src/assembler_x86.cc

// Copyright 2011 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.

#include <string.h>
#include "src/assembler.h"
#include "src/casts.h"
#include "src/globals.h"
#include "src/memory_region.h"

namespace art {

class DirectCallRelocation : public AssemblerFixup {
 public:
  void Process(const MemoryRegion& region, int position) {
    // Direct calls are relative to the following instruction on x86.
    int32_t pointer = region.Load<int32_t>(position);
    int32_t start = reinterpret_cast<int32_t>(region.start());
    int32_t delta = start + position + sizeof(int32_t);
    region.Store<int32_t>(position, pointer - delta);
  }
};

static const char* kRegisterNames[] = {
  "eax", "ecx", "edx", "ebx", "esp", "ebp", "esi", "edi",
};
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Register& rhs) {
  if (rhs >= EAX && rhs <= EDI) {
    os << kRegisterNames[rhs];
  } else {
    os << "Register[" << static_cast<int>(rhs) << "]";
  }
  return os;
}

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const XmmRegister& reg) {
  return os << "XMM" << static_cast<int>(reg);
}

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const X87Register& reg) {
  return os << "ST" << static_cast<int>(reg);
}

void Assembler::InitializeMemoryWithBreakpoints(byte* data, size_t length) {
  memset(reinterpret_cast<void*>(data), Instr::kBreakPointInstruction, length);
}


void Assembler::call(Register reg) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xFF);
  EmitRegisterOperand(2, reg);
}


void Assembler::call(const Address& address) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xFF);
  EmitOperand(2, address);
}


void Assembler::call(Label* label) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xE8);
  static const int kSize = 5;
  EmitLabel(label, kSize);
}


void Assembler::pushl(Register reg) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x50 + reg);
}


void Assembler::pushl(const Address& address) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xFF);
  EmitOperand(6, address);
}


void Assembler::pushl(const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x68);
  EmitImmediate(imm);
}


void Assembler::popl(Register reg) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x58 + reg);
}


void Assembler::popl(const Address& address) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x8F);
  EmitOperand(0, address);
}


void Assembler::movl(Register dst, const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xB8 + dst);
  EmitImmediate(imm);
}


void Assembler::movl(Register dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x89);
  EmitRegisterOperand(src, dst);
}


void Assembler::movl(Register dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x8B);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::movl(const Address& dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x89);
  EmitOperand(src, dst);
}


void Assembler::movl(const Address& dst, const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xC7);
  EmitOperand(0, dst);
  EmitImmediate(imm);
}


void Assembler::movzxb(Register dst, ByteRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0xB6);
  EmitRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::movzxb(Register dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0xB6);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::movsxb(Register dst, ByteRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0xBE);
  EmitRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::movsxb(Register dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0xBE);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::movb(Register dst, const Address& src) {
  LOG(FATAL) << "Use movzxb or movsxb instead.";
}


void Assembler::movb(const Address& dst, ByteRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x88);
  EmitOperand(src, dst);
}


void Assembler::movb(const Address& dst, const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xC6);
  EmitOperand(EAX, dst);
  CHECK(imm.is_int8());
  EmitUint8(imm.value() & 0xFF);
}


void Assembler::movzxw(Register dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0xB7);
  EmitRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::movzxw(Register dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0xB7);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::movsxw(Register dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0xBF);
  EmitRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::movsxw(Register dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0xBF);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::movw(Register dst, const Address& src) {
  LOG(FATAL) << "Use movzxw or movsxw instead.";
}


void Assembler::movw(const Address& dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitOperandSizeOverride();
  EmitUint8(0x89);
  EmitOperand(src, dst);
}


void Assembler::leal(Register dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x8D);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::cmovl(Condition condition, Register dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x40 + condition);
  EmitRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::setb(Condition condition, Register dst) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x90 + condition);
  EmitOperand(0, Operand(dst));
}


void Assembler::movss(XmmRegister dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x10);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::movss(const Address& dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x11);
  EmitOperand(src, dst);
}


void Assembler::movss(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x11);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(src, dst);
}


void Assembler::movd(XmmRegister dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x66);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x6E);
  EmitOperand(dst, Operand(src));
}


void Assembler::movd(Register dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x66);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x7E);
  EmitOperand(src, Operand(dst));
}


void Assembler::addss(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x58);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::addss(XmmRegister dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x58);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::subss(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x5C);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::subss(XmmRegister dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x5C);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::mulss(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x59);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::mulss(XmmRegister dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x59);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::divss(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x5E);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::divss(XmmRegister dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x5E);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::flds(const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xD9);
  EmitOperand(0, src);
}


void Assembler::fstps(const Address& dst) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xD9);
  EmitOperand(3, dst);
}


void Assembler::movsd(XmmRegister dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x10);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::movsd(const Address& dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x11);
  EmitOperand(src, dst);
}


void Assembler::movsd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x11);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(src, dst);
}


void Assembler::addsd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x58);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::addsd(XmmRegister dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x58);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::subsd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x5C);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::subsd(XmmRegister dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x5C);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::mulsd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x59);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::mulsd(XmmRegister dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x59);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::divsd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x5E);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::divsd(XmmRegister dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x5E);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::cvtsi2ss(XmmRegister dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x2A);
  EmitOperand(dst, Operand(src));
}


void Assembler::cvtsi2sd(XmmRegister dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x2A);
  EmitOperand(dst, Operand(src));
}


void Assembler::cvtss2si(Register dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x2D);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::cvtss2sd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x5A);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::cvtsd2si(Register dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x2D);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::cvttss2si(Register dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x2C);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::cvttsd2si(Register dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x2C);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::cvtsd2ss(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x5A);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::cvtdq2pd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0xE6);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::comiss(XmmRegister a, XmmRegister b) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x2F);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(a, b);
}


void Assembler::comisd(XmmRegister a, XmmRegister b) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x66);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x2F);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(a, b);
}


void Assembler::sqrtsd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x51);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::sqrtss(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF3);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x51);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::xorpd(XmmRegister dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x66);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x57);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::xorpd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x66);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x57);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::xorps(XmmRegister dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x57);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::xorps(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x57);
  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::andpd(XmmRegister dst, const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x66);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0x54);
  EmitOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::fldl(const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xDD);
  EmitOperand(0, src);
}


void Assembler::fstpl(const Address& dst) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xDD);
  EmitOperand(3, dst);
}


void Assembler::fnstcw(const Address& dst) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xD9);
  EmitOperand(7, dst);
}


void Assembler::fldcw(const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xD9);
  EmitOperand(5, src);
}


void Assembler::fistpl(const Address& dst) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xDF);
  EmitOperand(7, dst);
}


void Assembler::fistps(const Address& dst) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xDB);
  EmitOperand(3, dst);
}


void Assembler::fildl(const Address& src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xDF);
  EmitOperand(5, src);
}


void Assembler::fincstp() {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xD9);
  EmitUint8(0xF7);
}


void Assembler::ffree(const Immediate& index) {
  CHECK_LT(index.value(), 7);
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xDD);
  EmitUint8(0xC0 + index.value());
}


void Assembler::fsin() {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xD9);
  EmitUint8(0xFE);
}


void Assembler::fcos() {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xD9);
  EmitUint8(0xFF);
}


void Assembler::fptan() {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xD9);
  EmitUint8(0xF2);
}


void Assembler::xchgl(Register dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x87);
  EmitRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::cmpl(Register reg, const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitComplex(7, Operand(reg), imm);
}


void Assembler::cmpl(Register reg0, Register reg1) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x3B);
  EmitOperand(reg0, Operand(reg1));
}


void Assembler::cmpl(Register reg, const Address& address) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x3B);
  EmitOperand(reg, address);
}


void Assembler::addl(Register dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x03);
  EmitRegisterOperand(dst, src);
}


void Assembler::addl(Register reg, const Address& address) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x03);
  EmitOperand(reg, address);
}


void Assembler::cmpl(const Address& address, Register reg) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x39);
  EmitOperand(reg, address);
}


void Assembler::cmpl(const Address& address, const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitComplex(7, address, imm);
}


void Assembler::testl(Register reg1, Register reg2) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x85);
  EmitRegisterOperand(reg1, reg2);
}


void Assembler::testl(Register reg, const Immediate& immediate) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  // For registers that have a byte variant (EAX, EBX, ECX, and EDX)
  // we only test the byte register to keep the encoding short.
  if (immediate.is_uint8() && reg < 4) {
    // Use zero-extended 8-bit immediate.
    if (reg == EAX) {
      EmitUint8(0xA8);
    } else {
      EmitUint8(0xF6);
      EmitUint8(0xC0 + reg);
    }
    EmitUint8(immediate.value() & 0xFF);
  } else if (reg == EAX) {
    // Use short form if the destination is EAX.
    EmitUint8(0xA9);
    EmitImmediate(immediate);
  } else {
    EmitUint8(0xF7);
    EmitOperand(0, Operand(reg));
    EmitImmediate(immediate);
  }
}


void Assembler::andl(Register dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x23);
  EmitOperand(dst, Operand(src));
}


void Assembler::andl(Register dst, const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitComplex(4, Operand(dst), imm);
}


void Assembler::orl(Register dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0B);
  EmitOperand(dst, Operand(src));
}


void Assembler::orl(Register dst, const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitComplex(1, Operand(dst), imm);
}


void Assembler::xorl(Register dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x33);
  EmitOperand(dst, Operand(src));
}


void Assembler::addl(Register reg, const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitComplex(0, Operand(reg), imm);
}


void Assembler::addl(const Address& address, Register reg) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x01);
  EmitOperand(reg, address);
}


void Assembler::addl(const Address& address, const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitComplex(0, address, imm);
}


void Assembler::adcl(Register reg, const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitComplex(2, Operand(reg), imm);
}


void Assembler::adcl(Register dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x13);
  EmitOperand(dst, Operand(src));
}


void Assembler::adcl(Register dst, const Address& address) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x13);
  EmitOperand(dst, address);
}


void Assembler::subl(Register dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x2B);
  EmitOperand(dst, Operand(src));
}


void Assembler::subl(Register reg, const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitComplex(5, Operand(reg), imm);
}


void Assembler::subl(Register reg, const Address& address) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x2B);
  EmitOperand(reg, address);
}


void Assembler::cdq() {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x99);
}


void Assembler::idivl(Register reg) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF7);
  EmitUint8(0xF8 | reg);
}


void Assembler::imull(Register dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0xAF);
  EmitOperand(dst, Operand(src));
}


void Assembler::imull(Register reg, const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x69);
  EmitOperand(reg, Operand(reg));
  EmitImmediate(imm);
}


void Assembler::imull(Register reg, const Address& address) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0xAF);
  EmitOperand(reg, address);
}


void Assembler::imull(Register reg) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF7);
  EmitOperand(5, Operand(reg));
}


void Assembler::imull(const Address& address) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF7);
  EmitOperand(5, address);
}


void Assembler::mull(Register reg) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF7);
  EmitOperand(4, Operand(reg));
}


void Assembler::mull(const Address& address) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF7);
  EmitOperand(4, address);
}


void Assembler::sbbl(Register dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x1B);
  EmitOperand(dst, Operand(src));
}


void Assembler::sbbl(Register reg, const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitComplex(3, Operand(reg), imm);
}


void Assembler::sbbl(Register dst, const Address& address) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x1B);
  EmitOperand(dst, address);
}


void Assembler::incl(Register reg) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x40 + reg);
}


void Assembler::incl(const Address& address) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xFF);
  EmitOperand(0, address);
}


void Assembler::decl(Register reg) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x48 + reg);
}


void Assembler::decl(const Address& address) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xFF);
  EmitOperand(1, address);
}


void Assembler::shll(Register reg, const Immediate& imm) {
  EmitGenericShift(4, reg, imm);
}


void Assembler::shll(Register operand, Register shifter) {
  EmitGenericShift(4, operand, shifter);
}


void Assembler::shrl(Register reg, const Immediate& imm) {
  EmitGenericShift(5, reg, imm);
}


void Assembler::shrl(Register operand, Register shifter) {
  EmitGenericShift(5, operand, shifter);
}


void Assembler::sarl(Register reg, const Immediate& imm) {
  EmitGenericShift(7, reg, imm);
}


void Assembler::sarl(Register operand, Register shifter) {
  EmitGenericShift(7, operand, shifter);
}


void Assembler::shld(Register dst, Register src) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0xA5);
  EmitRegisterOperand(src, dst);
}


void Assembler::negl(Register reg) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF7);
  EmitOperand(3, Operand(reg));
}


void Assembler::notl(Register reg) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF7);
  EmitUint8(0xD0 | reg);
}


void Assembler::enter(const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xC8);
  CHECK(imm.is_uint16());
  EmitUint8(imm.value() & 0xFF);
  EmitUint8((imm.value() >> 8) & 0xFF);
  EmitUint8(0x00);
}


void Assembler::leave() {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xC9);
}


void Assembler::ret() {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xC3);
}


void Assembler::ret(const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xC2);
  CHECK(imm.is_uint16());
  EmitUint8(imm.value() & 0xFF);
  EmitUint8((imm.value() >> 8) & 0xFF);
}



void Assembler::nop() {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x90);
}


void Assembler::int3() {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xCC);
}


void Assembler::hlt() {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF4);
}


void Assembler::j(Condition condition, Label* label) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  if (label->IsBound()) {
    static const int kShortSize = 2;
    static const int kLongSize = 6;
    int offset = label->Position() - buffer_.Size();
    CHECK_LE(offset, 0);
    if (IsInt(8, offset - kShortSize)) {
      EmitUint8(0x70 + condition);
      EmitUint8((offset - kShortSize) & 0xFF);
    } else {
      EmitUint8(0x0F);
      EmitUint8(0x80 + condition);
      EmitInt32(offset - kLongSize);
    }
  } else {
    EmitUint8(0x0F);
    EmitUint8(0x80 + condition);
    EmitLabelLink(label);
  }
}


void Assembler::jmp(Register reg) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xFF);
  EmitRegisterOperand(4, reg);
}


void Assembler::jmp(Label* label) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  if (label->IsBound()) {
    static const int kShortSize = 2;
    static const int kLongSize = 5;
    int offset = label->Position() - buffer_.Size();
    CHECK_LE(offset, 0);
    if (IsInt(8, offset - kShortSize)) {
      EmitUint8(0xEB);
      EmitUint8((offset - kShortSize) & 0xFF);
    } else {
      EmitUint8(0xE9);
      EmitInt32(offset - kLongSize);
    }
  } else {
    EmitUint8(0xE9);
    EmitLabelLink(label);
  }
}


void Assembler::lock() {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0xF0);
}


void Assembler::cmpxchgl(const Address& address, Register reg) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x0F);
  EmitUint8(0xB1);
  EmitOperand(reg, address);
}

void Assembler::fs() {
  // TODO: fs is a prefix and not an instruction
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  EmitUint8(0x64);
}

void Assembler::AddImmediate(Register reg, const Immediate& imm) {
  int value = imm.value();
  if (value > 0) {
    if (value == 1) {
      incl(reg);
    } else if (value != 0) {
      addl(reg, imm);
    }
  } else if (value < 0) {
    value = -value;
    if (value == 1) {
      decl(reg);
    } else if (value != 0) {
      subl(reg, Immediate(value));
    }
  }
}


void Assembler::LoadDoubleConstant(XmmRegister dst, double value) {
  // TODO: Need to have a code constants table.
  int64_t constant = bit_cast<int64_t, double>(value);
  pushl(Immediate(High32Bits(constant)));
  pushl(Immediate(Low32Bits(constant)));
  movsd(dst, Address(ESP, 0));
  addl(ESP, Immediate(2 * kWordSize));
}


void Assembler::FloatNegate(XmmRegister f) {
  static const struct {
    uint32_t a;
    uint32_t b;
    uint32_t c;
    uint32_t d;
  } float_negate_constant __attribute__((aligned(16))) =
      { 0x80000000, 0x00000000, 0x80000000, 0x00000000 };
  xorps(f, Address::Absolute(reinterpret_cast<uword>(&float_negate_constant)));
}


void Assembler::DoubleNegate(XmmRegister d) {
  static const struct {
    uint64_t a;
    uint64_t b;
  } double_negate_constant __attribute__((aligned(16))) =
      {0x8000000000000000LL, 0x8000000000000000LL};
  xorpd(d, Address::Absolute(reinterpret_cast<uword>(&double_negate_constant)));
}


void Assembler::DoubleAbs(XmmRegister reg) {
  static const struct {
    uint64_t a;
    uint64_t b;
  } double_abs_constant __attribute__((aligned(16))) =
      {0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFLL, 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFLL};
  andpd(reg, Address::Absolute(reinterpret_cast<uword>(&double_abs_constant)));
}


void Assembler::Align(int alignment, int offset) {
  CHECK(IsPowerOfTwo(alignment));
  // Emit nop instruction until the real position is aligned.
  while (((offset + buffer_.GetPosition()) & (alignment-1)) != 0) {
    nop();
  }
}


void Assembler::Bind(Label* label) {
  int bound = buffer_.Size();
  CHECK(!label->IsBound());  // Labels can only be bound once.
  while (label->IsLinked()) {
    int position = label->LinkPosition();
    int next = buffer_.Load<int32_t>(position);
    buffer_.Store<int32_t>(position, bound - (position + 4));
    label->position_ = next;
  }
  label->BindTo(bound);
}


void Assembler::Stop(const char* message) {
  // Emit the message address as immediate operand in the test rax instruction,
  // followed by the int3 instruction.
  // Execution can be resumed with the 'cont' command in gdb.
  testl(EAX, Immediate(reinterpret_cast<int32_t>(message)));
  int3();
}


void Assembler::EmitOperand(int rm, const Operand& operand) {
  CHECK_GE(rm, 0);
  CHECK_LT(rm, 8);
  const int length = operand.length_;
  CHECK_GT(length, 0);
  // Emit the ModRM byte updated with the given RM value.
  CHECK_EQ(operand.encoding_[0] & 0x38, 0);
  EmitUint8(operand.encoding_[0] + (rm << 3));
  // Emit the rest of the encoded operand.
  for (int i = 1; i < length; i++) {
    EmitUint8(operand.encoding_[i]);
  }
}


void Assembler::EmitImmediate(const Immediate& imm) {
  EmitInt32(imm.value());
}


void Assembler::EmitComplex(int rm,
                            const Operand& operand,
                            const Immediate& immediate) {
  CHECK_GE(rm, 0);
  CHECK_LT(rm, 8);
  if (immediate.is_int8()) {
    // Use sign-extended 8-bit immediate.
    EmitUint8(0x83);
    EmitOperand(rm, operand);
    EmitUint8(immediate.value() & 0xFF);
  } else if (operand.IsRegister(EAX)) {
    // Use short form if the destination is eax.
    EmitUint8(0x05 + (rm << 3));
    EmitImmediate(immediate);
  } else {
    EmitUint8(0x81);
    EmitOperand(rm, operand);
    EmitImmediate(immediate);
  }
}


void Assembler::EmitLabel(Label* label, int instruction_size) {
  if (label->IsBound()) {
    int offset = label->Position() - buffer_.Size();
    CHECK_LE(offset, 0);
    EmitInt32(offset - instruction_size);
  } else {
    EmitLabelLink(label);
  }
}


void Assembler::EmitLabelLink(Label* label) {
  CHECK(!label->IsBound());
  int position = buffer_.Size();
  EmitInt32(label->position_);
  label->LinkTo(position);
}


void Assembler::EmitGenericShift(int rm,
                                 Register reg,
                                 const Immediate& imm) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  CHECK(imm.is_int8());
  if (imm.value() == 1) {
    EmitUint8(0xD1);
    EmitOperand(rm, Operand(reg));
  } else {
    EmitUint8(0xC1);
    EmitOperand(rm, Operand(reg));
    EmitUint8(imm.value() & 0xFF);
  }
}


void Assembler::EmitGenericShift(int rm,
                                 Register operand,
                                 Register shifter) {
  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
  CHECK_EQ(shifter, ECX);
  EmitUint8(0xD3);
  EmitOperand(rm, Operand(operand));
}

// Emit code that will create an activation on the stack
void Assembler::BuildFrame(size_t frame_size, ManagedRegister method_reg) {
  CHECK(IsAligned(frame_size, 16));
  // return address then method on stack
  addl(ESP, Immediate(-frame_size + 4 /*method*/ + 4 /*return address*/));
  pushl(method_reg.AsCpuRegister());
}

// Emit code that will remove an activation from the stack
void Assembler::RemoveFrame(size_t frame_size) {
  CHECK(IsAligned(frame_size, 16));
  addl(ESP, Immediate(frame_size - 4));
  ret();
}

void Assembler::IncreaseFrameSize(size_t adjust) {
  CHECK(IsAligned(adjust, 16));
  addl(ESP, Immediate(-adjust));
}

void Assembler::DecreaseFrameSize(size_t adjust) {
  CHECK(IsAligned(adjust, 16));
  addl(ESP, Immediate(adjust));
}

// Store bytes from the given register onto the stack
void Assembler::Store(FrameOffset offs, ManagedRegister src, size_t size) {
  if (src.IsCpuRegister()) {
    CHECK_EQ(4u, size);
    movl(Address(ESP, offs), src.AsCpuRegister());
  } else if (src.IsXmmRegister()) {
    if (size == 4) {
      movss(Address(ESP, offs), src.AsXmmRegister());
    } else {
      movsd(Address(ESP, offs), src.AsXmmRegister());
    }
  }
}

void Assembler::StoreRef(FrameOffset dest, ManagedRegister src) {
  CHECK(src.IsCpuRegister());
  movl(Address(ESP, dest), src.AsCpuRegister());
}

void Assembler::StoreRawPtr(FrameOffset dest, ManagedRegister src) {
  CHECK(src.IsCpuRegister());
  movl(Address(ESP, dest), src.AsCpuRegister());
}

void Assembler::CopyRef(FrameOffset dest, FrameOffset src,
                        ManagedRegister scratch) {
  CHECK(scratch.IsCpuRegister());
  movl(scratch.AsCpuRegister(), Address(ESP, src));
  movl(Address(ESP, dest), scratch.AsCpuRegister());
}

void Assembler::StoreImmediateToFrame(FrameOffset dest, uint32_t imm,
                                      ManagedRegister) {
  movl(Address(ESP, dest), Immediate(imm));
}

void Assembler::StoreImmediateToThread(ThreadOffset dest, uint32_t imm,
                                       ManagedRegister) {
  fs();
  movl(Address::Absolute(dest), Immediate(imm));
}

void Assembler::Load(ManagedRegister dest, FrameOffset src, size_t size) {
  if (dest.IsCpuRegister()) {
    CHECK_EQ(4u, size);
    movl(dest.AsCpuRegister(), Address(ESP, src));
  } else {
    // TODO: x87, SSE
    LOG(FATAL) << "Unimplemented";
  }
}

void Assembler::LoadRef(ManagedRegister dest, FrameOffset  src) {
  CHECK(dest.IsCpuRegister());
  movl(dest.AsCpuRegister(), Address(ESP, src));
}

void Assembler::LoadRef(ManagedRegister dest, ManagedRegister base,
                        MemberOffset offs) {
  CHECK(dest.IsCpuRegister() && dest.IsCpuRegister());
  movl(dest.AsCpuRegister(), Address(base.AsCpuRegister(), offs));
}

void Assembler::LoadRawPtrFromThread(ManagedRegister dest, ThreadOffset offs) {
  CHECK(dest.IsCpuRegister());
  fs();
  movl(dest.AsCpuRegister(), Address::Absolute(offs));
}

void Assembler::CopyRawPtrFromThread(FrameOffset fr_offs, ThreadOffset thr_offs,
                          ManagedRegister scratch) {
  CHECK(scratch.IsCpuRegister());
  fs();
  movl(scratch.AsCpuRegister(), Address::Absolute(thr_offs));
  Store(fr_offs, scratch, 4);
}

void Assembler::CopyRawPtrToThread(ThreadOffset thr_offs, FrameOffset fr_offs,
                                   ManagedRegister scratch) {
  CHECK(scratch.IsCpuRegister());
  Load(scratch, fr_offs, 4);
  fs();
  movl(Address::Absolute(thr_offs), scratch.AsCpuRegister());
}

void Assembler::StoreStackOffsetToThread(ThreadOffset thr_offs,
                                         FrameOffset fr_offs,
                                         ManagedRegister scratch) {
  CHECK(scratch.IsCpuRegister());
  leal(scratch.AsCpuRegister(), Address(ESP, fr_offs));
  fs();
  movl(Address::Absolute(thr_offs), scratch.AsCpuRegister());
}

void Assembler::Move(ManagedRegister dest, ManagedRegister src) {
  if (!dest.Equals(src)) {
    if (dest.IsCpuRegister() && src.IsCpuRegister()) {
      movl(dest.AsCpuRegister(), src.AsCpuRegister());
    } else {
      // TODO: x87, SSE
      LOG(FATAL) << "Unimplemented";
    }
  }
}

void Assembler::Copy(FrameOffset dest, FrameOffset src, ManagedRegister scratch,
                     size_t size) {
  if (scratch.IsCpuRegister() && size == 8) {
    Load(scratch, src, 4);
    Store(dest, scratch, 4);
    Load(scratch, FrameOffset(src.Int32Value() + 4), 4);
    Store(FrameOffset(dest.Int32Value() + 4), scratch, 4);
  } else {
    Load(scratch, src, size);
    Store(dest, scratch, size);
  }
}

void Assembler::CreateStackHandle(ManagedRegister out_reg,
                                  FrameOffset handle_offset,
                                  ManagedRegister in_reg, bool null_allowed) {
  CHECK(in_reg.IsCpuRegister());
  CHECK(out_reg.IsCpuRegister());
  ValidateRef(in_reg, null_allowed);
  if (null_allowed) {
    Label null_arg;
    if (!out_reg.Equals(in_reg)) {
      xorl(out_reg.AsCpuRegister(), out_reg.AsCpuRegister());
    }
    testl(in_reg.AsCpuRegister(), in_reg.AsCpuRegister());
    j(ZERO, &null_arg);
    leal(out_reg.AsCpuRegister(), Address(ESP, handle_offset));
    Bind(&null_arg);
  } else {
    leal(out_reg.AsCpuRegister(), Address(ESP, handle_offset));
  }
}

void Assembler::CreateStackHandle(FrameOffset out_off,
                                  FrameOffset handle_offset,
                                  ManagedRegister scratch, bool null_allowed) {
  CHECK(scratch.IsCpuRegister());
  if (null_allowed) {
    Label null_arg;
    movl(scratch.AsCpuRegister(), Address(ESP, handle_offset));
    testl(scratch.AsCpuRegister(), scratch.AsCpuRegister());
    j(ZERO, &null_arg);
    leal(scratch.AsCpuRegister(), Address(ESP, handle_offset));
    Bind(&null_arg);
  } else {
    leal(scratch.AsCpuRegister(), Address(ESP, handle_offset));
  }
  Store(out_off, scratch, 4);
}

// Given a stack handle, load the associated reference.
void Assembler::LoadReferenceFromStackHandle(ManagedRegister out_reg,
                                             ManagedRegister in_reg) {
  CHECK(out_reg.IsCpuRegister());
  CHECK(in_reg.IsCpuRegister());
  Label null_arg;
  if (!out_reg.Equals(in_reg)) {
    xorl(out_reg.AsCpuRegister(), out_reg.AsCpuRegister());
  }
  testl(in_reg.AsCpuRegister(), in_reg.AsCpuRegister());
  j(ZERO, &null_arg);
  movl(out_reg.AsCpuRegister(), Address(in_reg.AsCpuRegister(), 0));
  Bind(&null_arg);
}

void Assembler::ValidateRef(ManagedRegister src, bool could_be_null) {
  // TODO: not validating references
}

void Assembler::ValidateRef(FrameOffset src, bool could_be_null) {
  // TODO: not validating references
}

void Assembler::Call(ManagedRegister base, Offset offset,
                     ManagedRegister) {
  CHECK(base.IsCpuRegister());
  call(Address(base.AsCpuRegister(), offset.Int32Value()));
  // TODO: place reference map on call
}

}  // namespace art