Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1 | :mod:`tempfile` --- Generate temporary files and directories |
| 2 | ============================================================ |
| 3 | |
| 4 | .. sectionauthor:: Zack Weinberg <zack@codesourcery.com> |
| 5 | |
| 6 | |
| 7 | .. module:: tempfile |
| 8 | :synopsis: Generate temporary files and directories. |
| 9 | |
| 10 | |
| 11 | .. index:: |
| 12 | pair: temporary; file name |
| 13 | pair: temporary; file |
| 14 | |
Raymond Hettinger | a199368 | 2011-01-27 01:20:32 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 15 | **Source code:** :source:`Lib/tempfile.py` |
| 16 | |
| 17 | -------------- |
| 18 | |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 19 | This module generates temporary files and directories. It works on all |
Georg Brandl | e6bcc91 | 2008-05-12 18:05:20 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 20 | supported platforms. It provides three new functions, |
| 21 | :func:`NamedTemporaryFile`, :func:`mkstemp`, and :func:`mkdtemp`, which should |
| 22 | eliminate all remaining need to use the insecure :func:`mktemp` function. |
| 23 | Temporary file names created by this module no longer contain the process ID; |
| 24 | instead a string of six random characters is used. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 25 | |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 26 | Also, all the user-callable functions now take additional arguments which |
| 27 | allow direct control over the location and name of temporary files. It is |
R David Murray | 3a420c7 | 2011-06-22 21:01:13 -0400 | [diff] [blame] | 28 | no longer necessary to use the global *tempdir* variable. |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 29 | To maintain backward compatibility, the argument order is somewhat odd; it |
| 30 | is recommended to use keyword arguments for clarity. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 31 | |
Nick Coghlan | 543af75 | 2010-10-24 11:23:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 32 | The module defines the following user-callable items: |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 33 | |
Georg Brandl | 14dfede | 2010-05-21 21:12:07 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 34 | .. function:: TemporaryFile(mode='w+b', buffering=None, encoding=None, newline=None, suffix='', prefix='tmp', dir=None) |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 35 | |
Antoine Pitrou | 11cb961 | 2010-09-15 11:11:28 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 36 | Return a :term:`file-like object` that can be used as a temporary storage area. |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 37 | The file is created using :func:`mkstemp`. It will be destroyed as soon |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 38 | as it is closed (including an implicit close when the object is garbage |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 39 | collected). Under Unix, the directory entry for the file is removed |
| 40 | immediately after the file is created. Other platforms do not support |
| 41 | this; your code should not rely on a temporary file created using this |
| 42 | function having or not having a visible name in the file system. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 43 | |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 44 | The *mode* parameter defaults to ``'w+b'`` so that the file created can |
| 45 | be read and written without being closed. Binary mode is used so that it |
| 46 | behaves consistently on all platforms without regard for the data that is |
Georg Brandl | 14dfede | 2010-05-21 21:12:07 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 47 | stored. *buffering*, *encoding* and *newline* are interpreted as for |
| 48 | :func:`open`. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 49 | |
| 50 | The *dir*, *prefix* and *suffix* parameters are passed to :func:`mkstemp`. |
| 51 | |
Christian Heimes | 7f04431 | 2008-01-06 17:05:40 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 52 | The returned object is a true file object on POSIX platforms. On other |
Georg Brandl | 502d9a5 | 2009-07-26 15:02:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 53 | platforms, it is a file-like object whose :attr:`!file` attribute is the |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 54 | underlying true file object. This file-like object can be used in a |
Christian Heimes | 3ecfea71 | 2008-02-09 20:51:34 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 55 | :keyword:`with` statement, just like a normal file. |
Christian Heimes | 7f04431 | 2008-01-06 17:05:40 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 56 | |
Victor Stinner | d967fc9 | 2014-06-05 14:27:45 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 57 | The :py:data:`os.O_TMPFILE` flag is used if it is available and works |
| 58 | (Linux-specific, require Linux kernel 3.11 or later). |
| 59 | |
| 60 | .. versionchanged:: 3.5 |
| 61 | |
| 62 | The :py:data:`os.O_TMPFILE` flag is now used if available. |
| 63 | |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 64 | |
Georg Brandl | 14dfede | 2010-05-21 21:12:07 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 65 | .. function:: NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w+b', buffering=None, encoding=None, newline=None, suffix='', prefix='tmp', dir=None, delete=True) |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 66 | |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 67 | This function operates exactly as :func:`TemporaryFile` does, except that |
| 68 | the file is guaranteed to have a visible name in the file system (on |
| 69 | Unix, the directory entry is not unlinked). That name can be retrieved |
Senthil Kumaran | a6bac95 | 2011-07-04 11:28:30 -0700 | [diff] [blame] | 70 | from the :attr:`name` attribute of the file object. Whether the name can be |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 71 | used to open the file a second time, while the named temporary file is |
| 72 | still open, varies across platforms (it can be so used on Unix; it cannot |
| 73 | on Windows NT or later). If *delete* is true (the default), the file is |
| 74 | deleted as soon as it is closed. |
Georg Brandl | 502d9a5 | 2009-07-26 15:02:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 75 | The returned object is always a file-like object whose :attr:`!file` |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 76 | attribute is the underlying true file object. This file-like object can |
| 77 | be used in a :keyword:`with` statement, just like a normal file. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 78 | |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 79 | |
Georg Brandl | 14dfede | 2010-05-21 21:12:07 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 80 | .. function:: SpooledTemporaryFile(max_size=0, mode='w+b', buffering=None, encoding=None, newline=None, suffix='', prefix='tmp', dir=None) |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 81 | |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 82 | This function operates exactly as :func:`TemporaryFile` does, except that |
| 83 | data is spooled in memory until the file size exceeds *max_size*, or |
| 84 | until the file's :func:`fileno` method is called, at which point the |
| 85 | contents are written to disk and operation proceeds as with |
| 86 | :func:`TemporaryFile`. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 87 | |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 88 | The resulting file has one additional method, :func:`rollover`, which |
| 89 | causes the file to roll over to an on-disk file regardless of its size. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 90 | |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 91 | The returned object is a file-like object whose :attr:`_file` attribute |
Serhiy Storchaka | e79be87 | 2013-08-17 00:09:55 +0300 | [diff] [blame] | 92 | is either a :class:`io.BytesIO` or :class:`io.StringIO` object (depending on |
Serhiy Storchaka | 4b109cb | 2013-02-09 11:51:21 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 93 | whether binary or text *mode* was specified) or a true file |
Serhiy Storchaka | 4f169a7 | 2013-02-09 11:46:42 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 94 | object, depending on whether :func:`rollover` has been called. This |
| 95 | file-like object can be used in a :keyword:`with` statement, just like |
| 96 | a normal file. |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 97 | |
R David Murray | ca76ea1 | 2012-10-06 18:32:39 -0400 | [diff] [blame] | 98 | .. versionchanged:: 3.3 |
| 99 | the truncate method now accepts a ``size`` argument. |
| 100 | |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 101 | |
Nick Coghlan | 543af75 | 2010-10-24 11:23:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 102 | .. function:: TemporaryDirectory(suffix='', prefix='tmp', dir=None) |
| 103 | |
| 104 | This function creates a temporary directory using :func:`mkdtemp` |
| 105 | (the supplied arguments are passed directly to the underlying function). |
| 106 | The resulting object can be used as a context manager (see |
R David Murray | 2368607 | 2014-02-05 14:53:40 -0500 | [diff] [blame] | 107 | :ref:`context-managers`). On completion of the context or destruction |
| 108 | of the temporary directory object the newly created temporary directory |
Nick Coghlan | 543af75 | 2010-10-24 11:23:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 109 | and all its contents are removed from the filesystem. |
| 110 | |
R David Murray | 2368607 | 2014-02-05 14:53:40 -0500 | [diff] [blame] | 111 | The directory name can be retrieved from the :attr:`name` attribute of the |
| 112 | returned object. When the returned object is used as a context manager, the |
| 113 | :attr:`name` will be assigned to the target of the :keyword:`as` clause in |
| 114 | the :keyword:`with` statement, if there is one. |
Nick Coghlan | 543af75 | 2010-10-24 11:23:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 115 | |
| 116 | The directory can be explicitly cleaned up by calling the |
| 117 | :func:`cleanup` method. |
| 118 | |
| 119 | .. versionadded:: 3.2 |
| 120 | |
| 121 | |
Gregory P. Smith | ad577b9 | 2015-05-22 16:18:14 -0700 | [diff] [blame] | 122 | .. function:: mkstemp(suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None, text=False) |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 123 | |
| 124 | Creates a temporary file in the most secure manner possible. There are |
| 125 | no race conditions in the file's creation, assuming that the platform |
| 126 | properly implements the :const:`os.O_EXCL` flag for :func:`os.open`. The |
| 127 | file is readable and writable only by the creating user ID. If the |
| 128 | platform uses permission bits to indicate whether a file is executable, |
| 129 | the file is executable by no one. The file descriptor is not inherited |
| 130 | by child processes. |
| 131 | |
| 132 | Unlike :func:`TemporaryFile`, the user of :func:`mkstemp` is responsible |
| 133 | for deleting the temporary file when done with it. |
| 134 | |
| 135 | If *suffix* is specified, the file name will end with that suffix, |
| 136 | otherwise there will be no suffix. :func:`mkstemp` does not put a dot |
| 137 | between the file name and the suffix; if you need one, put it at the |
| 138 | beginning of *suffix*. |
| 139 | |
| 140 | If *prefix* is specified, the file name will begin with that prefix; |
| 141 | otherwise, a default prefix is used. |
| 142 | |
| 143 | If *dir* is specified, the file will be created in that directory; |
| 144 | otherwise, a default directory is used. The default directory is chosen |
| 145 | from a platform-dependent list, but the user of the application can |
| 146 | control the directory location by setting the *TMPDIR*, *TEMP* or *TMP* |
| 147 | environment variables. There is thus no guarantee that the generated |
| 148 | filename will have any nice properties, such as not requiring quoting |
| 149 | when passed to external commands via ``os.popen()``. |
| 150 | |
Gregory P. Smith | ad577b9 | 2015-05-22 16:18:14 -0700 | [diff] [blame] | 151 | *suffix*, *prefix*, and *dir* must all contain the same type, if specified. |
| 152 | If they are bytes, the returned name will be bytes instead of str. |
| 153 | If you want to force a bytes return value with otherwise default behavior, |
| 154 | pass ``suffix=b''``. |
| 155 | |
| 156 | A *prefix* value of ``None`` means use the return value of |
| 157 | :func:`gettempprefix` or :func:`gettempprefixb` as appropriate. |
| 158 | |
| 159 | A *suffix* value of ``None`` means use an appropriate empty value. |
| 160 | |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 161 | If *text* is specified, it indicates whether to open the file in binary |
| 162 | mode (the default) or text mode. On some platforms, this makes no |
| 163 | difference. |
| 164 | |
| 165 | :func:`mkstemp` returns a tuple containing an OS-level handle to an open |
| 166 | file (as would be returned by :func:`os.open`) and the absolute pathname |
| 167 | of that file, in that order. |
| 168 | |
Gregory P. Smith | ad577b9 | 2015-05-22 16:18:14 -0700 | [diff] [blame] | 169 | .. versionchanged:: 3.5 |
| 170 | *suffix*, *prefix*, and *dir* may now be supplied in bytes in order to |
| 171 | obtain a bytes return value. Prior to this, only str was allowed. |
| 172 | *suffix* and *prefix* now accept and default to ``None`` to cause |
| 173 | an appropriate default value to be used. |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 174 | |
Gregory P. Smith | ad577b9 | 2015-05-22 16:18:14 -0700 | [diff] [blame] | 175 | |
| 176 | .. function:: mkdtemp(suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None) |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 177 | |
| 178 | Creates a temporary directory in the most secure manner possible. There |
| 179 | are no race conditions in the directory's creation. The directory is |
| 180 | readable, writable, and searchable only by the creating user ID. |
| 181 | |
| 182 | The user of :func:`mkdtemp` is responsible for deleting the temporary |
| 183 | directory and its contents when done with it. |
| 184 | |
| 185 | The *prefix*, *suffix*, and *dir* arguments are the same as for |
| 186 | :func:`mkstemp`. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 187 | |
| 188 | :func:`mkdtemp` returns the absolute pathname of the new directory. |
| 189 | |
Gregory P. Smith | ad577b9 | 2015-05-22 16:18:14 -0700 | [diff] [blame] | 190 | .. versionchanged:: 3.5 |
| 191 | *suffix*, *prefix*, and *dir* may now be supplied in bytes in order to |
| 192 | obtain a bytes return value. Prior to this, only str was allowed. |
| 193 | *suffix* and *prefix* now accept and default to ``None`` to cause |
| 194 | an appropriate default value to be used. |
| 195 | |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 196 | |
Georg Brandl | 7f01a13 | 2009-09-16 15:58:14 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 197 | .. function:: mktemp(suffix='', prefix='tmp', dir=None) |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 198 | |
| 199 | .. deprecated:: 2.3 |
| 200 | Use :func:`mkstemp` instead. |
| 201 | |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 202 | Return an absolute pathname of a file that did not exist at the time the |
| 203 | call is made. The *prefix*, *suffix*, and *dir* arguments are the same |
| 204 | as for :func:`mkstemp`. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 205 | |
| 206 | .. warning:: |
| 207 | |
Georg Brandl | 36ab1ef | 2009-01-03 21:17:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 208 | Use of this function may introduce a security hole in your program. By |
| 209 | the time you get around to doing anything with the file name it returns, |
| 210 | someone else may have beaten you to the punch. :func:`mktemp` usage can |
| 211 | be replaced easily with :func:`NamedTemporaryFile`, passing it the |
| 212 | ``delete=False`` parameter:: |
Alexandre Vassalotti | 6461e10 | 2008-05-15 22:09:29 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 213 | |
| 214 | >>> f = NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False) |
Alexandre Vassalotti | 6461e10 | 2008-05-15 22:09:29 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 215 | >>> f.name |
Ezio Melotti | ad17bc0 | 2013-02-22 08:28:14 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 216 | '/tmp/tmptjujjt' |
| 217 | >>> f.write(b"Hello World!\n") |
| 218 | 13 |
Alexandre Vassalotti | 6461e10 | 2008-05-15 22:09:29 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 219 | >>> f.close() |
| 220 | >>> os.unlink(f.name) |
| 221 | >>> os.path.exists(f.name) |
| 222 | False |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 223 | |
Georg Brandl | 8ed75cd | 2014-10-31 10:25:48 +0100 | [diff] [blame] | 224 | The module uses a global variable that tell it how to construct a |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 225 | temporary name. They are initialized at the first call to any of the |
| 226 | functions above. The caller may change them, but this is discouraged; use |
| 227 | the appropriate function arguments, instead. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 228 | |
| 229 | |
| 230 | .. data:: tempdir |
| 231 | |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 232 | When set to a value other than ``None``, this variable defines the |
| 233 | default value for the *dir* argument to all the functions defined in this |
| 234 | module. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 235 | |
Christian Heimes | 81ee3ef | 2008-05-04 22:42:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 236 | If ``tempdir`` is unset or ``None`` at any call to any of the above |
| 237 | functions, Python searches a standard list of directories and sets |
| 238 | *tempdir* to the first one which the calling user can create files in. |
| 239 | The list is: |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 240 | |
| 241 | #. The directory named by the :envvar:`TMPDIR` environment variable. |
| 242 | |
| 243 | #. The directory named by the :envvar:`TEMP` environment variable. |
| 244 | |
| 245 | #. The directory named by the :envvar:`TMP` environment variable. |
| 246 | |
| 247 | #. A platform-specific location: |
| 248 | |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 249 | * On Windows, the directories :file:`C:\\TEMP`, :file:`C:\\TMP`, |
| 250 | :file:`\\TEMP`, and :file:`\\TMP`, in that order. |
| 251 | |
| 252 | * On all other platforms, the directories :file:`/tmp`, :file:`/var/tmp`, and |
| 253 | :file:`/usr/tmp`, in that order. |
| 254 | |
| 255 | #. As a last resort, the current working directory. |
| 256 | |
| 257 | |
| 258 | .. function:: gettempdir() |
| 259 | |
| 260 | Return the directory currently selected to create temporary files in. If |
| 261 | :data:`tempdir` is not ``None``, this simply returns its contents; otherwise, |
| 262 | the search described above is performed, and the result returned. |
| 263 | |
Gregory P. Smith | ad577b9 | 2015-05-22 16:18:14 -0700 | [diff] [blame] | 264 | .. function:: gettempdirb() |
| 265 | |
| 266 | Same as :func:`gettempdir` but the return value is in bytes. |
| 267 | |
| 268 | .. versionadded:: 3.5 |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 269 | |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 270 | .. function:: gettempprefix() |
| 271 | |
| 272 | Return the filename prefix used to create temporary files. This does not |
Georg Brandl | 4b26ff8 | 2008-08-04 07:24:52 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 273 | contain the directory component. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 274 | |
Gregory P. Smith | ad577b9 | 2015-05-22 16:18:14 -0700 | [diff] [blame] | 275 | .. function:: gettempprefixb() |
| 276 | |
| 277 | Same as :func:`gettempprefixb` but the return value is in bytes. |
| 278 | |
| 279 | .. versionadded:: 3.5 |
| 280 | |
Nick Coghlan | 543af75 | 2010-10-24 11:23:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 281 | |
| 282 | Examples |
| 283 | -------- |
| 284 | |
| 285 | Here are some examples of typical usage of the :mod:`tempfile` module:: |
| 286 | |
| 287 | >>> import tempfile |
| 288 | |
| 289 | # create a temporary file and write some data to it |
| 290 | >>> fp = tempfile.TemporaryFile() |
Ross Lagerwall | 810b94a | 2011-04-10 09:30:04 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 291 | >>> fp.write(b'Hello world!') |
Nick Coghlan | 543af75 | 2010-10-24 11:23:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 292 | # read data from file |
| 293 | >>> fp.seek(0) |
| 294 | >>> fp.read() |
Ross Lagerwall | 810b94a | 2011-04-10 09:30:04 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 295 | b'Hello world!' |
Nick Coghlan | 543af75 | 2010-10-24 11:23:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 296 | # close the file, it will be removed |
| 297 | >>> fp.close() |
| 298 | |
| 299 | # create a temporary file using a context manager |
| 300 | >>> with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as fp: |
Ross Lagerwall | 810b94a | 2011-04-10 09:30:04 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 301 | ... fp.write(b'Hello world!') |
Nick Coghlan | 543af75 | 2010-10-24 11:23:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 302 | ... fp.seek(0) |
| 303 | ... fp.read() |
Ross Lagerwall | 810b94a | 2011-04-10 09:30:04 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 304 | b'Hello world!' |
Nick Coghlan | 543af75 | 2010-10-24 11:23:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 305 | >>> |
| 306 | # file is now closed and removed |
| 307 | |
| 308 | # create a temporary directory using the context manager |
| 309 | >>> with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdirname: |
Ross Lagerwall | 810b94a | 2011-04-10 09:30:04 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 310 | ... print('created temporary directory', tmpdirname) |
Nick Coghlan | 543af75 | 2010-10-24 11:23:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 311 | >>> |
| 312 | # directory and contents have been removed |
| 313 | |