintX_t Start = Out<ELFT>::RelaPlt->getVA();
    ElfSym<ELFT>::RelaIpltStart.st_value = Start;
    ElfSym<ELFT>::RelaIpltEnd.st_value = Start + Out<ELFT>::RelaPlt->getSize();
  }

  // Update MIPS _gp absolute symbol so that it points to the static data.
  if (Config->EMachine == EM_MIPS)
    ElfSym<ELFT>::MipsGp.st_value = getMipsGpAddr<ELFT>();
}

template <class ELFT> void Writer<ELFT>::writeHeader() {
  uint8_t *Buf = Buffer->getBufferStart();
  memcpy(Buf, "\177ELF", 4);

  // Write the ELF header.
  auto *EHdr = reinterpret_cast<Elf_Ehdr *>(Buf);
  EHdr->e_ident[EI_CLASS] = ELFT::Is64Bits ? ELFCLASS64 : ELFCLASS32;
  EHdr->e_ident[EI_DATA] = ELFT::TargetEndianness == llvm::support::little
                               ? ELFDATA2LSB
                               : ELFDATA2MSB;
  EHdr->e_ident[EI_VERSION] = EV_CURRENT;

  auto &FirstObj = cast<ELFFileBase<ELFT>>(*Config->FirstElf);
  EHdr->e_ident[EI_OSABI] = FirstObj.getOSABI();

  EHdr->e_type = Config->Shared ? ET_DYN : ET_EXEC;
  EHdr->e_machine = FirstObj.getEMachine();
  EHdr->e_version = EV_CURRENT;
  EHdr->e_entry = getEntryAddr<ELFT>();
  EHdr->e_phoff = sizeof(Elf_Ehdr);
  EHdr->e_shoff = SectionHeaderOff;
  EHdr->e_flags = getELFFlags();
  EHdr->e_ehsize = sizeof(Elf_Ehdr);
  EHdr->e_phentsize = sizeof(Elf_Phdr);
  EHdr->e_phnum = Phdrs.size();
  EHdr->e_shentsize = sizeof(Elf_Shdr);
  EHdr->e_shnum = getNumSections();
  EHdr->e_shstrndx = Out<ELFT>::ShStrTab->SectionIndex;

  // Write the program header table.
  memcpy(Buf + EHdr->e_phoff, &Phdrs[0], Phdrs.size() * sizeof(Phdrs[0]));

  // Write the section header table. Note that the first table entry is null.
  auto SHdrs = reinterpret_cast<Elf_Shdr *>(Buf + EHdr->e_shoff);
  for (OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *Sec : OutputSections)
    Sec->writeHeaderTo(++SHdrs);
}

template <class ELFT> void Writer<ELFT>::openFile(StringRef Path) {
  ErrorOr<std::unique_ptr<FileOutputBuffer>> BufferOrErr =
      FileOutputBuffer::create(Path, FileSize, FileOutputBuffer::F_executable);
  error(BufferOrErr, "failed to open " + Path);
  Buffer = std::move(*BufferOrErr);
}

// Write section contents to a mmap'ed file.
template <class ELFT> void Writer<ELFT>::writeSections() {
  uint8_t *Buf = Buffer->getBufferStart();

  // PPC64 needs to process relocations in the .opd section before processing
  // relocations in code-containing sections.
  if (OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *Sec = Out<ELFT>::Opd) {
    Out<ELFT>::OpdBuf = Buf + Sec->getFileOff();
    Sec->writeTo(Buf + Sec->getFileOff());
  }

  // Write all sections but string table sections. We know the sizes of the
  // string tables already, but they may not have actual strings yet (only
  // room may be reserved), because writeTo() is allowed to add actual
  // strings to the string tables.
  for (OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *Sec : OutputSections)
    if (Sec != Out<ELFT>::Opd && Sec->getType() != SHT_STRTAB)
      Sec->writeTo(Buf + Sec->getFileOff());

  // Write string table sections.
  for (OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *Sec : OutputSections)
    if (Sec != Out<ELFT>::Opd && Sec->getType() == SHT_STRTAB)
      Sec->writeTo(Buf + Sec->getFileOff());
}

template <class ELFT>
void Writer<ELFT>::setPhdr(Elf_Phdr *PH, uint32_t Type, uint32_t Flags,
                           uintX_t FileOff, uintX_t VA, uintX_t Size,
                           uintX_t Align) {
  PH->p_type = Type;
  PH->p_flags = Flags;
  PH->p_offset = FileOff;
  PH->p_vaddr = VA;
  PH->p_paddr = VA;
  PH->p_filesz = Size;
  PH->p_memsz = Size;
  PH->p_align = Align;
}

template <class ELFT>
void Writer<ELFT>::copyPhdr(Elf_Phdr *PH, OutputSectionBase<ELFT> *From) {
  PH->p_flags = toPhdrFlags(From->getFlags());
  PH->p_offset = From->getFileOff();
  PH->p_vaddr = From->getVA();
  PH->p_paddr = From->getVA();
  PH->p_filesz = From->getSize();
  PH->p_memsz = From->getSize();
  PH->p_align = From->getAlign();
}

template <class ELFT> void Writer<ELFT>::buildSectionMap() {
  for (const std::pair<StringRef, std::vector<StringRef>> &OutSec :
       Config->OutputSections)
    for (StringRef Name : OutSec.second)
      InputToOutputSection[Name] = OutSec.first;
}

template void elf2::writeResult<ELF32LE>(SymbolTable<ELF32LE> *Symtab);
template void elf2::writeResult<ELF32BE>(SymbolTable<ELF32BE> *Symtab);
template void elf2::writeResult<ELF64LE>(SymbolTable<ELF64LE> *Symtab);
template void elf2::writeResult<ELF64BE>(SymbolTable<ELF64BE> *Symtab);