apiclient/http.py

# Copyright (C) 2012 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

"""Classes to encapsulate a single HTTP request.

The classes implement a command pattern, with every
object supporting an execute() method that does the
actuall HTTP request.
"""

__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'

import StringIO
import base64
import copy
import gzip
import httplib2
import mimeparse
import mimetypes
import os
import urllib
import urlparse
import uuid

from email.generator import Generator
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.nonmultipart import MIMENonMultipart
from email.parser import FeedParser
from errors import BatchError
from errors import HttpError
from errors import ResumableUploadError
from errors import UnexpectedBodyError
from errors import UnexpectedMethodError
from model import JsonModel
from oauth2client.anyjson import simplejson


DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE = 512*1024


class MediaUploadProgress(object):
  """Status of a resumable upload."""

  def __init__(self, resumable_progress, total_size):
    """Constructor.

    Args:
      resumable_progress: int, bytes sent so far.
      total_size: int, total bytes in complete upload, or None if the total
        upload size isn't known ahead of time.
    """
    self.resumable_progress = resumable_progress
    self.total_size = total_size

  def progress(self):
    """Percent of upload completed, as a float.

    Returns:
      the percentage complete as a float, returning 0.0 if the total size of
      the upload is unknown.
    """
    if self.total_size is not None:
      return float(self.resumable_progress) / float(self.total_size)
    else:
      return 0.0


class MediaDownloadProgress(object):
  """Status of a resumable download."""

  def __init__(self, resumable_progress, total_size):
    """Constructor.

    Args:
      resumable_progress: int, bytes received so far.
      total_size: int, total bytes in complete download.
    """
    self.resumable_progress = resumable_progress
    self.total_size = total_size

  def progress(self):
    """Percent of download completed, as a float.

    Returns:
      the percentage complete as a float, returning 0.0 if the total size of
      the download is unknown.
    """
    if self.total_size is not None:
      return float(self.resumable_progress) / float(self.total_size)
    else:
      return 0.0


class MediaUpload(object):
  """Describes a media object to upload.

  Base class that defines the interface of MediaUpload subclasses.

  Note that subclasses of MediaUpload may allow you to control the chunksize
  when upload a media object. It is important to keep the size of the chunk as
  large as possible to keep the upload efficient. Other factors may influence
  the size of the chunk you use, particularly if you are working in an
  environment where individual HTTP requests may have a hardcoded time limit,
  such as under certain classes of requests under Google App Engine.
  """

  def chunksize(self):
    """Chunk size for resumable uploads.

    Returns:
      Chunk size in bytes.
    """
    raise NotImplementedError()

  def mimetype(self):
    """Mime type of the body.

    Returns:
      Mime type.
    """
    return 'application/octet-stream'

  def size(self):
    """Size of upload.

    Returns:
      Size of the body, or None of the size is unknown.
    """
    return None

  def resumable(self):
    """Whether this upload is resumable.

    Returns:
      True if resumable upload or False.
    """
    return False

  def getbytes(self, begin, end):
    """Get bytes from the media.

    Args:
      begin: int, offset from beginning of file.
      length: int, number of bytes to read, starting at begin.

    Returns:
      A string of bytes read. May be shorter than length if EOF was reached
      first.
    """
    raise NotImplementedError()

  def _to_json(self, strip=None):
    """Utility function for creating a JSON representation of a MediaUpload.

    Args:
      strip: array, An array of names of members to not include in the JSON.

    Returns:
       string, a JSON representation of this instance, suitable to pass to
       from_json().
    """
    t = type(self)
    d = copy.copy(self.__dict__)
    if strip is not None:
      for member in strip:
        del d[member]
    d['_class'] = t.__name__
    d['_module'] = t.__module__
    return simplejson.dumps(d)

  def to_json(self):
    """Create a JSON representation of an instance of MediaUpload.

    Returns:
       string, a JSON representation of this instance, suitable to pass to
       from_json().
    """
    return self._to_json()

  @classmethod
  def new_from_json(cls, s):
    """Utility class method to instantiate a MediaUpload subclass from a JSON
    representation produced by to_json().

    Args:
      s: string, JSON from to_json().

    Returns:
      An instance of the subclass of MediaUpload that was serialized with
      to_json().
    """
    data = simplejson.loads(s)
    # Find and call the right classmethod from_json() to restore the object.
    module = data['_module']
    m = __import__(module, fromlist=module.split('.')[:-1])
    kls = getattr(m, data['_class'])
    from_json = getattr(kls, 'from_json')
    return from_json(s)


class MediaFileUpload(MediaUpload):
  """A MediaUpload for a file.

  Construct a MediaFileUpload and pass as the media_body parameter of the
  method. For example, if we had a service that allowed uploading images:


    media = MediaFileUpload('cow.png', mimetype='image/png',
      chunksize=1024*1024, resumable=True)
    farm.animals()..insert(
        id='cow',
        name='cow.png',
        media_body=media).execute()
  """

  def __init__(self, filename, mimetype=None, chunksize=DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE, resumable=False):
    """Constructor.

    Args:
      filename: string, Name of the file.
      mimetype: string, Mime-type of the file. If None then a mime-type will be
        guessed from the file extension.
      chunksize: int, File will be uploaded in chunks of this many bytes. Only
        used if resumable=True.
      resumable: bool, True if this is a resumable upload. False means upload
        in a single request.
    """
    self._filename = filename
    self._size = os.path.getsize(filename)
    self._fd = None
    if mimetype is None:
      (mimetype, encoding) = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)
    self._mimetype = mimetype
    self._chunksize = chunksize
    self._resumable = resumable

  def chunksize(self):
    """Chunk size for resumable uploads.

    Returns:
      Chunk size in bytes.
    """
    return self._chunksize

  def mimetype(self):
    """Mime type of the body.

    Returns:
      Mime type.
    """
    return self._mimetype

  def size(self):
    """Size of upload.

    Returns:
      Size of the body, or None of the size is unknown.
    """
    return self._size

  def resumable(self):
    """Whether this upload is resumable.

    Returns:
      True if resumable upload or False.
    """
    return self._resumable

  def getbytes(self, begin, length):
    """Get bytes from the media.

    Args:
      begin: int, offset from beginning of file.
      length: int, number of bytes to read, starting at begin.

    Returns:
      A string of bytes read. May be shorted than length if EOF was reached
      first.
    """
    if self._fd is None:
      self._fd = open(self._filename, 'rb')
    self._fd.seek(begin)
    return self._fd.read(length)

  def to_json(self):
    """Creating a JSON representation of an instance of MediaFileUpload.

    Returns:
       string, a JSON representation of this instance, suitable to pass to
       from_json().
    """
    return self._to_json(['_fd'])

  @staticmethod
  def from_json(s):
    d = simplejson.loads(s)
    return MediaFileUpload(
        d['_filename'], d['_mimetype'], d['_chunksize'], d['_resumable'])


class MediaIoBaseUpload(MediaUpload):
  """A MediaUpload for a io.Base objects.

  Note that the Python file object is compatible with io.Base and can be used
  with this class also.

    fh = io.BytesIO('...Some data to upload...')
    media = MediaIoBaseUpload(fh, mimetype='image/png',
      chunksize=1024*1024, resumable=True)
    farm.animals().insert(
        id='cow',
        name='cow.png',
        media_body=media).execute()
  """

  def __init__(self, fh, mimetype, chunksize=DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE,
      resumable=False):
    """Constructor.

    Args:
      fh: io.Base or file object, The source of the bytes to upload. MUST be
        opened in blocking mode, do not use streams opened in non-blocking mode.
      mimetype: string, Mime-type of the file. If None then a mime-type will be
        guessed from the file extension.
      chunksize: int, File will be uploaded in chunks of this many bytes. Only
        used if resumable=True.
      resumable: bool, True if this is a resumable upload. False means upload
        in a single request.
    """
    self._fh = fh
    self._mimetype = mimetype
    self._chunksize = chunksize
    self._resumable = resumable
    self._size = None
    try:
      if hasattr(self._fh, 'fileno'):
        fileno = self._fh.fileno()

        # Pipes and such show up as 0 length files.
        size = os.fstat(fileno).st_size
        if size:
          self._size = os.fstat(fileno).st_size
    except IOError:
      pass

  def chunksize(self):
    """Chunk size for resumable uploads.

    Returns:
      Chunk size in bytes.
    """
    return self._chunksize

  def mimetype(self):
    """Mime type of the body.

    Returns:
      Mime type.
    """
    return self._mimetype

  def size(self):
    """Size of upload.

    Returns:
      Size of the body, or None of the size is unknown.
    """
    return self._size

  def resumable(self):
    """Whether this upload is resumable.

    Returns:
      True if resumable upload or False.
    """
    return self._resumable

  def getbytes(self, begin, length):
    """Get bytes from the media.

    Args:
      begin: int, offset from beginning of file.
      length: int, number of bytes to read, starting at begin.

    Returns:
      A string of bytes read. May be shorted than length if EOF was reached
      first.
    """
    self._fh.seek(begin)
    return self._fh.read(length)

  def to_json(self):
    """This upload type is not serializable."""
    raise NotImplementedError('MediaIoBaseUpload is not serializable.')


class MediaInMemoryUpload(MediaUpload):
  """MediaUpload for a chunk of bytes.

  Construct a MediaFileUpload and pass as the media_body parameter of the
  method.
  """

  def __init__(self, body, mimetype='application/octet-stream',
               chunksize=DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE, resumable=False):
    """Create a new MediaBytesUpload.

    Args:
      body: string, Bytes of body content.
      mimetype: string, Mime-type of the file or default of
        'application/octet-stream'.
      chunksize: int, File will be uploaded in chunks of this many bytes. Only
        used if resumable=True.
      resumable: bool, True if this is a resumable upload. False means upload
        in a single request.
    """
    self._body = body
    self._mimetype = mimetype
    self._resumable = resumable
    self._chunksize = chunksize

  def chunksize(self):
    """Chunk size for resumable uploads.

    Returns:
      Chunk size in bytes.
    """
    return self._chunksize

  def mimetype(self):
    """Mime type of the body.

    Returns:
      Mime type.
    """
    return self._mimetype

  def size(self):
    """Size of upload.

    Returns:
      Size of the body, or None of the size is unknown.
    """
    return len(self._body)

  def resumable(self):
    """Whether this upload is resumable.

    Returns:
      True if resumable upload or False.
    """
    return self._resumable

  def getbytes(self, begin, length):
    """Get bytes from the media.

    Args:
      begin: int, offset from beginning of file.
      length: int, number of bytes to read, starting at begin.

    Returns:
      A string of bytes read. May be shorter than length if EOF was reached
      first.
    """
    return self._body[begin:begin + length]

  def to_json(self):
    """Create a JSON representation of a MediaInMemoryUpload.

    Returns:
       string, a JSON representation of this instance, suitable to pass to
       from_json().
    """
    t = type(self)
    d = copy.copy(self.__dict__)
    del d['_body']
    d['_class'] = t.__name__
    d['_module'] = t.__module__
    d['_b64body'] = base64.b64encode(self._body)
    return simplejson.dumps(d)

  @staticmethod
  def from_json(s):
    d = simplejson.loads(s)
    return MediaInMemoryUpload(base64.b64decode(d['_b64body']),
                               d['_mimetype'], d['_chunksize'],
                               d['_resumable'])


class MediaIoBaseDownload(object):
  """"Download media resources.

  Note that the Python file object is compatible with io.Base and can be used
  with this class also.


  Example:
    request = farms.animals().get_media(id='cow')
    fh = io.FileIO('cow.png', mode='wb')
    downloader = MediaIoBaseDownload(fh, request, chunksize=1024*1024)

    done = False
    while done is False:
      status, done = downloader.next_chunk()
      if status:
        print "Download %d%%." % int(status.progress() * 100)
    print "Download Complete!"
  """

  def __init__(self, fh, request, chunksize=DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE):
    """Constructor.

    Args:
      fh: io.Base or file object, The stream in which to write the downloaded
        bytes.
      request: apiclient.http.HttpRequest, the media request to perform in
        chunks.
      chunksize: int, File will be downloaded in chunks of this many bytes.
    """
    self.fh_ = fh
    self.request_ = request
    self.uri_ = request.uri
    self.chunksize_ = chunksize
    self.progress_ = 0
    self.total_size_ = None
    self.done_ = False

  def next_chunk(self):
    """Get the next chunk of the download.

    Returns:
      (status, done): (MediaDownloadStatus, boolean)
         The value of 'done' will be True when the media has been fully
         downloaded.

    Raises:
      apiclient.errors.HttpError if the response was not a 2xx.
      httplib2.Error if a transport error has occured.
    """
    headers = {
        'range': 'bytes=%d-%d' % (
            self.progress_, self.progress_ + self.chunksize_)
        }
    http = self.request_.http
    http.follow_redirects = False

    resp, content = http.request(self.uri_, headers=headers)
    if resp.status in [301, 302, 303, 307, 308] and 'location' in resp:
        self.uri_ = resp['location']
        resp, content = http.request(self.uri_, headers=headers)
    if resp.status in [200, 206]:
      self.progress_ += len(content)
      self.fh_.write(content)

      if 'content-range' in resp:
        content_range = resp['content-range']
        length = content_range.rsplit('/', 1)[1]
        self.total_size_ = int(length)

      if self.progress_ == self.total_size_:
        self.done_ = True
      return MediaDownloadProgress(self.progress_, self.total_size_), self.done_
    else:
      raise HttpError(resp, content, self.uri_)


class HttpRequest(object):
  """Encapsulates a single HTTP request."""

  def __init__(self, http, postproc, uri,
               method='GET',
               body=None,
               headers=None,
               methodId=None,
               resumable=None):
    """Constructor for an HttpRequest.

    Args:
      http: httplib2.Http, the transport object to use to make a request
      postproc: callable, called on the HTTP response and content to transform
                it into a data object before returning, or raising an exception
                on an error.
      uri: string, the absolute URI to send the request to
      method: string, the HTTP method to use
      body: string, the request body of the HTTP request,
      headers: dict, the HTTP request headers
      methodId: string, a unique identifier for the API method being called.
      resumable: MediaUpload, None if this is not a resumbale request.
    """
    self.uri = uri
    self.method = method
    self.body = body
    self.headers = headers or {}
    self.methodId = methodId
    self.http = http
    self.postproc = postproc
    self.resumable = resumable
    self._in_error_state = False

    # Pull the multipart boundary out of the content-type header.
    major, minor, params = mimeparse.parse_mime_type(
        headers.get('content-type', 'application/json'))

    # The size of the non-media part of the request.
    self.body_size = len(self.body or '')

    # The resumable URI to send chunks to.
    self.resumable_uri = None

    # The bytes that have been uploaded.
    self.resumable_progress = 0

  def execute(self, http=None):
    """Execute the request.

    Args:
      http: httplib2.Http, an http object to be used in place of the
            one the HttpRequest request object was constructed with.

    Returns:
      A deserialized object model of the response body as determined
      by the postproc.

    Raises:
      apiclient.errors.HttpError if the response was not a 2xx.
      httplib2.Error if a transport error has occured.
    """
    if http is None:
      http = self.http
    if self.resumable:
      body = None
      while body is None:
        _, body = self.next_chunk(http)
      return body
    else:
      if 'content-length' not in self.headers:
        self.headers['content-length'] = str(self.body_size)
      resp, content = http.request(self.uri, self.method,
                                   body=self.body,
                                   headers=self.headers)

      if resp.status >= 300:
        raise HttpError(resp, content, self.uri)
    return self.postproc(resp, content)

  def next_chunk(self, http=None):
    """Execute the next step of a resumable upload.

    Can only be used if the method being executed supports media uploads and
    the MediaUpload object passed in was flagged as using resumable upload.

    Example:

      media = MediaFileUpload('cow.png', mimetype='image/png',
                              chunksize=1000, resumable=True)
      request = farm.animals().insert(
          id='cow',
          name='cow.png',
          media_body=media)

      response = None
      while response is None:
        status, response = request.next_chunk()
        if status:
          print "Upload %d%% complete." % int(status.progress() * 100)


    Returns:
      (status, body): (ResumableMediaStatus, object)
         The body will be None until the resumable media is fully uploaded.

    Raises:
      apiclient.errors.HttpError if the response was not a 2xx.
      httplib2.Error if a transport error has occured.
    """
    if http is None:
      http = self.http

    if self.resumable.size() is None:
      size = '*'
    else:
      size = str(self.resumable.size())

    if self.resumable_uri is None:
      start_headers = copy.copy(self.headers)
      start_headers['X-Upload-Content-Type'] = self.resumable.mimetype()
      if size != '*':
        start_headers['X-Upload-Content-Length'] = size
      start_headers['content-length'] = str(self.body_size)

      resp, content = http.request(self.uri, self.method,
                                   body=self.body,
                                   headers=start_headers)
      if resp.status == 200 and 'location' in resp:
        self.resumable_uri = resp['location']
      else:
        raise ResumableUploadError("Failed to retrieve starting URI.")
    elif self._in_error_state:
      # If we are in an error state then query the server for current state of
      # the upload by sending an empty PUT and reading the 'range' header in
      # the response.
      headers = {
          'Content-Range': 'bytes */%s' % size,
          'content-length': '0'
          }
      resp, content = http.request(self.resumable_uri, 'PUT',
                                   headers=headers)
      status, body = self._process_response(resp, content)
      if body:
        # The upload was complete.
        return (status, body)

    data = self.resumable.getbytes(
        self.resumable_progress, self.resumable.chunksize())

    # A short read implies that we are at EOF, so finish the upload.
    if len(data) < self.resumable.chunksize():
      size = str(self.resumable_progress + len(data))

    headers = {
        'Content-Range': 'bytes %d-%d/%s' % (
            self.resumable_progress, self.resumable_progress + len(data) - 1,
            size)
        }
    try:
      resp, content = http.request(self.resumable_uri, 'PUT',
                                   body=data,
                                   headers=headers)
    except:
      self._in_error_state = True
      raise

    return self._process_response(resp, content)

  def _process_response(self, resp, content):
    """Process the response from a single chunk upload.

    Args:
      resp: httplib2.Response, the response object.
      content: string, the content of the response.

    Returns:
      (status, body): (ResumableMediaStatus, object)
         The body will be None until the resumable media is fully uploaded.

    Raises:
      apiclient.errors.HttpError if the response was not a 2xx or a 308.
    """
    if resp.status in [200, 201]:
      self._in_error_state = False
      return None, self.postproc(resp, content)
    elif resp.status == 308:
      self._in_error_state = False
      # A "308 Resume Incomplete" indicates we are not done.
      self.resumable_progress = int(resp['range'].split('-')[1]) + 1
      if 'location' in resp:
        self.resumable_uri = resp['location']
    else:
      self._in_error_state = True
      raise HttpError(resp, content, self.uri)

    return (MediaUploadProgress(self.resumable_progress, self.resumable.size()),
            None)

  def to_json(self):
    """Returns a JSON representation of the HttpRequest."""
    d = copy.copy(self.__dict__)
    if d['resumable'] is not None:
      d['resumable'] = self.resumable.to_json()
    del d['http']
    del d['postproc']

    return simplejson.dumps(d)

  @staticmethod
  def from_json(s, http, postproc):
    """Returns an HttpRequest populated with info from a JSON object."""
    d = simplejson.loads(s)
    if d['resumable'] is not None:
      d['resumable'] = MediaUpload.new_from_json(d['resumable'])
    return HttpRequest(
        http,
        postproc,
        uri=d['uri'],
        method=d['method'],
        body=d['body'],
        headers=d['headers'],
        methodId=d['methodId'],
        resumable=d['resumable'])


class BatchHttpRequest(object):
  """Batches multiple HttpRequest objects into a single HTTP request."""

  def __init__(self, callback=None, batch_uri=None):
    """Constructor for a BatchHttpRequest.

    Args:
      callback: callable, A callback to be called for each response, of the
        form callback(id, response). The first parameter is the request id, and
        the second is the deserialized response object.
      batch_uri: string, URI to send batch requests to.
    """
    if batch_uri is None:
      batch_uri = 'https://www.googleapis.com/batch'
    self._batch_uri = batch_uri

    # Global callback to be called for each individual response in the batch.
    self._callback = callback

    # A map from id to request.
    self._requests = {}

    # A map from id to callback.
    self._callbacks = {}

    # List of request ids, in the order in which they were added.
    self._order = []

    # The last auto generated id.
    self._last_auto_id = 0

    # Unique ID on which to base the Content-ID headers.
    self._base_id = None

    # A map from request id to (headers, content) response pairs
    self._responses = {}

    # A map of id(Credentials) that have been refreshed.
    self._refreshed_credentials = {}

  def _refresh_and_apply_credentials(self, request, http):
    """Refresh the credentials and apply to the request.

    Args:
      request: HttpRequest, the request.
      http: httplib2.Http, the global http object for the batch.
    """
    # For the credentials to refresh, but only once per refresh_token
    # If there is no http per the request then refresh the http passed in
    # via execute()
    creds = None
    if request.http is not None and hasattr(request.http.request,
        'credentials'):
      creds = request.http.request.credentials
    elif http is not None and hasattr(http.request, 'credentials'):
      creds = http.request.credentials
    if creds is not None:
      if id(creds) not in self._refreshed_credentials:
        creds.refresh(http)
        self._refreshed_credentials[id(creds)] = 1

    # Only apply the credentials if we are using the http object passed in,
    # otherwise apply() will get called during _serialize_request().
    if request.http is None or not hasattr(request.http.request,
        'credentials'):
      creds.apply(request.headers)

  def _id_to_header(self, id_):
    """Convert an id to a Content-ID header value.

    Args:
      id_: string, identifier of individual request.

    Returns:
      A Content-ID header with the id_ encoded into it. A UUID is prepended to
      the value because Content-ID headers are supposed to be universally
      unique.
    """
    if self._base_id is None:
      self._base_id = uuid.uuid4()

    return '<%s+%s>' % (self._base_id, urllib.quote(id_))

  def _header_to_id(self, header):
    """Convert a Content-ID header value to an id.

    Presumes the Content-ID header conforms to the format that _id_to_header()
    returns.

    Args:
      header: string, Content-ID header value.

    Returns:
      The extracted id value.

    Raises:
      BatchError if the header is not in the expected format.
    """
    if header[0] != '<' or header[-1] != '>':
      raise BatchError("Invalid value for Content-ID: %s" % header)
    if '+' not in header:
      raise BatchError("Invalid value for Content-ID: %s" % header)
    base, id_ = header[1:-1].rsplit('+', 1)

    return urllib.unquote(id_)

  def _serialize_request(self, request):
    """Convert an HttpRequest object into a string.

    Args:
      request: HttpRequest, the request to serialize.

    Returns:
      The request as a string in application/http format.
    """
    # Construct status line
    parsed = urlparse.urlparse(request.uri)
    request_line = urlparse.urlunparse(
        (None, None, parsed.path, parsed.params, parsed.query, None)
        )
    status_line = request.method + ' ' + request_line + ' HTTP/1.1\n'
    major, minor = request.headers.get('content-type', 'application/json').split('/')
    msg = MIMENonMultipart(major, minor)
    headers = request.headers.copy()

    if request.http is not None and hasattr(request.http.request,
        'credentials'):
      request.http.request.credentials.apply(headers)

    # MIMENonMultipart adds its own Content-Type header.
    if 'content-type' in headers:
      del headers['content-type']

    for key, value in headers.iteritems():
      msg[key] = value
    msg['Host'] = parsed.netloc
    msg.set_unixfrom(None)

    if request.body is not None:
      msg.set_payload(request.body)
      msg['content-length'] = str(len(request.body))

    # Serialize the mime message.
    fp = StringIO.StringIO()
    # maxheaderlen=0 means don't line wrap headers.
    g = Generator(fp, maxheaderlen=0)
    g.flatten(msg, unixfrom=False)
    body = fp.getvalue()

    # Strip off the \n\n that the MIME lib tacks onto the end of the payload.
    if request.body is None:
      body = body[:-2]

    return status_line.encode('utf-8') + body

  def _deserialize_response(self, payload):
    """Convert string into httplib2 response and content.

    Args:
      payload: string, headers and body as a string.

    Returns:
      A pair (resp, content) like would be returned from httplib2.request.
    """
    # Strip off the status line
    status_line, payload = payload.split('\n', 1)
    protocol, status, reason = status_line.split(' ', 2)

    # Parse the rest of the response
    parser = FeedParser()
    parser.feed(payload)
    msg = parser.close()
    msg['status'] = status

    # Create httplib2.Response from the parsed headers.
    resp = httplib2.Response(msg)
    resp.reason = reason
    resp.version = int(protocol.split('/', 1)[1].replace('.', ''))

    content = payload.split('\r\n\r\n', 1)[1]

    return resp, content

  def _new_id(self):
    """Create a new id.

    Auto incrementing number that avoids conflicts with ids already used.

    Returns:
       string, a new unique id.
    """
    self._last_auto_id += 1
    while str(self._last_auto_id) in self._requests:
      self._last_auto_id += 1
    return str(self._last_auto_id)

  def add(self, request, callback=None, request_id=None):
    """Add a new request.

    Every callback added will be paired with a unique id, the request_id. That
    unique id will be passed back to the callback when the response comes back
    from the server. The default behavior is to have the library generate it's
    own unique id. If the caller passes in a request_id then they must ensure
    uniqueness for each request_id, and if they are not an exception is
    raised. Callers should either supply all request_ids or nevery supply a
    request id, to avoid such an error.

    Args:
      request: HttpRequest, Request to add to the batch.
      callback: callable, A callback to be called for this response, of the
        form callback(id, response). The first parameter is the request id, and
        the second is the deserialized response object.
      request_id: string, A unique id for the request. The id will be passed to
        the callback with the response.

    Returns:
      None

    Raises:
      BatchError if a resumable request is added to a batch.
      KeyError is the request_id is not unique.
    """
    if request_id is None:
      request_id = self._new_id()
    if request.resumable is not None:
      raise BatchError("Resumable requests cannot be used in a batch request.")
    if request_id in self._requests:
      raise KeyError("A request with this ID already exists: %s" % request_id)
    self._requests[request_id] = request
    self._callbacks[request_id] = callback
    self._order.append(request_id)

  def _execute(self, http, order, requests):
    """Serialize batch request, send to server, process response.

    Args:
      http: httplib2.Http, an http object to be used to make the request with.
      order: list, list of request ids in the order they were added to the
        batch.
      request: list, list of request objects to send.

    Raises:
      httplib2.Error if a transport error has occured.
      apiclient.errors.BatchError if the response is the wrong format.
    """
    message = MIMEMultipart('mixed')
    # Message should not write out it's own headers.
    setattr(message, '_write_headers', lambda self: None)

    # Add all the individual requests.
    for request_id in order:
      request = requests[request_id]

      msg = MIMENonMultipart('application', 'http')
      msg['Content-Transfer-Encoding'] = 'binary'
      msg['Content-ID'] = self._id_to_header(request_id)

      body = self._serialize_request(request)
      msg.set_payload(body)
      message.attach(msg)

    body = message.as_string()

    headers = {}
    headers['content-type'] = ('multipart/mixed; '
                               'boundary="%s"') % message.get_boundary()

    resp, content = http.request(self._batch_uri, 'POST', body=body,
                                 headers=headers)

    if resp.status >= 300:
      raise HttpError(resp, content, self._batch_uri)

    # Now break out the individual responses and store each one.
    boundary, _ = content.split(None, 1)

    # Prepend with a content-type header so FeedParser can handle it.
    header = 'content-type: %s\r\n\r\n' % resp['content-type']
    for_parser = header + content

    parser = FeedParser()
    parser.feed(for_parser)
    mime_response = parser.close()

    if not mime_response.is_multipart():
      raise BatchError("Response not in multipart/mixed format.", resp,
          content)

    for part in mime_response.get_payload():
      request_id = self._header_to_id(part['Content-ID'])
      headers, content = self._deserialize_response(part.get_payload())
      self._responses[request_id] = (headers, content)

  def execute(self, http=None):
    """Execute all the requests as a single batched HTTP request.

    Args:
      http: httplib2.Http, an http object to be used in place of the one the
        HttpRequest request object was constructed with.  If one isn't supplied
        then use a http object from the requests in this batch.

    Returns:
      None

    Raises:
      httplib2.Error if a transport error has occured.
      apiclient.errors.BatchError if the response is the wrong format.
    """

    # If http is not supplied use the first valid one given in the requests.
    if http is None:
      for request_id in self._order:
        request = self._requests[request_id]
        if request is not None:
          http = request.http
          break

    if http is None:
      raise ValueError("Missing a valid http object.")

    self._execute(http, self._order, self._requests)

    # Loop over all the requests and check for 401s. For each 401 request the
    # credentials should be refreshed and then sent again in a separate batch.
    redo_requests = {}
    redo_order = []

    for request_id in self._order:
      headers, content = self._responses[request_id]
      if headers['status'] == '401':
        redo_order.append(request_id)
        request = self._requests[request_id]
        self._refresh_and_apply_credentials(request, http)
        redo_requests[request_id] = request

    if redo_requests:
      self._execute(http, redo_order, redo_requests)

    # Now process all callbacks that are erroring, and raise an exception for
    # ones that return a non-2xx response? Or add extra parameter to callback
    # that contains an HttpError?

    for request_id in self._order:
      headers, content = self._responses[request_id]

      request = self._requests[request_id]
      callback = self._callbacks[request_id]

      response = None
      exception = None
      try:
        r = httplib2.Response(headers)
        response = request.postproc(r, content)
      except HttpError, e:
        exception = e

      if callback is not None:
        callback(request_id, response, exception)
      if self._callback is not None:
        self._callback(request_id, response, exception)


class HttpRequestMock(object):
  """Mock of HttpRequest.

  Do not construct directly, instead use RequestMockBuilder.
  """

  def __init__(self, resp, content, postproc):
    """Constructor for HttpRequestMock

    Args:
      resp: httplib2.Response, the response to emulate coming from the request
      content: string, the response body
      postproc: callable, the post processing function usually supplied by
                the model class. See model.JsonModel.response() as an example.
    """
    self.resp = resp
    self.content = content
    self.postproc = postproc
    if resp is None:
      self.resp = httplib2.Response({'status': 200, 'reason': 'OK'})
    if 'reason' in self.resp:
      self.resp.reason = self.resp['reason']

  def execute(self, http=None):
    """Execute the request.

    Same behavior as HttpRequest.execute(), but the response is
    mocked and not really from an HTTP request/response.
    """
    return self.postproc(self.resp, self.content)


class RequestMockBuilder(object):
  """A simple mock of HttpRequest

    Pass in a dictionary to the constructor that maps request methodIds to
    tuples of (httplib2.Response, content, opt_expected_body) that should be
    returned when that method is called. None may also be passed in for the
    httplib2.Response, in which case a 200 OK response will be generated.
    If an opt_expected_body (str or dict) is provided, it will be compared to
    the body and UnexpectedBodyError will be raised on inequality.

    Example:
      response = '{"data": {"id": "tag:google.c...'
      requestBuilder = RequestMockBuilder(
        {
          'plus.activities.get': (None, response),
        }
      )
      apiclient.discovery.build("plus", "v1", requestBuilder=requestBuilder)

    Methods that you do not supply a response for will return a
    200 OK with an empty string as the response content or raise an excpetion
    if check_unexpected is set to True. The methodId is taken from the rpcName
    in the discovery document.

    For more details see the project wiki.
  """

  def __init__(self, responses, check_unexpected=False):
    """Constructor for RequestMockBuilder

    The constructed object should be a callable object
    that can replace the class HttpResponse.

    responses - A dictionary that maps methodIds into tuples
                of (httplib2.Response, content). The methodId
                comes from the 'rpcName' field in the discovery
                document.
    check_unexpected - A boolean setting whether or not UnexpectedMethodError
                       should be raised on unsupplied method.
    """
    self.responses = responses
    self.check_unexpected = check_unexpected

  def __call__(self, http, postproc, uri, method='GET', body=None,
               headers=None, methodId=None, resumable=None):
    """Implements the callable interface that discovery.build() expects
    of requestBuilder, which is to build an object compatible with
    HttpRequest.execute(). See that method for the description of the
    parameters and the expected response.
    """
    if methodId in self.responses:
      response = self.responses[methodId]
      resp, content = response[:2]
      if len(response) > 2:
        # Test the body against the supplied expected_body.
        expected_body = response[2]
        if bool(expected_body) != bool(body):
          # Not expecting a body and provided one
          # or expecting a body and not provided one.
          raise UnexpectedBodyError(expected_body, body)
        if isinstance(expected_body, str):
          expected_body = simplejson.loads(expected_body)
        body = simplejson.loads(body)
        if body != expected_body:
          raise UnexpectedBodyError(expected_body, body)
      return HttpRequestMock(resp, content, postproc)
    elif self.check_unexpected:
      raise UnexpectedMethodError(methodId)
    else:
      model = JsonModel(False)
      return HttpRequestMock(None, '{}', model.response)


class HttpMock(object):
  """Mock of httplib2.Http"""

  def __init__(self, filename, headers=None):
    """
    Args:
      filename: string, absolute filename to read response from
      headers: dict, header to return with response
    """
    if headers is None:
      headers = {'status': '200 OK'}
    f = file(filename, 'r')
    self.data = f.read()
    f.close()
    self.headers = headers

  def request(self, uri,
              method='GET',
              body=None,
              headers=None,
              redirections=1,
              connection_type=None):
    return httplib2.Response(self.headers), self.data


class HttpMockSequence(object):
  """Mock of httplib2.Http

  Mocks a sequence of calls to request returning different responses for each
  call. Create an instance initialized with the desired response headers
  and content and then use as if an httplib2.Http instance.

    http = HttpMockSequence([
      ({'status': '401'}, ''),
      ({'status': '200'}, '{"access_token":"1/3w","expires_in":3600}'),
      ({'status': '200'}, 'echo_request_headers'),
      ])
    resp, content = http.request("http://examples.com")

  There are special values you can pass in for content to trigger
  behavours that are helpful in testing.

  'echo_request_headers' means return the request headers in the response body
  'echo_request_headers_as_json' means return the request headers in
     the response body
  'echo_request_body' means return the request body in the response body
  'echo_request_uri' means return the request uri in the response body
  """

  def __init__(self, iterable):
    """
    Args:
      iterable: iterable, a sequence of pairs of (headers, body)
    """
    self._iterable = iterable
    self.follow_redirects = True

  def request(self, uri,
              method='GET',
              body=None,
              headers=None,
              redirections=1,
              connection_type=None):
    resp, content = self._iterable.pop(0)
    if content == 'echo_request_headers':
      content = headers
    elif content == 'echo_request_headers_as_json':
      content = simplejson.dumps(headers)
    elif content == 'echo_request_body':
      content = body
    elif content == 'echo_request_uri':
      content = uri
    return httplib2.Response(resp), content


def set_user_agent(http, user_agent):
  """Set the user-agent on every request.

  Args:
     http - An instance of httplib2.Http
         or something that acts like it.
     user_agent: string, the value for the user-agent header.

  Returns:
     A modified instance of http that was passed in.

  Example:

    h = httplib2.Http()
    h = set_user_agent(h, "my-app-name/6.0")

  Most of the time the user-agent will be set doing auth, this is for the rare
  cases where you are accessing an unauthenticated endpoint.
  """
  request_orig = http.request

  # The closure that will replace 'httplib2.Http.request'.
  def new_request(uri, method='GET', body=None, headers=None,
                  redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
                  connection_type=None):
    """Modify the request headers to add the user-agent."""
    if headers is None:
      headers = {}
    if 'user-agent' in headers:
      headers['user-agent'] = user_agent + ' ' + headers['user-agent']
    else:
      headers['user-agent'] = user_agent
    resp, content = request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
                        redirections, connection_type)
    return resp, content

  http.request = new_request
  return http


def tunnel_patch(http):
  """Tunnel PATCH requests over POST.
  Args:
     http - An instance of httplib2.Http
         or something that acts like it.

  Returns:
     A modified instance of http that was passed in.

  Example:

    h = httplib2.Http()
    h = tunnel_patch(h, "my-app-name/6.0")

  Useful if you are running on a platform that doesn't support PATCH.
  Apply this last if you are using OAuth 1.0, as changing the method
  will result in a different signature.
  """
  request_orig = http.request

  # The closure that will replace 'httplib2.Http.request'.
  def new_request(uri, method='GET', body=None, headers=None,
                  redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
                  connection_type=None):
    """Modify the request headers to add the user-agent."""
    if headers is None:
      headers = {}
    if method == 'PATCH':
      if 'oauth_token' in headers.get('authorization', ''):
        logging.warning(
            'OAuth 1.0 request made with Credentials after tunnel_patch.')
      headers['x-http-method-override'] = "PATCH"
      method = 'POST'
    resp, content = request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
                        redirections, connection_type)
    return resp, content

  http.request = new_request
  return http