drivers/md/dm-snap.c

/*
 * dm-snapshot.c
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2001-2002 Sistina Software (UK) Limited.
 *
 * This file is released under the GPL.
 */

#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/device-mapper.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/kdev_t.h>
#include <linux/list.h>
#include <linux/mempool.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/log2.h>
#include <linux/dm-kcopyd.h>

#include "dm.h"

#include "dm-exception-store.h"

#define DM_MSG_PREFIX "snapshots"

static const char dm_snapshot_merge_target_name[] = "snapshot-merge";

#define dm_target_is_snapshot_merge(ti) \
	((ti)->type->name == dm_snapshot_merge_target_name)

/*
 * The size of the mempool used to track chunks in use.
 */
#define MIN_IOS 256

#define DM_TRACKED_CHUNK_HASH_SIZE	16
#define DM_TRACKED_CHUNK_HASH(x)	((unsigned long)(x) & \
					 (DM_TRACKED_CHUNK_HASH_SIZE - 1))

struct dm_exception_table {
	uint32_t hash_mask;
	unsigned hash_shift;
	struct list_head *table;
};

struct dm_snapshot {
	struct rw_semaphore lock;

	struct dm_dev *origin;
	struct dm_dev *cow;

	struct dm_target *ti;

	/* List of snapshots per Origin */
	struct list_head list;

	/*
	 * You can't use a snapshot if this is 0 (e.g. if full).
	 * A snapshot-merge target never clears this.
	 */
	int valid;

	/* Origin writes don't trigger exceptions until this is set */
	int active;

	atomic_t pending_exceptions_count;

	/* Protected by "lock" */
	sector_t exception_start_sequence;

	/* Protected by kcopyd single-threaded callback */
	sector_t exception_complete_sequence;

	/*
	 * A list of pending exceptions that completed out of order.
	 * Protected by kcopyd single-threaded callback.
	 */
	struct list_head out_of_order_list;

	mempool_t *pending_pool;

	struct dm_exception_table pending;
	struct dm_exception_table complete;

	/*
	 * pe_lock protects all pending_exception operations and access
	 * as well as the snapshot_bios list.
	 */
	spinlock_t pe_lock;

	/* Chunks with outstanding reads */
	spinlock_t tracked_chunk_lock;
	struct hlist_head tracked_chunk_hash[DM_TRACKED_CHUNK_HASH_SIZE];

	/* The on disk metadata handler */
	struct dm_exception_store *store;

	struct dm_kcopyd_client *kcopyd_client;

	/* Wait for events based on state_bits */
	unsigned long state_bits;

	/* Range of chunks currently being merged. */
	chunk_t first_merging_chunk;
	int num_merging_chunks;

	/*
	 * The merge operation failed if this flag is set.
	 * Failure modes are handled as follows:
	 * - I/O error reading the header
	 *   	=> don't load the target; abort.
	 * - Header does not have "valid" flag set
	 *   	=> use the origin; forget about the snapshot.
	 * - I/O error when reading exceptions
	 *   	=> don't load the target; abort.
	 *         (We can't use the intermediate origin state.)
	 * - I/O error while merging
	 *	=> stop merging; set merge_failed; process I/O normally.
	 */
	int merge_failed;

	/*
	 * Incoming bios that overlap with chunks being merged must wait
	 * for them to be committed.
	 */
	struct bio_list bios_queued_during_merge;
};

/*
 * state_bits:
 *   RUNNING_MERGE  - Merge operation is in progress.
 *   SHUTDOWN_MERGE - Set to signal that merge needs to be stopped;
 *                    cleared afterwards.
 */
#define RUNNING_MERGE          0
#define SHUTDOWN_MERGE         1

DECLARE_DM_KCOPYD_THROTTLE_WITH_MODULE_PARM(snapshot_copy_throttle,
		"A percentage of time allocated for copy on write");

struct dm_dev *dm_snap_origin(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	return s->origin;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dm_snap_origin);

struct dm_dev *dm_snap_cow(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	return s->cow;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dm_snap_cow);

static sector_t chunk_to_sector(struct dm_exception_store *store,
				chunk_t chunk)
{
	return chunk << store->chunk_shift;
}

static int bdev_equal(struct block_device *lhs, struct block_device *rhs)
{
	/*
	 * There is only ever one instance of a particular block
	 * device so we can compare pointers safely.
	 */
	return lhs == rhs;
}

struct dm_snap_pending_exception {
	struct dm_exception e;

	/*
	 * Origin buffers waiting for this to complete are held
	 * in a bio list
	 */
	struct bio_list origin_bios;
	struct bio_list snapshot_bios;

	/* Pointer back to snapshot context */
	struct dm_snapshot *snap;

	/*
	 * 1 indicates the exception has already been sent to
	 * kcopyd.
	 */
	int started;

	/* There was copying error. */
	int copy_error;

	/* A sequence number, it is used for in-order completion. */
	sector_t exception_sequence;

	struct list_head out_of_order_entry;

	/*
	 * For writing a complete chunk, bypassing the copy.
	 */
	struct bio *full_bio;
	bio_end_io_t *full_bio_end_io;
	void *full_bio_private;
};

/*
 * Hash table mapping origin volumes to lists of snapshots and
 * a lock to protect it
 */
static struct kmem_cache *exception_cache;
static struct kmem_cache *pending_cache;

struct dm_snap_tracked_chunk {
	struct hlist_node node;
	chunk_t chunk;
};

static void init_tracked_chunk(struct bio *bio)
{
	struct dm_snap_tracked_chunk *c = dm_per_bio_data(bio, sizeof(struct dm_snap_tracked_chunk));
	INIT_HLIST_NODE(&c->node);
}

static bool is_bio_tracked(struct bio *bio)
{
	struct dm_snap_tracked_chunk *c = dm_per_bio_data(bio, sizeof(struct dm_snap_tracked_chunk));
	return !hlist_unhashed(&c->node);
}

static void track_chunk(struct dm_snapshot *s, struct bio *bio, chunk_t chunk)
{
	struct dm_snap_tracked_chunk *c = dm_per_bio_data(bio, sizeof(struct dm_snap_tracked_chunk));

	c->chunk = chunk;

	spin_lock_irq(&s->tracked_chunk_lock);
	hlist_add_head(&c->node,
		       &s->tracked_chunk_hash[DM_TRACKED_CHUNK_HASH(chunk)]);
	spin_unlock_irq(&s->tracked_chunk_lock);
}

static void stop_tracking_chunk(struct dm_snapshot *s, struct bio *bio)
{
	struct dm_snap_tracked_chunk *c = dm_per_bio_data(bio, sizeof(struct dm_snap_tracked_chunk));
	unsigned long flags;

	spin_lock_irqsave(&s->tracked_chunk_lock, flags);
	hlist_del(&c->node);
	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&s->tracked_chunk_lock, flags);
}

static int __chunk_is_tracked(struct dm_snapshot *s, chunk_t chunk)
{
	struct dm_snap_tracked_chunk *c;
	int found = 0;

	spin_lock_irq(&s->tracked_chunk_lock);

	hlist_for_each_entry(c,
	    &s->tracked_chunk_hash[DM_TRACKED_CHUNK_HASH(chunk)], node) {
		if (c->chunk == chunk) {
			found = 1;
			break;
		}
	}

	spin_unlock_irq(&s->tracked_chunk_lock);

	return found;
}

/*
 * This conflicting I/O is extremely improbable in the caller,
 * so msleep(1) is sufficient and there is no need for a wait queue.
 */
static void __check_for_conflicting_io(struct dm_snapshot *s, chunk_t chunk)
{
	while (__chunk_is_tracked(s, chunk))
		msleep(1);
}

/*
 * One of these per registered origin, held in the snapshot_origins hash
 */
struct origin {
	/* The origin device */
	struct block_device *bdev;

	struct list_head hash_list;

	/* List of snapshots for this origin */
	struct list_head snapshots;
};

/*
 * This structure is allocated for each origin target
 */
struct dm_origin {
	struct dm_dev *dev;
	struct dm_target *ti;
	unsigned split_boundary;
	struct list_head hash_list;
};

/*
 * Size of the hash table for origin volumes. If we make this
 * the size of the minors list then it should be nearly perfect
 */
#define ORIGIN_HASH_SIZE 256
#define ORIGIN_MASK      0xFF
static struct list_head *_origins;
static struct list_head *_dm_origins;
static struct rw_semaphore _origins_lock;

static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(_pending_exceptions_done);
static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(_pending_exceptions_done_spinlock);
static uint64_t _pending_exceptions_done_count;

static int init_origin_hash(void)
{
	int i;

	_origins = kmalloc(ORIGIN_HASH_SIZE * sizeof(struct list_head),
			   GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!_origins) {
		DMERR("unable to allocate memory for _origins");
		return -ENOMEM;
	}
	for (i = 0; i < ORIGIN_HASH_SIZE; i++)
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(_origins + i);

	_dm_origins = kmalloc(ORIGIN_HASH_SIZE * sizeof(struct list_head),
			      GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!_dm_origins) {
		DMERR("unable to allocate memory for _dm_origins");
		kfree(_origins);
		return -ENOMEM;
	}
	for (i = 0; i < ORIGIN_HASH_SIZE; i++)
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(_dm_origins + i);

	init_rwsem(&_origins_lock);

	return 0;
}

static void exit_origin_hash(void)
{
	kfree(_origins);
	kfree(_dm_origins);
}

static unsigned origin_hash(struct block_device *bdev)
{
	return bdev->bd_dev & ORIGIN_MASK;
}

static struct origin *__lookup_origin(struct block_device *origin)
{
	struct list_head *ol;
	struct origin *o;

	ol = &_origins[origin_hash(origin)];
	list_for_each_entry (o, ol, hash_list)
		if (bdev_equal(o->bdev, origin))
			return o;

	return NULL;
}

static void __insert_origin(struct origin *o)
{
	struct list_head *sl = &_origins[origin_hash(o->bdev)];
	list_add_tail(&o->hash_list, sl);
}

static struct dm_origin *__lookup_dm_origin(struct block_device *origin)
{
	struct list_head *ol;
	struct dm_origin *o;

	ol = &_dm_origins[origin_hash(origin)];
	list_for_each_entry (o, ol, hash_list)
		if (bdev_equal(o->dev->bdev, origin))
			return o;

	return NULL;
}

static void __insert_dm_origin(struct dm_origin *o)
{
	struct list_head *sl = &_dm_origins[origin_hash(o->dev->bdev)];
	list_add_tail(&o->hash_list, sl);
}

static void __remove_dm_origin(struct dm_origin *o)
{
	list_del(&o->hash_list);
}

/*
 * _origins_lock must be held when calling this function.
 * Returns number of snapshots registered using the supplied cow device, plus:
 * snap_src - a snapshot suitable for use as a source of exception handover
 * snap_dest - a snapshot capable of receiving exception handover.
 * snap_merge - an existing snapshot-merge target linked to the same origin.
 *   There can be at most one snapshot-merge target. The parameter is optional.
 *
 * Possible return values and states of snap_src and snap_dest.
 *   0: NULL, NULL  - first new snapshot
 *   1: snap_src, NULL - normal snapshot
 *   2: snap_src, snap_dest  - waiting for handover
 *   2: snap_src, NULL - handed over, waiting for old to be deleted
 *   1: NULL, snap_dest - source got destroyed without handover
 */
static int __find_snapshots_sharing_cow(struct dm_snapshot *snap,
					struct dm_snapshot **snap_src,
					struct dm_snapshot **snap_dest,
					struct dm_snapshot **snap_merge)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s;
	struct origin *o;
	int count = 0;
	int active;

	o = __lookup_origin(snap->origin->bdev);
	if (!o)
		goto out;

	list_for_each_entry(s, &o->snapshots, list) {
		if (dm_target_is_snapshot_merge(s->ti) && snap_merge)
			*snap_merge = s;
		if (!bdev_equal(s->cow->bdev, snap->cow->bdev))
			continue;

		down_read(&s->lock);
		active = s->active;
		up_read(&s->lock);

		if (active) {
			if (snap_src)
				*snap_src = s;
		} else if (snap_dest)
			*snap_dest = s;

		count++;
	}

out:
	return count;
}

/*
 * On success, returns 1 if this snapshot is a handover destination,
 * otherwise returns 0.
 */
static int __validate_exception_handover(struct dm_snapshot *snap)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *snap_src = NULL, *snap_dest = NULL;
	struct dm_snapshot *snap_merge = NULL;

	/* Does snapshot need exceptions handed over to it? */
	if ((__find_snapshots_sharing_cow(snap, &snap_src, &snap_dest,
					  &snap_merge) == 2) ||
	    snap_dest) {
		snap->ti->error = "Snapshot cow pairing for exception "
				  "table handover failed";
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	/*
	 * If no snap_src was found, snap cannot become a handover
	 * destination.
	 */
	if (!snap_src)
		return 0;

	/*
	 * Non-snapshot-merge handover?
	 */
	if (!dm_target_is_snapshot_merge(snap->ti))
		return 1;

	/*
	 * Do not allow more than one merging snapshot.
	 */
	if (snap_merge) {
		snap->ti->error = "A snapshot is already merging.";
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (!snap_src->store->type->prepare_merge ||
	    !snap_src->store->type->commit_merge) {
		snap->ti->error = "Snapshot exception store does not "
				  "support snapshot-merge.";
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	return 1;
}

static void __insert_snapshot(struct origin *o, struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *l;

	/* Sort the list according to chunk size, largest-first smallest-last */
	list_for_each_entry(l, &o->snapshots, list)
		if (l->store->chunk_size < s->store->chunk_size)
			break;
	list_add_tail(&s->list, &l->list);
}

/*
 * Make a note of the snapshot and its origin so we can look it
 * up when the origin has a write on it.
 *
 * Also validate snapshot exception store handovers.
 * On success, returns 1 if this registration is a handover destination,
 * otherwise returns 0.
 */
static int register_snapshot(struct dm_snapshot *snap)
{
	struct origin *o, *new_o = NULL;
	struct block_device *bdev = snap->origin->bdev;
	int r = 0;

	new_o = kmalloc(sizeof(*new_o), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!new_o)
		return -ENOMEM;

	down_write(&_origins_lock);

	r = __validate_exception_handover(snap);
	if (r < 0) {
		kfree(new_o);
		goto out;
	}

	o = __lookup_origin(bdev);
	if (o)
		kfree(new_o);
	else {
		/* New origin */
		o = new_o;

		/* Initialise the struct */
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&o->snapshots);
		o->bdev = bdev;

		__insert_origin(o);
	}

	__insert_snapshot(o, snap);

out:
	up_write(&_origins_lock);

	return r;
}

/*
 * Move snapshot to correct place in list according to chunk size.
 */
static void reregister_snapshot(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	struct block_device *bdev = s->origin->bdev;

	down_write(&_origins_lock);

	list_del(&s->list);
	__insert_snapshot(__lookup_origin(bdev), s);

	up_write(&_origins_lock);
}

static void unregister_snapshot(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	struct origin *o;

	down_write(&_origins_lock);
	o = __lookup_origin(s->origin->bdev);

	list_del(&s->list);
	if (o && list_empty(&o->snapshots)) {
		list_del(&o->hash_list);
		kfree(o);
	}

	up_write(&_origins_lock);
}

/*
 * Implementation of the exception hash tables.
 * The lowest hash_shift bits of the chunk number are ignored, allowing
 * some consecutive chunks to be grouped together.
 */
static int dm_exception_table_init(struct dm_exception_table *et,
				   uint32_t size, unsigned hash_shift)
{
	unsigned int i;

	et->hash_shift = hash_shift;
	et->hash_mask = size - 1;
	et->table = dm_vcalloc(size, sizeof(struct list_head));
	if (!et->table)
		return -ENOMEM;

	for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(et->table + i);

	return 0;
}

static void dm_exception_table_exit(struct dm_exception_table *et,
				    struct kmem_cache *mem)
{
	struct list_head *slot;
	struct dm_exception *ex, *next;
	int i, size;

	size = et->hash_mask + 1;
	for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
		slot = et->table + i;

		list_for_each_entry_safe (ex, next, slot, hash_list)
			kmem_cache_free(mem, ex);
	}

	vfree(et->table);
}

static uint32_t exception_hash(struct dm_exception_table *et, chunk_t chunk)
{
	return (chunk >> et->hash_shift) & et->hash_mask;
}

static void dm_remove_exception(struct dm_exception *e)
{
	list_del(&e->hash_list);
}

/*
 * Return the exception data for a sector, or NULL if not
 * remapped.
 */
static struct dm_exception *dm_lookup_exception(struct dm_exception_table *et,
						chunk_t chunk)
{
	struct list_head *slot;
	struct dm_exception *e;

	slot = &et->table[exception_hash(et, chunk)];
	list_for_each_entry (e, slot, hash_list)
		if (chunk >= e->old_chunk &&
		    chunk <= e->old_chunk + dm_consecutive_chunk_count(e))
			return e;

	return NULL;
}

static struct dm_exception *alloc_completed_exception(gfp_t gfp)
{
	struct dm_exception *e;

	e = kmem_cache_alloc(exception_cache, gfp);
	if (!e && gfp == GFP_NOIO)
		e = kmem_cache_alloc(exception_cache, GFP_ATOMIC);

	return e;
}

static void free_completed_exception(struct dm_exception *e)
{
	kmem_cache_free(exception_cache, e);
}

static struct dm_snap_pending_exception *alloc_pending_exception(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe = mempool_alloc(s->pending_pool,
							     GFP_NOIO);

	atomic_inc(&s->pending_exceptions_count);
	pe->snap = s;

	return pe;
}

static void free_pending_exception(struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s = pe->snap;

	mempool_free(pe, s->pending_pool);
	smp_mb__before_atomic();
	atomic_dec(&s->pending_exceptions_count);
}

static void dm_insert_exception(struct dm_exception_table *eh,
				struct dm_exception *new_e)
{
	struct list_head *l;
	struct dm_exception *e = NULL;

	l = &eh->table[exception_hash(eh, new_e->old_chunk)];

	/* Add immediately if this table doesn't support consecutive chunks */
	if (!eh->hash_shift)
		goto out;

	/* List is ordered by old_chunk */
	list_for_each_entry_reverse(e, l, hash_list) {
		/* Insert after an existing chunk? */
		if (new_e->old_chunk == (e->old_chunk +
					 dm_consecutive_chunk_count(e) + 1) &&
		    new_e->new_chunk == (dm_chunk_number(e->new_chunk) +
					 dm_consecutive_chunk_count(e) + 1)) {
			dm_consecutive_chunk_count_inc(e);
			free_completed_exception(new_e);
			return;
		}

		/* Insert before an existing chunk? */
		if (new_e->old_chunk == (e->old_chunk - 1) &&
		    new_e->new_chunk == (dm_chunk_number(e->new_chunk) - 1)) {
			dm_consecutive_chunk_count_inc(e);
			e->old_chunk--;
			e->new_chunk--;
			free_completed_exception(new_e);
			return;
		}

		if (new_e->old_chunk > e->old_chunk)
			break;
	}

out:
	list_add(&new_e->hash_list, e ? &e->hash_list : l);
}

/*
 * Callback used by the exception stores to load exceptions when
 * initialising.
 */
static int dm_add_exception(void *context, chunk_t old, chunk_t new)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s = context;
	struct dm_exception *e;

	e = alloc_completed_exception(GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!e)
		return -ENOMEM;

	e->old_chunk = old;

	/* Consecutive_count is implicitly initialised to zero */
	e->new_chunk = new;

	dm_insert_exception(&s->complete, e);

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Return a minimum chunk size of all snapshots that have the specified origin.
 * Return zero if the origin has no snapshots.
 */
static uint32_t __minimum_chunk_size(struct origin *o)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *snap;
	unsigned chunk_size = 0;

	if (o)
		list_for_each_entry(snap, &o->snapshots, list)
			chunk_size = min_not_zero(chunk_size,
						  snap->store->chunk_size);

	return (uint32_t) chunk_size;
}

/*
 * Hard coded magic.
 */
static int calc_max_buckets(void)
{
	/* use a fixed size of 2MB */
	unsigned long mem = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
	mem /= sizeof(struct list_head);

	return mem;
}

/*
 * Allocate room for a suitable hash table.
 */
static int init_hash_tables(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	sector_t hash_size, cow_dev_size, max_buckets;

	/*
	 * Calculate based on the size of the original volume or
	 * the COW volume...
	 */
	cow_dev_size = get_dev_size(s->cow->bdev);
	max_buckets = calc_max_buckets();

	hash_size = cow_dev_size >> s->store->chunk_shift;
	hash_size = min(hash_size, max_buckets);

	if (hash_size < 64)
		hash_size = 64;
	hash_size = rounddown_pow_of_two(hash_size);
	if (dm_exception_table_init(&s->complete, hash_size,
				    DM_CHUNK_CONSECUTIVE_BITS))
		return -ENOMEM;

	/*
	 * Allocate hash table for in-flight exceptions
	 * Make this smaller than the real hash table
	 */
	hash_size >>= 3;
	if (hash_size < 64)
		hash_size = 64;

	if (dm_exception_table_init(&s->pending, hash_size, 0)) {
		dm_exception_table_exit(&s->complete, exception_cache);
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	return 0;
}

static void merge_shutdown(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	clear_bit_unlock(RUNNING_MERGE, &s->state_bits);
	smp_mb__after_atomic();
	wake_up_bit(&s->state_bits, RUNNING_MERGE);
}

static struct bio *__release_queued_bios_after_merge(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	s->first_merging_chunk = 0;
	s->num_merging_chunks = 0;

	return bio_list_get(&s->bios_queued_during_merge);
}

/*
 * Remove one chunk from the index of completed exceptions.
 */
static int __remove_single_exception_chunk(struct dm_snapshot *s,
					   chunk_t old_chunk)
{
	struct dm_exception *e;

	e = dm_lookup_exception(&s->complete, old_chunk);
	if (!e) {
		DMERR("Corruption detected: exception for block %llu is "
		      "on disk but not in memory",
		      (unsigned long long)old_chunk);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	/*
	 * If this is the only chunk using this exception, remove exception.
	 */
	if (!dm_consecutive_chunk_count(e)) {
		dm_remove_exception(e);
		free_completed_exception(e);
		return 0;
	}

	/*
	 * The chunk may be either at the beginning or the end of a
	 * group of consecutive chunks - never in the middle.  We are
	 * removing chunks in the opposite order to that in which they
	 * were added, so this should always be true.
	 * Decrement the consecutive chunk counter and adjust the
	 * starting point if necessary.
	 */
	if (old_chunk == e->old_chunk) {
		e->old_chunk++;
		e->new_chunk++;
	} else if (old_chunk != e->old_chunk +
		   dm_consecutive_chunk_count(e)) {
		DMERR("Attempt to merge block %llu from the "
		      "middle of a chunk range [%llu - %llu]",
		      (unsigned long long)old_chunk,
		      (unsigned long long)e->old_chunk,
		      (unsigned long long)
		      e->old_chunk + dm_consecutive_chunk_count(e));
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	dm_consecutive_chunk_count_dec(e);

	return 0;
}

static void flush_bios(struct bio *bio);

static int remove_single_exception_chunk(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	struct bio *b = NULL;
	int r;
	chunk_t old_chunk = s->first_merging_chunk + s->num_merging_chunks - 1;

	down_write(&s->lock);

	/*
	 * Process chunks (and associated exceptions) in reverse order
	 * so that dm_consecutive_chunk_count_dec() accounting works.
	 */
	do {
		r = __remove_single_exception_chunk(s, old_chunk);
		if (r)
			goto out;
	} while (old_chunk-- > s->first_merging_chunk);

	b = __release_queued_bios_after_merge(s);

out:
	up_write(&s->lock);
	if (b)
		flush_bios(b);

	return r;
}

static int origin_write_extent(struct dm_snapshot *merging_snap,
			       sector_t sector, unsigned chunk_size);

static void merge_callback(int read_err, unsigned long write_err,
			   void *context);

static uint64_t read_pending_exceptions_done_count(void)
{
	uint64_t pending_exceptions_done;

	spin_lock(&_pending_exceptions_done_spinlock);
	pending_exceptions_done = _pending_exceptions_done_count;
	spin_unlock(&_pending_exceptions_done_spinlock);

	return pending_exceptions_done;
}

static void increment_pending_exceptions_done_count(void)
{
	spin_lock(&_pending_exceptions_done_spinlock);
	_pending_exceptions_done_count++;
	spin_unlock(&_pending_exceptions_done_spinlock);

	wake_up_all(&_pending_exceptions_done);
}

static void snapshot_merge_next_chunks(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	int i, linear_chunks;
	chunk_t old_chunk, new_chunk;
	struct dm_io_region src, dest;
	sector_t io_size;
	uint64_t previous_count;

	BUG_ON(!test_bit(RUNNING_MERGE, &s->state_bits));
	if (unlikely(test_bit(SHUTDOWN_MERGE, &s->state_bits)))
		goto shut;

	/*
	 * valid flag never changes during merge, so no lock required.
	 */
	if (!s->valid) {
		DMERR("Snapshot is invalid: can't merge");
		goto shut;
	}

	linear_chunks = s->store->type->prepare_merge(s->store, &old_chunk,
						      &new_chunk);
	if (linear_chunks <= 0) {
		if (linear_chunks < 0) {
			DMERR("Read error in exception store: "
			      "shutting down merge");
			down_write(&s->lock);
			s->merge_failed = 1;
			up_write(&s->lock);
		}
		goto shut;
	}

	/* Adjust old_chunk and new_chunk to reflect start of linear region */
	old_chunk = old_chunk + 1 - linear_chunks;
	new_chunk = new_chunk + 1 - linear_chunks;

	/*
	 * Use one (potentially large) I/O to copy all 'linear_chunks'
	 * from the exception store to the origin
	 */
	io_size = linear_chunks * s->store->chunk_size;

	dest.bdev = s->origin->bdev;
	dest.sector = chunk_to_sector(s->store, old_chunk);
	dest.count = min(io_size, get_dev_size(dest.bdev) - dest.sector);

	src.bdev = s->cow->bdev;
	src.sector = chunk_to_sector(s->store, new_chunk);
	src.count = dest.count;

	/*
	 * Reallocate any exceptions needed in other snapshots then
	 * wait for the pending exceptions to complete.
	 * Each time any pending exception (globally on the system)
	 * completes we are woken and repeat the process to find out
	 * if we can proceed.  While this may not seem a particularly
	 * efficient algorithm, it is not expected to have any
	 * significant impact on performance.
	 */
	previous_count = read_pending_exceptions_done_count();
	while (origin_write_extent(s, dest.sector, io_size)) {
		wait_event(_pending_exceptions_done,
			   (read_pending_exceptions_done_count() !=
			    previous_count));
		/* Retry after the wait, until all exceptions are done. */
		previous_count = read_pending_exceptions_done_count();
	}

	down_write(&s->lock);
	s->first_merging_chunk = old_chunk;
	s->num_merging_chunks = linear_chunks;
	up_write(&s->lock);

	/* Wait until writes to all 'linear_chunks' drain */
	for (i = 0; i < linear_chunks; i++)
		__check_for_conflicting_io(s, old_chunk + i);

	dm_kcopyd_copy(s->kcopyd_client, &src, 1, &dest, 0, merge_callback, s);
	return;

shut:
	merge_shutdown(s);
}

static void error_bios(struct bio *bio);

static void merge_callback(int read_err, unsigned long write_err, void *context)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s = context;
	struct bio *b = NULL;

	if (read_err || write_err) {
		if (read_err)
			DMERR("Read error: shutting down merge.");
		else
			DMERR("Write error: shutting down merge.");
		goto shut;
	}

	if (s->store->type->commit_merge(s->store,
					 s->num_merging_chunks) < 0) {
		DMERR("Write error in exception store: shutting down merge");
		goto shut;
	}

	if (remove_single_exception_chunk(s) < 0)
		goto shut;

	snapshot_merge_next_chunks(s);

	return;

shut:
	down_write(&s->lock);
	s->merge_failed = 1;
	b = __release_queued_bios_after_merge(s);
	up_write(&s->lock);
	error_bios(b);

	merge_shutdown(s);
}

static void start_merge(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	if (!test_and_set_bit(RUNNING_MERGE, &s->state_bits))
		snapshot_merge_next_chunks(s);
}

/*
 * Stop the merging process and wait until it finishes.
 */
static void stop_merge(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	set_bit(SHUTDOWN_MERGE, &s->state_bits);
	wait_on_bit(&s->state_bits, RUNNING_MERGE, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
	clear_bit(SHUTDOWN_MERGE, &s->state_bits);
}

/*
 * Construct a snapshot mapping: <origin_dev> <COW-dev> <p/n> <chunk-size>
 */
static int snapshot_ctr(struct dm_target *ti, unsigned int argc, char **argv)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s;
	int i;
	int r = -EINVAL;
	char *origin_path, *cow_path;
	unsigned args_used, num_flush_bios = 1;
	fmode_t origin_mode = FMODE_READ;

	if (argc != 4) {
		ti->error = "requires exactly 4 arguments";
		r = -EINVAL;
		goto bad;
	}

	if (dm_target_is_snapshot_merge(ti)) {
		num_flush_bios = 2;
		origin_mode = FMODE_WRITE;
	}

	s = kmalloc(sizeof(*s), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!s) {
		ti->error = "Cannot allocate private snapshot structure";
		r = -ENOMEM;
		goto bad;
	}

	origin_path = argv[0];
	argv++;
	argc--;

	r = dm_get_device(ti, origin_path, origin_mode, &s->origin);
	if (r) {
		ti->error = "Cannot get origin device";
		goto bad_origin;
	}

	cow_path = argv[0];
	argv++;
	argc--;

	r = dm_get_device(ti, cow_path, dm_table_get_mode(ti->table), &s->cow);
	if (r) {
		ti->error = "Cannot get COW device";
		goto bad_cow;
	}

	r = dm_exception_store_create(ti, argc, argv, s, &args_used, &s->store);
	if (r) {
		ti->error = "Couldn't create exception store";
		r = -EINVAL;
		goto bad_store;
	}

	argv += args_used;
	argc -= args_used;

	s->ti = ti;
	s->valid = 1;
	s->active = 0;
	atomic_set(&s->pending_exceptions_count, 0);
	s->exception_start_sequence = 0;
	s->exception_complete_sequence = 0;
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&s->out_of_order_list);
	init_rwsem(&s->lock);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&s->list);
	spin_lock_init(&s->pe_lock);
	s->state_bits = 0;
	s->merge_failed = 0;
	s->first_merging_chunk = 0;
	s->num_merging_chunks = 0;
	bio_list_init(&s->bios_queued_during_merge);

	/* Allocate hash table for COW data */
	if (init_hash_tables(s)) {
		ti->error = "Unable to allocate hash table space";
		r = -ENOMEM;
		goto bad_hash_tables;
	}

	s->kcopyd_client = dm_kcopyd_client_create(&dm_kcopyd_throttle);
	if (IS_ERR(s->kcopyd_client)) {
		r = PTR_ERR(s->kcopyd_client);
		ti->error = "Could not create kcopyd client";
		goto bad_kcopyd;
	}

	s->pending_pool = mempool_create_slab_pool(MIN_IOS, pending_cache);
	if (!s->pending_pool) {
		ti->error = "Could not allocate mempool for pending exceptions";
		r = -ENOMEM;
		goto bad_pending_pool;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < DM_TRACKED_CHUNK_HASH_SIZE; i++)
		INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&s->tracked_chunk_hash[i]);

	spin_lock_init(&s->tracked_chunk_lock);

	ti->private = s;
	ti->num_flush_bios = num_flush_bios;
	ti->per_bio_data_size = sizeof(struct dm_snap_tracked_chunk);

	/* Add snapshot to the list of snapshots for this origin */
	/* Exceptions aren't triggered till snapshot_resume() is called */
	r = register_snapshot(s);
	if (r == -ENOMEM) {
		ti->error = "Snapshot origin struct allocation failed";
		goto bad_load_and_register;
	} else if (r < 0) {
		/* invalid handover, register_snapshot has set ti->error */
		goto bad_load_and_register;
	}

	/*
	 * Metadata must only be loaded into one table at once, so skip this
	 * if metadata will be handed over during resume.
	 * Chunk size will be set during the handover - set it to zero to
	 * ensure it's ignored.
	 */
	if (r > 0) {
		s->store->chunk_size = 0;
		return 0;
	}

	r = s->store->type->read_metadata(s->store, dm_add_exception,
					  (void *)s);
	if (r < 0) {
		ti->error = "Failed to read snapshot metadata";
		goto bad_read_metadata;
	} else if (r > 0) {
		s->valid = 0;
		DMWARN("Snapshot is marked invalid.");
	}

	if (!s->store->chunk_size) {
		ti->error = "Chunk size not set";
		goto bad_read_metadata;
	}

	r = dm_set_target_max_io_len(ti, s->store->chunk_size);
	if (r)
		goto bad_read_metadata;

	return 0;

bad_read_metadata:
	unregister_snapshot(s);

bad_load_and_register:
	mempool_destroy(s->pending_pool);

bad_pending_pool:
	dm_kcopyd_client_destroy(s->kcopyd_client);

bad_kcopyd:
	dm_exception_table_exit(&s->pending, pending_cache);
	dm_exception_table_exit(&s->complete, exception_cache);

bad_hash_tables:
	dm_exception_store_destroy(s->store);

bad_store:
	dm_put_device(ti, s->cow);

bad_cow:
	dm_put_device(ti, s->origin);

bad_origin:
	kfree(s);

bad:
	return r;
}

static void __free_exceptions(struct dm_snapshot *s)
{
	dm_kcopyd_client_destroy(s->kcopyd_client);
	s->kcopyd_client = NULL;

	dm_exception_table_exit(&s->pending, pending_cache);
	dm_exception_table_exit(&s->complete, exception_cache);
}

static void __handover_exceptions(struct dm_snapshot *snap_src,
				  struct dm_snapshot *snap_dest)
{
	union {
		struct dm_exception_table table_swap;
		struct dm_exception_store *store_swap;
	} u;

	/*
	 * Swap all snapshot context information between the two instances.
	 */
	u.table_swap = snap_dest->complete;
	snap_dest->complete = snap_src->complete;
	snap_src->complete = u.table_swap;

	u.store_swap = snap_dest->store;
	snap_dest->store = snap_src->store;
	snap_src->store = u.store_swap;

	snap_dest->store->snap = snap_dest;
	snap_src->store->snap = snap_src;

	snap_dest->ti->max_io_len = snap_dest->store->chunk_size;
	snap_dest->valid = snap_src->valid;

	/*
	 * Set source invalid to ensure it receives no further I/O.
	 */
	snap_src->valid = 0;
}

static void snapshot_dtr(struct dm_target *ti)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_DM_DEBUG
	int i;
#endif
	struct dm_snapshot *s = ti->private;
	struct dm_snapshot *snap_src = NULL, *snap_dest = NULL;

	down_read(&_origins_lock);
	/* Check whether exception handover must be cancelled */
	(void) __find_snapshots_sharing_cow(s, &snap_src, &snap_dest, NULL);
	if (snap_src && snap_dest && (s == snap_src)) {
		down_write(&snap_dest->lock);
		snap_dest->valid = 0;
		up_write(&snap_dest->lock);
		DMERR("Cancelling snapshot handover.");
	}
	up_read(&_origins_lock);

	if (dm_target_is_snapshot_merge(ti))
		stop_merge(s);

	/* Prevent further origin writes from using this snapshot. */
	/* After this returns there can be no new kcopyd jobs. */
	unregister_snapshot(s);

	while (atomic_read(&s->pending_exceptions_count))
		msleep(1);
	/*
	 * Ensure instructions in mempool_destroy aren't reordered
	 * before atomic_read.
	 */
	smp_mb();

#ifdef CONFIG_DM_DEBUG
	for (i = 0; i < DM_TRACKED_CHUNK_HASH_SIZE; i++)
		BUG_ON(!hlist_empty(&s->tracked_chunk_hash[i]));
#endif

	__free_exceptions(s);

	mempool_destroy(s->pending_pool);

	dm_exception_store_destroy(s->store);

	dm_put_device(ti, s->cow);

	dm_put_device(ti, s->origin);

	kfree(s);
}

/*
 * Flush a list of buffers.
 */
static void flush_bios(struct bio *bio)
{
	struct bio *n;

	while (bio) {
		n = bio->bi_next;
		bio->bi_next = NULL;
		generic_make_request(bio);
		bio = n;
	}
}

static int do_origin(struct dm_dev *origin, struct bio *bio);

/*
 * Flush a list of buffers.
 */
static void retry_origin_bios(struct dm_snapshot *s, struct bio *bio)
{
	struct bio *n;
	int r;

	while (bio) {
		n = bio->bi_next;
		bio->bi_next = NULL;
		r = do_origin(s->origin, bio);
		if (r == DM_MAPIO_REMAPPED)
			generic_make_request(bio);
		bio = n;
	}
}

/*
 * Error a list of buffers.
 */
static void error_bios(struct bio *bio)
{
	struct bio *n;

	while (bio) {
		n = bio->bi_next;
		bio->bi_next = NULL;
		bio_io_error(bio);
		bio = n;
	}
}

static void __invalidate_snapshot(struct dm_snapshot *s, int err)
{
	if (!s->valid)
		return;

	if (err == -EIO)
		DMERR("Invalidating snapshot: Error reading/writing.");
	else if (err == -ENOMEM)
		DMERR("Invalidating snapshot: Unable to allocate exception.");

	if (s->store->type->drop_snapshot)
		s->store->type->drop_snapshot(s->store);

	s->valid = 0;

	dm_table_event(s->ti->table);
}

static void pending_complete(struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe, int success)
{
	struct dm_exception *e;
	struct dm_snapshot *s = pe->snap;
	struct bio *origin_bios = NULL;
	struct bio *snapshot_bios = NULL;
	struct bio *full_bio = NULL;
	int error = 0;

	if (!success) {
		/* Read/write error - snapshot is unusable */
		down_write(&s->lock);
		__invalidate_snapshot(s, -EIO);
		error = 1;
		goto out;
	}

	e = alloc_completed_exception(GFP_NOIO);
	if (!e) {
		down_write(&s->lock);
		__invalidate_snapshot(s, -ENOMEM);
		error = 1;
		goto out;
	}
	*e = pe->e;

	down_write(&s->lock);
	if (!s->valid) {
		free_completed_exception(e);
		error = 1;
		goto out;
	}

	/* Check for conflicting reads */
	__check_for_conflicting_io(s, pe->e.old_chunk);

	/*
	 * Add a proper exception, and remove the
	 * in-flight exception from the list.
	 */
	dm_insert_exception(&s->complete, e);

out:
	dm_remove_exception(&pe->e);
	snapshot_bios = bio_list_get(&pe->snapshot_bios);
	origin_bios = bio_list_get(&pe->origin_bios);
	full_bio = pe->full_bio;
	if (full_bio) {
		full_bio->bi_end_io = pe->full_bio_end_io;
		full_bio->bi_private = pe->full_bio_private;
	}
	increment_pending_exceptions_done_count();

	up_write(&s->lock);

	/* Submit any pending write bios */
	if (error) {
		if (full_bio)
			bio_io_error(full_bio);
		error_bios(snapshot_bios);
	} else {
		if (full_bio)
			bio_endio(full_bio, 0);
		flush_bios(snapshot_bios);
	}

	retry_origin_bios(s, origin_bios);

	free_pending_exception(pe);
}

static void commit_callback(void *context, int success)
{
	struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe = context;

	pending_complete(pe, success);
}

static void complete_exception(struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s = pe->snap;

	if (unlikely(pe->copy_error))
		pending_complete(pe, 0);

	else
		/* Update the metadata if we are persistent */
		s->store->type->commit_exception(s->store, &pe->e,
						 commit_callback, pe);
}

/*
 * Called when the copy I/O has finished.  kcopyd actually runs
 * this code so don't block.
 */
static void copy_callback(int read_err, unsigned long write_err, void *context)
{
	struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe = context;
	struct dm_snapshot *s = pe->snap;

	pe->copy_error = read_err || write_err;

	if (pe->exception_sequence == s->exception_complete_sequence) {
		s->exception_complete_sequence++;
		complete_exception(pe);

		while (!list_empty(&s->out_of_order_list)) {
			pe = list_entry(s->out_of_order_list.next,
					struct dm_snap_pending_exception, out_of_order_entry);
			if (pe->exception_sequence != s->exception_complete_sequence)
				break;
			s->exception_complete_sequence++;
			list_del(&pe->out_of_order_entry);
			complete_exception(pe);
		}
	} else {
		struct list_head *lh;
		struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe2;

		list_for_each_prev(lh, &s->out_of_order_list) {
			pe2 = list_entry(lh, struct dm_snap_pending_exception, out_of_order_entry);
			if (pe2->exception_sequence < pe->exception_sequence)
				break;
		}
		list_add(&pe->out_of_order_entry, lh);
	}
}

/*
 * Dispatches the copy operation to kcopyd.
 */
static void start_copy(struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s = pe->snap;
	struct dm_io_region src, dest;
	struct block_device *bdev = s->origin->bdev;
	sector_t dev_size;

	dev_size = get_dev_size(bdev);

	src.bdev = bdev;
	src.sector = chunk_to_sector(s->store, pe->e.old_chunk);
	src.count = min((sector_t)s->store->chunk_size, dev_size - src.sector);

	dest.bdev = s->cow->bdev;
	dest.sector = chunk_to_sector(s->store, pe->e.new_chunk);
	dest.count = src.count;

	/* Hand over to kcopyd */
	dm_kcopyd_copy(s->kcopyd_client, &src, 1, &dest, 0, copy_callback, pe);
}

static void full_bio_end_io(struct bio *bio, int error)
{
	void *callback_data = bio->bi_private;

	dm_kcopyd_do_callback(callback_data, 0, error ? 1 : 0);
}

static void start_full_bio(struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe,
			   struct bio *bio)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s = pe->snap;
	void *callback_data;

	pe->full_bio = bio;
	pe->full_bio_end_io = bio->bi_end_io;
	pe->full_bio_private = bio->bi_private;

	callback_data = dm_kcopyd_prepare_callback(s->kcopyd_client,
						   copy_callback, pe);

	bio->bi_end_io = full_bio_end_io;
	bio->bi_private = callback_data;

	generic_make_request(bio);
}

static struct dm_snap_pending_exception *
__lookup_pending_exception(struct dm_snapshot *s, chunk_t chunk)
{
	struct dm_exception *e = dm_lookup_exception(&s->pending, chunk);

	if (!e)
		return NULL;

	return container_of(e, struct dm_snap_pending_exception, e);
}

/*
 * Looks to see if this snapshot already has a pending exception
 * for this chunk, otherwise it allocates a new one and inserts
 * it into the pending table.
 *
 * NOTE: a write lock must be held on snap->lock before calling
 * this.
 */
static struct dm_snap_pending_exception *
__find_pending_exception(struct dm_snapshot *s,
			 struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe, chunk_t chunk)
{
	struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe2;

	pe2 = __lookup_pending_exception(s, chunk);
	if (pe2) {
		free_pending_exception(pe);
		return pe2;
	}

	pe->e.old_chunk = chunk;
	bio_list_init(&pe->origin_bios);
	bio_list_init(&pe->snapshot_bios);
	pe->started = 0;
	pe->full_bio = NULL;

	if (s->store->type->prepare_exception(s->store, &pe->e)) {
		free_pending_exception(pe);
		return NULL;
	}

	pe->exception_sequence = s->exception_start_sequence++;

	dm_insert_exception(&s->pending, &pe->e);

	return pe;
}

static void remap_exception(struct dm_snapshot *s, struct dm_exception *e,
			    struct bio *bio, chunk_t chunk)
{
	bio->bi_bdev = s->cow->bdev;
	bio->bi_iter.bi_sector =
		chunk_to_sector(s->store, dm_chunk_number(e->new_chunk) +
				(chunk - e->old_chunk)) +
		(bio->bi_iter.bi_sector & s->store->chunk_mask);
}

static int snapshot_map(struct dm_target *ti, struct bio *bio)
{
	struct dm_exception *e;
	struct dm_snapshot *s = ti->private;
	int r = DM_MAPIO_REMAPPED;
	chunk_t chunk;
	struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe = NULL;

	init_tracked_chunk(bio);

	if (bio->bi_rw & REQ_FLUSH) {
		bio->bi_bdev = s->cow->bdev;
		return DM_MAPIO_REMAPPED;
	}

	chunk = sector_to_chunk(s->store, bio->bi_iter.bi_sector);

	/* Full snapshots are not usable */
	/* To get here the table must be live so s->active is always set. */
	if (!s->valid)
		return -EIO;

	/* FIXME: should only take write lock if we need
	 * to copy an exception */
	down_write(&s->lock);

	if (!s->valid) {
		r = -EIO;
		goto out_unlock;
	}

	/* If the block is already remapped - use that, else remap it */
	e = dm_lookup_exception(&s->complete, chunk);
	if (e) {
		remap_exception(s, e, bio, chunk);
		goto out_unlock;
	}

	/*
	 * Write to snapshot - higher level takes care of RW/RO
	 * flags so we should only get this if we are
	 * writeable.
	 */
	if (bio_rw(bio) == WRITE) {
		pe = __lookup_pending_exception(s, chunk);
		if (!pe) {
			up_write(&s->lock);
			pe = alloc_pending_exception(s);
			down_write(&s->lock);

			if (!s->valid) {
				free_pending_exception(pe);
				r = -EIO;
				goto out_unlock;
			}

			e = dm_lookup_exception(&s->complete, chunk);
			if (e) {
				free_pending_exception(pe);
				remap_exception(s, e, bio, chunk);
				goto out_unlock;
			}

			pe = __find_pending_exception(s, pe, chunk);
			if (!pe) {
				__invalidate_snapshot(s, -ENOMEM);
				r = -EIO;
				goto out_unlock;
			}
		}

		remap_exception(s, &pe->e, bio, chunk);

		r = DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED;

		if (!pe->started &&
		    bio->bi_iter.bi_size ==
		    (s->store->chunk_size << SECTOR_SHIFT)) {
			pe->started = 1;
			up_write(&s->lock);
			start_full_bio(pe, bio);
			goto out;
		}

		bio_list_add(&pe->snapshot_bios, bio);

		if (!pe->started) {
			/* this is protected by snap->lock */
			pe->started = 1;
			up_write(&s->lock);
			start_copy(pe);
			goto out;
		}
	} else {
		bio->bi_bdev = s->origin->bdev;
		track_chunk(s, bio, chunk);
	}

out_unlock:
	up_write(&s->lock);
out:
	return r;
}

/*
 * A snapshot-merge target behaves like a combination of a snapshot
 * target and a snapshot-origin target.  It only generates new
 * exceptions in other snapshots and not in the one that is being
 * merged.
 *
 * For each chunk, if there is an existing exception, it is used to
 * redirect I/O to the cow device.  Otherwise I/O is sent to the origin,
 * which in turn might generate exceptions in other snapshots.
 * If merging is currently taking place on the chunk in question, the
 * I/O is deferred by adding it to s->bios_queued_during_merge.
 */
static int snapshot_merge_map(struct dm_target *ti, struct bio *bio)
{
	struct dm_exception *e;
	struct dm_snapshot *s = ti->private;
	int r = DM_MAPIO_REMAPPED;
	chunk_t chunk;

	init_tracked_chunk(bio);

	if (bio->bi_rw & REQ_FLUSH) {
		if (!dm_bio_get_target_bio_nr(bio))
			bio->bi_bdev = s->origin->bdev;
		else
			bio->bi_bdev = s->cow->bdev;
		return DM_MAPIO_REMAPPED;
	}

	chunk = sector_to_chunk(s->store, bio->bi_iter.bi_sector);

	down_write(&s->lock);

	/* Full merging snapshots are redirected to the origin */
	if (!s->valid)
		goto redirect_to_origin;

	/* If the block is already remapped - use that */
	e = dm_lookup_exception(&s->complete, chunk);
	if (e) {
		/* Queue writes overlapping with chunks being merged */
		if (bio_rw(bio) == WRITE &&
		    chunk >= s->first_merging_chunk &&
		    chunk < (s->first_merging_chunk +
			     s->num_merging_chunks)) {
			bio->bi_bdev = s->origin->bdev;
			bio_list_add(&s->bios_queued_during_merge, bio);
			r = DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED;
			goto out_unlock;
		}

		remap_exception(s, e, bio, chunk);

		if (bio_rw(bio) == WRITE)
			track_chunk(s, bio, chunk);
		goto out_unlock;
	}

redirect_to_origin:
	bio->bi_bdev = s->origin->bdev;

	if (bio_rw(bio) == WRITE) {
		up_write(&s->lock);
		return do_origin(s->origin, bio);
	}

out_unlock:
	up_write(&s->lock);

	return r;
}

static int snapshot_end_io(struct dm_target *ti, struct bio *bio, int error)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s = ti->private;

	if (is_bio_tracked(bio))
		stop_tracking_chunk(s, bio);

	return 0;
}

static void snapshot_merge_presuspend(struct dm_target *ti)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s = ti->private;

	stop_merge(s);
}

static int snapshot_preresume(struct dm_target *ti)
{
	int r = 0;
	struct dm_snapshot *s = ti->private;
	struct dm_snapshot *snap_src = NULL, *snap_dest = NULL;

	down_read(&_origins_lock);
	(void) __find_snapshots_sharing_cow(s, &snap_src, &snap_dest, NULL);
	if (snap_src && snap_dest) {
		down_read(&snap_src->lock);
		if (s == snap_src) {
			DMERR("Unable to resume snapshot source until "
			      "handover completes.");
			r = -EINVAL;
		} else if (!dm_suspended(snap_src->ti)) {
			DMERR("Unable to perform snapshot handover until "
			      "source is suspended.");
			r = -EINVAL;
		}
		up_read(&snap_src->lock);
	}
	up_read(&_origins_lock);

	return r;
}

static void snapshot_resume(struct dm_target *ti)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s = ti->private;
	struct dm_snapshot *snap_src = NULL, *snap_dest = NULL, *snap_merging = NULL;
	struct dm_origin *o;
	struct mapped_device *origin_md = NULL;
	bool must_restart_merging = false;

	down_read(&_origins_lock);

	o = __lookup_dm_origin(s->origin->bdev);
	if (o)
		origin_md = dm_table_get_md(o->ti->table);
	if (!origin_md) {
		(void) __find_snapshots_sharing_cow(s, NULL, NULL, &snap_merging);
		if (snap_merging)
			origin_md = dm_table_get_md(snap_merging->ti->table);
	}
	if (origin_md == dm_table_get_md(ti->table))
		origin_md = NULL;
	if (origin_md) {
		if (dm_hold(origin_md))
			origin_md = NULL;
	}

	up_read(&_origins_lock);

	if (origin_md) {
		dm_internal_suspend_fast(origin_md);
		if (snap_merging && test_bit(RUNNING_MERGE, &snap_merging->state_bits)) {
			must_restart_merging = true;
			stop_merge(snap_merging);
		}
	}

	down_read(&_origins_lock);

	(void) __find_snapshots_sharing_cow(s, &snap_src, &snap_dest, NULL);
	if (snap_src && snap_dest) {
		down_write(&snap_src->lock);
		down_write_nested(&snap_dest->lock, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
		__handover_exceptions(snap_src, snap_dest);
		up_write(&snap_dest->lock);
		up_write(&snap_src->lock);
	}

	up_read(&_origins_lock);

	if (origin_md) {
		if (must_restart_merging)
			start_merge(snap_merging);
		dm_internal_resume_fast(origin_md);
		dm_put(origin_md);
	}

	/* Now we have correct chunk size, reregister */
	reregister_snapshot(s);

	down_write(&s->lock);
	s->active = 1;
	up_write(&s->lock);
}

static uint32_t get_origin_minimum_chunksize(struct block_device *bdev)
{
	uint32_t min_chunksize;

	down_read(&_origins_lock);
	min_chunksize = __minimum_chunk_size(__lookup_origin(bdev));
	up_read(&_origins_lock);

	return min_chunksize;
}

static void snapshot_merge_resume(struct dm_target *ti)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *s = ti->private;

	/*
	 * Handover exceptions from existing snapshot.
	 */
	snapshot_resume(ti);

	/*
	 * snapshot-merge acts as an origin, so set ti->max_io_len
	 */
	ti->max_io_len = get_origin_minimum_chunksize(s->origin->bdev);

	start_merge(s);
}

static void snapshot_status(struct dm_target *ti, status_type_t type,
			    unsigned status_flags, char *result, unsigned maxlen)
{
	unsigned sz = 0;
	struct dm_snapshot *snap = ti->private;

	switch (type) {
	case STATUSTYPE_INFO:

		down_write(&snap->lock);

		if (!snap->valid)
			DMEMIT("Invalid");
		else if (snap->merge_failed)
			DMEMIT("Merge failed");
		else {
			if (snap->store->type->usage) {
				sector_t total_sectors, sectors_allocated,
					 metadata_sectors;
				snap->store->type->usage(snap->store,
							 &total_sectors,
							 &sectors_allocated,
							 &metadata_sectors);
				DMEMIT("%llu/%llu %llu",
				       (unsigned long long)sectors_allocated,
				       (unsigned long long)total_sectors,
				       (unsigned long long)metadata_sectors);
			}
			else
				DMEMIT("Unknown");
		}

		up_write(&snap->lock);

		break;

	case STATUSTYPE_TABLE:
		/*
		 * kdevname returns a static pointer so we need
		 * to make private copies if the output is to
		 * make sense.
		 */
		DMEMIT("%s %s", snap->origin->name, snap->cow->name);
		snap->store->type->status(snap->store, type, result + sz,
					  maxlen - sz);
		break;
	}
}

static int snapshot_iterate_devices(struct dm_target *ti,
				    iterate_devices_callout_fn fn, void *data)
{
	struct dm_snapshot *snap = ti->private;
	int r;

	r = fn(ti, snap->origin, 0, ti->len, data);

	if (!r)
		r = fn(ti, snap->cow, 0, get_dev_size(snap->cow->bdev), data);

	return r;
}


/*-----------------------------------------------------------------
 * Origin methods
 *---------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * If no exceptions need creating, DM_MAPIO_REMAPPED is returned and any
 * supplied bio was ignored.  The caller may submit it immediately.
 * (No remapping actually occurs as the origin is always a direct linear
 * map.)
 *
 * If further exceptions are required, DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED is returned
 * and any supplied bio is added to a list to be submitted once all
 * the necessary exceptions exist.
 */
static int __origin_write(struct list_head *snapshots, sector_t sector,
			  struct bio *bio)
{
	int r = DM_MAPIO_REMAPPED;
	struct dm_snapshot *snap;
	struct dm_exception *e;
	struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe;
	struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe_to_start_now = NULL;
	struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe_to_start_last = NULL;
	chunk_t chunk;

	/* Do all the snapshots on this origin */
	list_for_each_entry (snap, snapshots, list) {
		/*
		 * Don't make new exceptions in a merging snapshot
		 * because it has effectively been deleted
		 */
		if (dm_target_is_snapshot_merge(snap->ti))
			continue;

		down_write(&snap->lock);

		/* Only deal with valid and active snapshots */
		if (!snap->valid || !snap->active)
			goto next_snapshot;

		/* Nothing to do if writing beyond end of snapshot */
		if (sector >= dm_table_get_size(snap->ti->table))
			goto next_snapshot;

		/*
		 * Remember, different snapshots can have
		 * different chunk sizes.
		 */
		chunk = sector_to_chunk(snap->store, sector);

		/*
		 * Check exception table to see if block
		 * is already remapped in this snapshot
		 * and trigger an exception if not.
		 */
		e = dm_lookup_exception(&snap->complete, chunk);
		if (e)
			goto next_snapshot;

		pe = __lookup_pending_exception(snap, chunk);
		if (!pe) {
			up_write(&snap->lock);
			pe = alloc_pending_exception(snap);
			down_write(&snap->lock);

			if (!snap->valid) {
				free_pending_exception(pe);
				goto next_snapshot;
			}

			e = dm_lookup_exception(&snap->complete, chunk);
			if (e) {
				free_pending_exception(pe);
				goto next_snapshot;
			}

			pe = __find_pending_exception(snap, pe, chunk);
			if (!pe) {
				__invalidate_snapshot(snap, -ENOMEM);
				goto next_snapshot;
			}
		}

		r = DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED;

		/*
		 * If an origin bio was supplied, queue it to wait for the
		 * completion of this exception, and start this one last,
		 * at the end of the function.
		 */
		if (bio) {
			bio_list_add(&pe->origin_bios, bio);
			bio = NULL;

			if (!pe->started) {
				pe->started = 1;
				pe_to_start_last = pe;
			}
		}

		if (!pe->started) {
			pe->started = 1;
			pe_to_start_now = pe;
		}

next_snapshot:
		up_write(&snap->lock);

		if (pe_to_start_now) {
			start_copy(pe_to_start_now);
			pe_to_start_now = NULL;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Submit the exception against which the bio is queued last,
	 * to give the other exceptions a head start.
	 */
	if (pe_to_start_last)
		start_copy(pe_to_start_last);

	return r;
}

/*
 * Called on a write from the origin driver.
 */
static int do_origin(struct dm_dev *origin, struct bio *bio)
{
	struct origin *o;
	int r = DM_MAPIO_REMAPPED;

	down_read(&_origins_lock);
	o = __lookup_origin(origin->bdev);
	if (o)
		r = __origin_write(&o->snapshots, bio->bi_iter.bi_sector, bio);
	up_read(&_origins_lock);

	return r;
}

/*
 * Trigger exceptions in all non-merging snapshots.
 *
 * The chunk size of the merging snapshot may be larger than the chunk
 * size of some other snapshot so we may need to reallocate multiple
 * chunks in other snapshots.
 *
 * We scan all the overlapping exceptions in the other snapshots.
 * Returns 1 if anything was reallocated and must be waited for,
 * otherwise returns 0.
 *
 * size must be a multiple of merging_snap's chunk_size.
 */
static int origin_write_extent(struct dm_snapshot *merging_snap,
			       sector_t sector, unsigned size)
{
	int must_wait = 0;
	sector_t n;
	struct origin *o;

	/*
	 * The origin's __minimum_chunk_size() got stored in max_io_len
	 * by snapshot_merge_resume().
	 */
	down_read(&_origins_lock);
	o = __lookup_origin(merging_snap->origin->bdev);
	for (n = 0; n < size; n += merging_snap->ti->max_io_len)
		if (__origin_write(&o->snapshots, sector + n, NULL) ==
		    DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED)
			must_wait = 1;
	up_read(&_origins_lock);

	return must_wait;
}

/*
 * Origin: maps a linear range of a device, with hooks for snapshotting.
 */

/*
 * Construct an origin mapping: <dev_path>
 * The context for an origin is merely a 'struct dm_dev *'
 * pointing to the real device.
 */
static int origin_ctr(struct dm_target *ti, unsigned int argc, char **argv)
{
	int r;
	struct dm_origin *o;

	if (argc != 1) {
		ti->error = "origin: incorrect number of arguments";
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	o = kmalloc(sizeof(struct dm_origin), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!o) {
		ti->error = "Cannot allocate private origin structure";
		r = -ENOMEM;
		goto bad_alloc;
	}

	r = dm_get_device(ti, argv[0], dm_table_get_mode(ti->table), &o->dev);
	if (r) {
		ti->error = "Cannot get target device";
		goto bad_open;
	}

	o->ti = ti;
	ti->private = o;
	ti->num_flush_bios = 1;

	return 0;

bad_open:
	kfree(o);
bad_alloc:
	return r;
}

static void origin_dtr(struct dm_target *ti)
{
	struct dm_origin *o = ti->private;

	dm_put_device(ti, o->dev);
	kfree(o);
}

static int origin_map(struct dm_target *ti, struct bio *bio)
{
	struct dm_origin *o = ti->private;
	unsigned available_sectors;

	bio->bi_bdev = o->dev->bdev;

	if (unlikely(bio->bi_rw & REQ_FLUSH))
		return DM_MAPIO_REMAPPED;

	if (bio_rw(bio) != WRITE)
		return DM_MAPIO_REMAPPED;

	available_sectors = o->split_boundary -
		((unsigned)bio->bi_iter.bi_sector & (o->split_boundary - 1));

	if (bio_sectors(bio) > available_sectors)
		dm_accept_partial_bio(bio, available_sectors);

	/* Only tell snapshots if this is a write */
	return do_origin(o->dev, bio);
}

/*
 * Set the target "max_io_len" field to the minimum of all the snapshots'
 * chunk sizes.
 */
static void origin_resume(struct dm_target *ti)
{
	struct dm_origin *o = ti->private;

	o->split_boundary = get_origin_minimum_chunksize(o->dev->bdev);

	down_write(&_origins_lock);
	__insert_dm_origin(o);
	up_write(&_origins_lock);
}

static void origin_postsuspend(struct dm_target *ti)
{
	struct dm_origin *o = ti->private;

	down_write(&_origins_lock);
	__remove_dm_origin(o);
	up_write(&_origins_lock);
}

static void origin_status(struct dm_target *ti, status_type_t type,
			  unsigned status_flags, char *result, unsigned maxlen)
{
	struct dm_origin *o = ti->private;

	switch (type) {
	case STATUSTYPE_INFO:
		result[0] = '\0';
		break;

	case STATUSTYPE_TABLE:
		snprintf(result, maxlen, "%s", o->dev->name);
		break;
	}
}

static int origin_merge(struct dm_target *ti, struct bvec_merge_data *bvm,
			struct bio_vec *biovec, int max_size)
{
	struct dm_origin *o = ti->private;
	struct request_queue *q = bdev_get_queue(o->dev->bdev);

	if (!q->merge_bvec_fn)
		return max_size;

	bvm->bi_bdev = o->dev->bdev;

	return min(max_size, q->merge_bvec_fn(q, bvm, biovec));
}

static int origin_iterate_devices(struct dm_target *ti,
				  iterate_devices_callout_fn fn, void *data)
{
	struct dm_origin *o = ti->private;

	return fn(ti, o->dev, 0, ti->len, data);
}

static struct target_type origin_target = {
	.name    = "snapshot-origin",
	.version = {1, 9, 0},
	.module  = THIS_MODULE,
	.ctr     = origin_ctr,
	.dtr     = origin_dtr,
	.map     = origin_map,
	.resume  = origin_resume,
	.postsuspend = origin_postsuspend,
	.status  = origin_status,
	.merge	 = origin_merge,
	.iterate_devices = origin_iterate_devices,
};

static struct target_type snapshot_target = {
	.name    = "snapshot",
	.version = {1, 13, 0},
	.module  = THIS_MODULE,
	.ctr     = snapshot_ctr,
	.dtr     = snapshot_dtr,
	.map     = snapshot_map,
	.end_io  = snapshot_end_io,
	.preresume  = snapshot_preresume,
	.resume  = snapshot_resume,
	.status  = snapshot_status,
	.iterate_devices = snapshot_iterate_devices,
};

static struct target_type merge_target = {
	.name    = dm_snapshot_merge_target_name,
	.version = {1, 3, 0},
	.module  = THIS_MODULE,
	.ctr     = snapshot_ctr,
	.dtr     = snapshot_dtr,
	.map     = snapshot_merge_map,
	.end_io  = snapshot_end_io,
	.presuspend = snapshot_merge_presuspend,
	.preresume  = snapshot_preresume,
	.resume  = snapshot_merge_resume,
	.status  = snapshot_status,
	.iterate_devices = snapshot_iterate_devices,
};

static int __init dm_snapshot_init(void)
{
	int r;

	r = dm_exception_store_init();
	if (r) {
		DMERR("Failed to initialize exception stores");
		return r;
	}

	r = dm_register_target(&snapshot_target);
	if (r < 0) {
		DMERR("snapshot target register failed %d", r);
		goto bad_register_snapshot_target;
	}

	r = dm_register_target(&origin_target);
	if (r < 0) {
		DMERR("Origin target register failed %d", r);
		goto bad_register_origin_target;
	}

	r = dm_register_target(&merge_target);
	if (r < 0) {
		DMERR("Merge target register failed %d", r);
		goto bad_register_merge_target;
	}

	r = init_origin_hash();
	if (r) {
		DMERR("init_origin_hash failed.");
		goto bad_origin_hash;
	}

	exception_cache = KMEM_CACHE(dm_exception, 0);
	if (!exception_cache) {
		DMERR("Couldn't create exception cache.");
		r = -ENOMEM;
		goto bad_exception_cache;
	}

	pending_cache = KMEM_CACHE(dm_snap_pending_exception, 0);
	if (!pending_cache) {
		DMERR("Couldn't create pending cache.");
		r = -ENOMEM;
		goto bad_pending_cache;
	}

	return 0;

bad_pending_cache:
	kmem_cache_destroy(exception_cache);
bad_exception_cache:
	exit_origin_hash();
bad_origin_hash:
	dm_unregister_target(&merge_target);
bad_register_merge_target:
	dm_unregister_target(&origin_target);
bad_register_origin_target:
	dm_unregister_target(&snapshot_target);
bad_register_snapshot_target:
	dm_exception_store_exit();

	return r;
}

static void __exit dm_snapshot_exit(void)
{
	dm_unregister_target(&snapshot_target);
	dm_unregister_target(&origin_target);
	dm_unregister_target(&merge_target);

	exit_origin_hash();
	kmem_cache_destroy(pending_cache);
	kmem_cache_destroy(exception_cache);

	dm_exception_store_exit();
}

/* Module hooks */
module_init(dm_snapshot_init);
module_exit(dm_snapshot_exit);

MODULE_DESCRIPTION(DM_NAME " snapshot target");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Joe Thornber");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_ALIAS("dm-snapshot-origin");
MODULE_ALIAS("dm-snapshot-merge");