Doc/library/asyncio-eventloop.rst

.. currentmodule:: asyncio


==========
Event Loop
==========


.. rubric:: Preface

The event loop is the core of every asyncio application.
Event loops run asynchronous tasks and callbacks, perform network
IO operations, and run subprocesses.

Application developers should typically use the high-level asyncio functions,
such as :func:`asyncio.run`, and should rarely need to reference the loop
object or call its methods.  This section is intended mostly for authors
of lower-level code, libraries, and frameworks, who need finer control over
the event loop behavior.

.. rubric:: Obtaining the Event Loop

The following low-level functions can be used to get, set, or create
an event loop:

.. function:: get_running_loop()

   Return the running event loop in the current OS thread.

   If there is no running event loop a :exc:`RuntimeError` is raised.
   This function can only be called from a coroutine or a callback.

   .. versionadded:: 3.7

.. function:: get_event_loop()

   Get the current event loop.  If there is no current event loop set
   in the current OS thread and :func:`set_event_loop` has not yet
   been called, asyncio will create a new event loop and set it as the
   current one.

   Because this function has rather complex behavior (especially
   when custom event loop policies are in use), using the
   :func:`get_running_loop` function is preferred to :func:`get_event_loop`
   in coroutines and callbacks.

   Consider also using the :func:`asyncio.run` function instead of using
   lower level functions to manually create and close an event loop.

.. function:: set_event_loop(loop)

   Set *loop* as a current event loop for the current OS thread.

.. function:: new_event_loop()

   Create a new event loop object.

Note that the behaviour of :func:`get_event_loop`, :func:`set_event_loop`,
and :func:`new_event_loop` functions can be altered by
:ref:`setting a custom event loop policy <asyncio-policies>`.


.. rubric:: Contents

This documentation page contains the following sections:

* The `Event Loop Methods`_ section is the reference documentation of
  the event loop APIs;

* The `Callback Handles`_ section documents the :class:`Handle` and
  :class:`TimerHandle` instances which are returned from scheduling
  methods such as :meth:`loop.call_soon` and :meth:`loop.call_later`;

* The `Server Objects`_ section documents types returned from
  event loop methods like :meth:`loop.create_server`;

* The `Event Loop Implementations`_ section documents the
  :class:`SelectorEventLoop` and :class:`ProactorEventLoop` classes;

* The `Examples`_ section showcases how to work with some event
  loop APIs.


.. _asyncio-event-loop:

Event Loop Methods
==================

Event loops have **low-level** APIs for the following:

.. contents::
   :depth: 1
   :local:


Running and stopping the loop
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. method:: loop.run_until_complete(future)

   Run until the *future* (an instance of :class:`Future`) has
   completed.

   If the argument is a :ref:`coroutine object <coroutine>` it
   is implicitly scheduled to run as a :class:`asyncio.Task`.

   Return the Future's result or raise its exception.

.. method:: loop.run_forever()

   Run the event loop until :meth:`stop` is called.

   If :meth:`stop` is called before :meth:`run_forever()` is called,
   the loop will poll the I/O selector once with a timeout of zero,
   run all callbacks scheduled in response to I/O events (and
   those that were already scheduled), and then exit.

   If :meth:`stop` is called while :meth:`run_forever` is running,
   the loop will run the current batch of callbacks and then exit.
   Note that new callbacks scheduled by callbacks will not run in this
   case; instead, they will run the next time :meth:`run_forever` or
   :meth:`run_until_complete` is called.

.. method:: loop.stop()

   Stop the event loop.

.. method:: loop.is_running()

   Return ``True`` if the event loop is currently running.

.. method:: loop.is_closed()

   Return ``True`` if the event loop was closed.

.. method:: loop.close()

   Close the event loop.

   The loop must not be running when this function is called.
   Any pending callbacks will be discarded.

   This method clears all queues and shuts down the executor, but does
   not wait for the executor to finish.

   This method is idempotent and irreversible.  No other methods
   should be called after the event loop is closed.

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.shutdown_asyncgens()

   Schedule all currently open :term:`asynchronous generator` objects to
   close with an :meth:`~agen.aclose()` call.  After calling this method,
   the event loop will issue a warning if a new asynchronous generator
   is iterated. This should be used to reliably finalize all scheduled
   asynchronous generators.

   Note that there is no need to call this function when
   :func:`asyncio.run` is used.

   Example::

    try:
        loop.run_forever()
    finally:
        loop.run_until_complete(loop.shutdown_asyncgens())
        loop.close()

   .. versionadded:: 3.6


Scheduling callbacks
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. method:: loop.call_soon(callback, *args, context=None)

   Schedule a *callback* to be called with *args* arguments at
   the next iteration of the event loop.

   Callbacks are called in the order in which they are registered.
   Each callback will be called exactly once.

   An optional keyword-only *context* argument allows specifying a
   custom :class:`contextvars.Context` for the *callback* to run in.
   The current context is used when no *context* is provided.

   An instance of :class:`asyncio.Handle` is returned, which can be
   used later to cancel the callback.

   This method is not thread-safe.

.. method:: loop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback, *args, context=None)

   A thread-safe variant of :meth:`call_soon`.  Must be used to
   schedule callbacks *from another thread*.

   See the :ref:`concurrency and multithreading <asyncio-multithreading>`
   section of the documentation.

.. versionchanged:: 3.7
   The *context* keyword-only parameter was added. See :pep:`567`
   for more details.

.. _asyncio-pass-keywords:

.. note::

   Most :mod:`asyncio` scheduling functions don't allow passing
   keyword arguments.  To do that, use :func:`functools.partial`::

      # will schedule "print("Hello", flush=True)"
      loop.call_soon(
          functools.partial(print, "Hello", flush=True))

   Using partial objects is usually more convenient than using lambdas,
   as asyncio can render partial objects better in debug and error
   messages.


.. _asyncio-delayed-calls:

Scheduling delayed callbacks
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Event loop provides mechanisms to schedule callback functions
to be called at some point in the future.  Event loop uses monotonic
clocks to track time.


.. method:: loop.call_later(delay, callback, *args, context=None)

   Schedule *callback* to be called after the given *delay*
   number of seconds (can be either an int or a float).

   An instance of :class:`asyncio.TimerHandle` is returned which can
   be used to cancel the callback.

   *callback* will be called exactly once.  If two callbacks are
   scheduled for exactly the same time, the order in which they
   are called is undefined.

   The optional positional *args* will be passed to the callback when
   it is called. If you want the callback to be called with keyword
   arguments use :func:`functools.partial`.

   An optional keyword-only *context* argument allows specifying a
   custom :class:`contextvars.Context` for the *callback* to run in.
   The current context is used when no *context* is provided.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.7
      The *context* keyword-only parameter was added. See :pep:`567`
      for more details.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.8
      In Python 3.7 and earlier with the default event loop implementation,
      the *delay* could not exceed one day.
      This has been fixed in Python 3.8.

.. method:: loop.call_at(when, callback, *args, context=None)

   Schedule *callback* to be called at the given absolute timestamp
   *when* (an int or a float), using the same time reference as
   :meth:`loop.time`.

   This method's behavior is the same as :meth:`call_later`.

   An instance of :class:`asyncio.TimerHandle` is returned which can
   be used to cancel the callback.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.7
      The *context* keyword-only parameter was added. See :pep:`567`
      for more details.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.8
      In Python 3.7 and earlier with the default event loop implementation,
      the difference between *when* and the current time could not exceed
      one day.  This has been fixed in Python 3.8.

.. method:: loop.time()

   Return the current time, as a :class:`float` value, according to
   the event loop's internal monotonic clock.

.. note::
   .. versionchanged:: 3.8
      In Python 3.7 and earlier timeouts (relative *delay* or absolute *when*)
      should not exceed one day.  This has been fixed in Python 3.8.

.. seealso::

   The :func:`asyncio.sleep` function.


Creating Futures and Tasks
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. method:: loop.create_future()

   Create an :class:`asyncio.Future` object attached to the event loop.

   This is the preferred way to create Futures in asyncio. This lets
   third-party event loops provide alternative implementations of
   the Future object (with better performance or instrumentation).

   .. versionadded:: 3.5.2

.. method:: loop.create_task(coro, \*, name=None)

   Schedule the execution of a :ref:`coroutine`.
   Return a :class:`Task` object.

   Third-party event loops can use their own subclass of :class:`Task`
   for interoperability. In this case, the result type is a subclass
   of :class:`Task`.

   If the *name* argument is provided and not ``None``, it is set as
   the name of the task using :meth:`Task.set_name`.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.8
      Added the ``name`` parameter.

.. method:: loop.set_task_factory(factory)

   Set a task factory that will be used by
   :meth:`loop.create_task`.

   If *factory* is ``None`` the default task factory will be set.
   Otherwise, *factory* must be a *callable* with the signature matching
   ``(loop, coro)``, where *loop* is a reference to the active
   event loop, and *coro* is a coroutine object.  The callable
   must return a :class:`asyncio.Future`-compatible object.

.. method:: loop.get_task_factory()

   Return a task factory or ``None`` if the default one is in use.


Opening network connections
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.create_connection(protocol_factory, \
                          host=None, port=None, \*, ssl=None, \
                          family=0, proto=0, flags=0, sock=None, \
                          local_addr=None, server_hostname=None, \
                          ssl_handshake_timeout=None)

   Open a streaming transport connection to a given
   address specified by *host* and *port*.

   The socket family can be either :py:data:`~socket.AF_INET` or
   :py:data:`~socket.AF_INET6` depending on *host* (or the *family*
   argument, if provided).

   The socket type will be :py:data:`~socket.SOCK_STREAM`.

   *protocol_factory* must be a callable returning an
   :ref:`asyncio protocol <asyncio-protocol>` implementation.

   This method will try to establish the connection in the background.
   When successful, it returns a ``(transport, protocol)`` pair.

   The chronological synopsis of the underlying operation is as follows:

   #. The connection is established and a :ref:`transport <asyncio-transport>`
      is created for it.

   #. *protocol_factory* is called without arguments and is expected to
      return a :ref:`protocol <asyncio-protocol>` instance.

   #. The protocol instance is coupled with the transport by calling its
      :meth:`~BaseProtocol.connection_made` method.

   #. A ``(transport, protocol)`` tuple is returned on success.

   The created transport is an implementation-dependent bidirectional
   stream.

   Other arguments:

   * *ssl*: if given and not false, a SSL/TLS transport is created
     (by default a plain TCP transport is created).  If *ssl* is
     a :class:`ssl.SSLContext` object, this context is used to create
     the transport; if *ssl* is :const:`True`, a default context returned
     from :func:`ssl.create_default_context` is used.

     .. seealso:: :ref:`SSL/TLS security considerations <ssl-security>`

   * *server_hostname* sets or overrides the hostname that the target
     server's certificate will be matched against.  Should only be passed
     if *ssl* is not ``None``.  By default the value of the *host* argument
     is used.  If *host* is empty, there is no default and you must pass a
     value for *server_hostname*.  If *server_hostname* is an empty
     string, hostname matching is disabled (which is a serious security
     risk, allowing for potential man-in-the-middle attacks).

   * *family*, *proto*, *flags* are the optional address family, protocol
     and flags to be passed through to getaddrinfo() for *host* resolution.
     If given, these should all be integers from the corresponding
     :mod:`socket` module constants.

   * *happy_eyeballs_delay*, if given, enables Happy Eyeballs for this
     connection. It should
     be a floating-point number representing the amount of time in seconds
     to wait for a connection attempt to complete, before starting the next
     attempt in parallel. This is the "Connection Attempt Delay" as defined
     in :rfc:`8305`. A sensible default value recommended by the RFC is ``0.25``
     (250 milliseconds).

   * *interleave* controls address reordering when a host name resolves to
     multiple IP addresses.
     If ``0`` or unspecified, no reordering is done, and addresses are
     tried in the order returned by :meth:`getaddrinfo`. If a positive integer
     is specified, the addresses are interleaved by address family, and the
     given integer is interpreted as "First Address Family Count" as defined
     in :rfc:`8305`. The default is ``0`` if *happy_eyeballs_delay* is not
     specified, and ``1`` if it is.

   * *sock*, if given, should be an existing, already connected
     :class:`socket.socket` object to be used by the transport.
     If *sock* is given, none of *host*, *port*, *family*, *proto*, *flags*,
     *happy_eyeballs_delay*, *interleave*
     and *local_addr* should be specified.

   * *local_addr*, if given, is a ``(local_host, local_port)`` tuple used
     to bind the socket to locally.  The *local_host* and *local_port*
     are looked up using ``getaddrinfo()``, similarly to *host* and *port*.

   * *ssl_handshake_timeout* is (for a TLS connection) the time in seconds
     to wait for the TLS handshake to complete before aborting the connection.
     ``60.0`` seconds if ``None`` (default).

   .. versionadded:: 3.8

      The *happy_eyeballs_delay* and *interleave* parameters.

   .. versionadded:: 3.7

      The *ssl_handshake_timeout* parameter.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.6

      The socket option :py:data:`~socket.TCP_NODELAY` is set by default
      for all TCP connections.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.5

      Added support for SSL/TLS in :class:`ProactorEventLoop`.

   .. seealso::

      The :func:`open_connection` function is a high-level alternative
      API.  It returns a pair of (:class:`StreamReader`, :class:`StreamWriter`)
      that can be used directly in async/await code.

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.create_datagram_endpoint(protocol_factory, \
                        local_addr=None, remote_addr=None, \*, \
                        family=0, proto=0, flags=0, \
                        reuse_address=None, reuse_port=None, \
                        allow_broadcast=None, sock=None)

   Create a datagram connection.

   The socket family can be either :py:data:`~socket.AF_INET`,
   :py:data:`~socket.AF_INET6`, or :py:data:`~socket.AF_UNIX`,
   depending on *host* (or the *family* argument, if provided).

   The socket type will be :py:data:`~socket.SOCK_DGRAM`.

   *protocol_factory* must be a callable returning a
   :ref:`protocol <asyncio-protocol>` implementation.

   A tuple of ``(transport, protocol)`` is returned on success.

   Other arguments:

   * *local_addr*, if given, is a ``(local_host, local_port)`` tuple used
     to bind the socket to locally.  The *local_host* and *local_port*
     are looked up using :meth:`getaddrinfo`.

   * *remote_addr*, if given, is a ``(remote_host, remote_port)`` tuple used
     to connect the socket to a remote address.  The *remote_host* and
     *remote_port* are looked up using :meth:`getaddrinfo`.

   * *family*, *proto*, *flags* are the optional address family, protocol
     and flags to be passed through to :meth:`getaddrinfo` for *host*
     resolution. If given, these should all be integers from the
     corresponding :mod:`socket` module constants.

   * *reuse_address* tells the kernel to reuse a local socket in
     ``TIME_WAIT`` state, without waiting for its natural timeout to
     expire. If not specified will automatically be set to ``True`` on
     Unix.

   * *reuse_port* tells the kernel to allow this endpoint to be bound to the
     same port as other existing endpoints are bound to, so long as they all
     set this flag when being created. This option is not supported on Windows
     and some Unixes. If the :py:data:`~socket.SO_REUSEPORT` constant is not
     defined then this capability is unsupported.

   * *allow_broadcast* tells the kernel to allow this endpoint to send
     messages to the broadcast address.

   * *sock* can optionally be specified in order to use a preexisting,
     already connected, :class:`socket.socket` object to be used by the
     transport. If specified, *local_addr* and *remote_addr* should be omitted
     (must be :const:`None`).

   On Windows, with :class:`ProactorEventLoop`, this method is not supported.

   See :ref:`UDP echo client protocol <asyncio-udp-echo-client-protocol>` and
   :ref:`UDP echo server protocol <asyncio-udp-echo-server-protocol>` examples.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.4.4
      The *family*, *proto*, *flags*, *reuse_address*, *reuse_port,
      *allow_broadcast*, and *sock* parameters were added.

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.create_unix_connection(protocol_factory, \
                        path=None, \*, ssl=None, sock=None, \
                        server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None)

   Create a Unix connection.

   The socket family will be :py:data:`~socket.AF_UNIX`; socket
   type will be :py:data:`~socket.SOCK_STREAM`.

   A tuple of ``(transport, protocol)`` is returned on success.

   *path* is the name of a Unix domain socket and is required,
   unless a *sock* parameter is specified.  Abstract Unix sockets,
   :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`, and :class:`~pathlib.Path` paths are
   supported.

   See the documentation of the :meth:`loop.create_connection` method
   for information about arguments to this method.

   .. availability:: Unix.

   .. versionadded:: 3.7

      The *ssl_handshake_timeout* parameter.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.7

      The *path* parameter can now be a :term:`path-like object`.


Creating network servers
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.create_server(protocol_factory, \
                        host=None, port=None, \*, \
                        family=socket.AF_UNSPEC, \
                        flags=socket.AI_PASSIVE, \
                        sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None, \
                        reuse_address=None, reuse_port=None, \
                        ssl_handshake_timeout=None, start_serving=True)

   Create a TCP server (socket type :data:`~socket.SOCK_STREAM`) listening
   on *port* of the *host* address.

   Returns a :class:`Server` object.

   Arguments:

   * *protocol_factory* must be a callable returning a
     :ref:`protocol <asyncio-protocol>` implementation.

   * The *host* parameter can be set to several types which determine where
     the server would be listening:

     - If *host* is a string, the TCP server is bound to a single network
       interface specified by *host*.

     - If *host* is a sequence of strings, the TCP server is bound to all
       network interfaces specified by the sequence.

     - If *host* is an empty string or ``None``, all interfaces are
       assumed and a list of multiple sockets will be returned (most likely
       one for IPv4 and another one for IPv6).

   * *family* can be set to either :data:`socket.AF_INET` or
     :data:`~socket.AF_INET6` to force the socket to use IPv4 or IPv6.
     If not set, the *family* will be determined from host name
     (defaults to :data:`~socket.AF_UNSPEC`).

   * *flags* is a bitmask for :meth:`getaddrinfo`.

   * *sock* can optionally be specified in order to use a preexisting
     socket object. If specified, *host* and *port* must not be specified.

   * *backlog* is the maximum number of queued connections passed to
     :meth:`~socket.socket.listen` (defaults to 100).

   * *ssl* can be set to an :class:`~ssl.SSLContext` instance to enable
     TLS over the accepted connections.

   * *reuse_address* tells the kernel to reuse a local socket in
     ``TIME_WAIT`` state, without waiting for its natural timeout to
     expire. If not specified will automatically be set to ``True`` on
     Unix.

   * *reuse_port* tells the kernel to allow this endpoint to be bound to the
     same port as other existing endpoints are bound to, so long as they all
     set this flag when being created. This option is not supported on
     Windows.

   * *ssl_handshake_timeout* is (for a TLS server) the time in seconds to wait
     for the TLS handshake to complete before aborting the connection.
     ``60.0`` seconds if ``None`` (default).

   * *start_serving* set to ``True`` (the default) causes the created server
     to start accepting connections immediately.  When set to ``False``,
     the user should await on :meth:`Server.start_serving` or
     :meth:`Server.serve_forever` to make the server to start accepting
     connections.

   .. versionadded:: 3.7

      Added *ssl_handshake_timeout* and *start_serving* parameters.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.6

      The socket option :py:data:`~socket.TCP_NODELAY` is set by default
      for all TCP connections.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.5

      Added support for SSL/TLS in :class:`ProactorEventLoop`.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.5.1

      The *host* parameter can be a sequence of strings.

   .. seealso::

      The :func:`start_server` function is a higher-level alternative API
      that returns a pair of :class:`StreamReader` and :class:`StreamWriter`
      that can be used in an async/await code.


.. coroutinemethod:: loop.create_unix_server(protocol_factory, path=None, \
                          \*, sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None, \
                          ssl_handshake_timeout=None, start_serving=True)

   Similar to :meth:`loop.create_server` but works with the
   :py:data:`~socket.AF_UNIX` socket family.

   *path* is the name of a Unix domain socket, and is required,
   unless a *sock* argument is provided.  Abstract Unix sockets,
   :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`, and :class:`~pathlib.Path` paths
   are supported.

   See the documentation of the :meth:`loop.create_server` method
   for information about arguments to this method.

   .. availability:: Unix.

   .. versionadded:: 3.7

      The *ssl_handshake_timeout* and *start_serving* parameters.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.7

      The *path* parameter can now be a :class:`~pathlib.Path` object.

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.connect_accepted_socket(protocol_factory, \
                        sock, \*, ssl=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None)

   Wrap an already accepted connection into a transport/protocol pair.

   This method can be used by servers that accept connections outside
   of asyncio but that use asyncio to handle them.

   Parameters:

   * *protocol_factory* must be a callable returning a
     :ref:`protocol <asyncio-protocol>` implementation.

   * *sock* is a preexisting socket object returned from
     :meth:`socket.accept <socket.socket.accept>`.

   * *ssl* can be set to an :class:`~ssl.SSLContext` to enable SSL over
     the accepted connections.

   * *ssl_handshake_timeout* is (for an SSL connection) the time in seconds to
     wait for the SSL handshake to complete before aborting the connection.
     ``60.0`` seconds if ``None`` (default).

   Returns a ``(transport, protocol)`` pair.

   .. versionadded:: 3.7

      The *ssl_handshake_timeout* parameter.

   .. versionadded:: 3.5.3


Transferring files
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.sendfile(transport, file, \
                                   offset=0, count=None, *, fallback=True)

   Send a *file* over a *transport*.  Return the total number of bytes
   sent.

   The method uses high-performance :meth:`os.sendfile` if available.

   *file* must be a regular file object opened in binary mode.

   *offset* tells from where to start reading the file. If specified,
   *count* is the total number of bytes to transmit as opposed to
   sending the file until EOF is reached. File position is always updated,
   even when this method raises an error, and
   :meth:`file.tell() <io.IOBase.tell>` can be used to obtain the actual
   number of bytes sent.

   *fallback* set to ``True`` makes asyncio to manually read and send
   the file when the platform does not support the sendfile system call
   (e.g. Windows or SSL socket on Unix).

   Raise :exc:`SendfileNotAvailableError` if the system does not support
   the *sendfile* syscall and *fallback* is ``False``.

   .. versionadded:: 3.7


TLS Upgrade
^^^^^^^^^^^

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.start_tls(transport, protocol, \
                        sslcontext, \*, server_side=False, \
                        server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None)

   Upgrade an existing transport-based connection to TLS.

   Return a new transport instance, that the *protocol* must start using
   immediately after the *await*.  The *transport* instance passed to
   the *start_tls* method should never be used again.

   Parameters:

   * *transport* and *protocol* instances that methods like
     :meth:`~loop.create_server` and
     :meth:`~loop.create_connection` return.

   * *sslcontext*: a configured instance of :class:`~ssl.SSLContext`.

   * *server_side* pass ``True`` when a server-side connection is being
     upgraded (like the one created by :meth:`~loop.create_server`).

   * *server_hostname*: sets or overrides the host name that the target
     server's certificate will be matched against.

   * *ssl_handshake_timeout* is (for a TLS connection) the time in seconds to
     wait for the TLS handshake to complete before aborting the connection.
     ``60.0`` seconds if ``None`` (default).

   .. versionadded:: 3.7


Watching file descriptors
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. method:: loop.add_reader(fd, callback, \*args)

   Start monitoring the *fd* file descriptor for read availability and
   invoke *callback* with the specified arguments once *fd* is available for
   reading.

.. method:: loop.remove_reader(fd)

   Stop monitoring the *fd* file descriptor for read availability.

.. method:: loop.add_writer(fd, callback, \*args)

   Start monitoring the *fd* file descriptor for write availability and
   invoke *callback* with the specified arguments once *fd* is available for
   writing.

   Use :func:`functools.partial` :ref:`to pass keyword arguments
   <asyncio-pass-keywords>` to *callback*.

.. method:: loop.remove_writer(fd)

   Stop monitoring the *fd* file descriptor for write availability.

See also :ref:`Platform Support <asyncio-platform-support>` section
for some limitations of these methods.


Working with socket objects directly
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

In general, protocol implementations that use transport-based APIs
such as :meth:`loop.create_connection` and :meth:`loop.create_server`
are faster than implementations that work with sockets directly.
However, there are some use cases when performance is not critical, and
working with :class:`~socket.socket` objects directly is more
convenient.

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.sock_recv(sock, nbytes)

   Receive up to *nbytes* from *sock*.  Asynchronous version of
   :meth:`socket.recv() <socket.socket.recv>`.

   Return the received data as a bytes object.

   *sock* must be a non-blocking socket.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.7
      Even though this method was always documented as a coroutine
      method, releases before Python 3.7 returned a :class:`Future`.
      Since Python 3.7 this is an ``async def`` method.

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.sock_recv_into(sock, buf)

   Receive data from *sock* into the *buf* buffer.  Modeled after the blocking
   :meth:`socket.recv_into() <socket.socket.recv_into>` method.

   Return the number of bytes written to the buffer.

   *sock* must be a non-blocking socket.

   .. versionadded:: 3.7

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.sock_sendall(sock, data)

   Send *data* to the *sock* socket. Asynchronous version of
   :meth:`socket.sendall() <socket.socket.sendall>`.

   This method continues to send to the socket until either all data
   in *data* has been sent or an error occurs.  ``None`` is returned
   on success.  On error, an exception is raised. Additionally, there is no way
   to determine how much data, if any, was successfully processed by the
   receiving end of the connection.

   *sock* must be a non-blocking socket.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.7
      Even though the method was always documented as a coroutine
      method, before Python 3.7 it returned an :class:`Future`.
      Since Python 3.7, this is an ``async def`` method.

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.sock_connect(sock, address)

   Connect *sock* to a remote socket at *address*.

   Asynchronous version of :meth:`socket.connect() <socket.socket.connect>`.

   *sock* must be a non-blocking socket.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.5.2
      ``address`` no longer needs to be resolved.  ``sock_connect``
      will try to check if the *address* is already resolved by calling
      :func:`socket.inet_pton`.  If not,
      :meth:`loop.getaddrinfo` will be used to resolve the
      *address*.

   .. seealso::

      :meth:`loop.create_connection`
      and  :func:`asyncio.open_connection() <open_connection>`.


.. coroutinemethod:: loop.sock_accept(sock)

   Accept a connection.  Modeled after the blocking
   :meth:`socket.accept() <socket.socket.accept>` method.

   The socket must be bound to an address and listening
   for connections. The return value is a pair ``(conn, address)`` where *conn*
   is a *new* socket object usable to send and receive data on the connection,
   and *address* is the address bound to the socket on the other end of the
   connection.

   *sock* must be a non-blocking socket.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.7
      Even though the method was always documented as a coroutine
      method, before Python 3.7 it returned a :class:`Future`.
      Since Python 3.7, this is an ``async def`` method.

   .. seealso::

      :meth:`loop.create_server` and :func:`start_server`.

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.sock_sendfile(sock, file, offset=0, count=None, \
                                        \*, fallback=True)

   Send a file using high-performance :mod:`os.sendfile` if possible.
   Return the total number of bytes sent.

   Asynchronous version of :meth:`socket.sendfile() <socket.socket.sendfile>`.

   *sock* must be a non-blocking :const:`socket.SOCK_STREAM`
   :class:`~socket.socket`.

   *file* must be a regular file object open in binary mode.

   *offset* tells from where to start reading the file. If specified,
   *count* is the total number of bytes to transmit as opposed to
   sending the file until EOF is reached. File position is always updated,
   even when this method raises an error, and
   :meth:`file.tell() <io.IOBase.tell>` can be used to obtain the actual
   number of bytes sent.

   *fallback*, when set to ``True``, makes asyncio manually read and send
   the file when the platform does not support the sendfile syscall
   (e.g. Windows or SSL socket on Unix).

   Raise :exc:`SendfileNotAvailableError` if the system does not support
   *sendfile* syscall and *fallback* is ``False``.

   *sock* must be a non-blocking socket.

   .. versionadded:: 3.7


DNS
^^^

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.getaddrinfo(host, port, \*, family=0, \
                        type=0, proto=0, flags=0)

   Asynchronous version of :meth:`socket.getaddrinfo`.

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.getnameinfo(sockaddr, flags=0)

   Asynchronous version of :meth:`socket.getnameinfo`.

.. versionchanged:: 3.7
   Both *getaddrinfo* and *getnameinfo* methods were always documented
   to return a coroutine, but prior to Python 3.7 they were, in fact,
   returning :class:`asyncio.Future` objects.  Starting with Python 3.7
   both methods are coroutines.


Working with pipes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.connect_read_pipe(protocol_factory, pipe)

   Register the read end of *pipe* in the event loop.

   *protocol_factory* must be a callable returning an
   :ref:`asyncio protocol <asyncio-protocol>` implementation.

   *pipe* is a :term:`file-like object <file object>`.

   Return pair ``(transport, protocol)``, where *transport* supports
   the :class:`ReadTransport` interface and *protocol* is an object
   instantiated by the *protocol_factory*.

   With :class:`SelectorEventLoop` event loop, the *pipe* is set to
   non-blocking mode.

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.connect_write_pipe(protocol_factory, pipe)

   Register the write end of *pipe* in the event loop.

   *protocol_factory* must be a callable returning an
   :ref:`asyncio protocol <asyncio-protocol>` implementation.

   *pipe* is :term:`file-like object <file object>`.

   Return pair ``(transport, protocol)``, where *transport* supports
   :class:`WriteTransport` interface and *protocol* is an object
   instantiated by the *protocol_factory*.

   With :class:`SelectorEventLoop` event loop, the *pipe* is set to
   non-blocking mode.

.. note::

   :class:`SelectorEventLoop` does not support the above methods on
   Windows.  Use :class:`ProactorEventLoop` instead for Windows.

.. seealso::

   The :meth:`loop.subprocess_exec` and
   :meth:`loop.subprocess_shell` methods.


Unix signals
^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. method:: loop.add_signal_handler(signum, callback, \*args)

   Set *callback* as the handler for the *signum* signal.

   The callback will be invoked by *loop*, along with other queued callbacks
   and runnable coroutines of that event loop. Unlike signal handlers
   registered using :func:`signal.signal`, a callback registered with this
   function is allowed to interact with the event loop.

   Raise :exc:`ValueError` if the signal number is invalid or uncatchable.
   Raise :exc:`RuntimeError` if there is a problem setting up the handler.

   Use :func:`functools.partial` :ref:`to pass keyword arguments
   <asyncio-pass-keywords>` to *callback*.

   Like :func:`signal.signal`, this function must be invoked in the main
   thread.

.. method:: loop.remove_signal_handler(sig)

   Remove the handler for the *sig* signal.

   Return ``True`` if the signal handler was removed, or ``False`` if
   no handler was set for the given signal.

   .. availability:: Unix.

.. seealso::

   The :mod:`signal` module.


Executing code in thread or process pools
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. awaitablemethod:: loop.run_in_executor(executor, func, \*args)

   Arrange for *func* to be called in the specified executor.

   The *executor* argument should be an :class:`concurrent.futures.Executor`
   instance. The default executor is used if *executor* is ``None``.

   Example::

      import asyncio
      import concurrent.futures

      def blocking_io():
          # File operations (such as logging) can block the
          # event loop: run them in a thread pool.
          with open('/dev/urandom', 'rb') as f:
              return f.read(100)

      def cpu_bound():
          # CPU-bound operations will block the event loop:
          # in general it is preferable to run them in a
          # process pool.
          return sum(i * i for i in range(10 ** 7))

      async def main():
          loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()

          ## Options:

          # 1. Run in the default loop's executor:
          result = await loop.run_in_executor(
              None, blocking_io)
          print('default thread pool', result)

          # 2. Run in a custom thread pool:
          with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor() as pool:
              result = await loop.run_in_executor(
                  pool, blocking_io)
              print('custom thread pool', result)

          # 3. Run in a custom process pool:
          with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor() as pool:
              result = await loop.run_in_executor(
                  pool, cpu_bound)
              print('custom process pool', result)

      asyncio.run(main())

   This method returns a :class:`asyncio.Future` object.

   Use :func:`functools.partial` :ref:`to pass keyword arguments
   <asyncio-pass-keywords>` to *func*.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.5.3
      :meth:`loop.run_in_executor` no longer configures the
      ``max_workers`` of the thread pool executor it creates, instead
      leaving it up to the thread pool executor
      (:class:`~concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor`) to set the
      default.

.. method:: loop.set_default_executor(executor)

   Set *executor* as the default executor used by :meth:`run_in_executor`.
   *executor* should be an instance of
   :class:`~concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor`.

   .. deprecated:: 3.8
      Using an executor that is not an instance of
      :class:`~concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor` is deprecated and
      will trigger an error in Python 3.9.

   *executor* must be an instance of
   :class:`concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor`.


Error Handling API
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Allows customizing how exceptions are handled in the event loop.

.. method:: loop.set_exception_handler(handler)

   Set *handler* as the new event loop exception handler.

   If *handler* is ``None``, the default exception handler will
   be set.  Otherwise, *handler* must be a callable with the signature
   matching ``(loop, context)``, where ``loop``
   is a reference to the active event loop, and ``context``
   is a ``dict`` object containing the details of the exception
   (see :meth:`call_exception_handler` documentation for details
   about context).

.. method:: loop.get_exception_handler()

   Return the current exception handler, or ``None`` if no custom
   exception handler was set.

   .. versionadded:: 3.5.2

.. method:: loop.default_exception_handler(context)

   Default exception handler.

   This is called when an exception occurs and no exception
   handler is set. This can be called by a custom exception
   handler that wants to defer to the default handler behavior.

   *context* parameter has the same meaning as in
   :meth:`call_exception_handler`.

.. method:: loop.call_exception_handler(context)

   Call the current event loop exception handler.

   *context* is a ``dict`` object containing the following keys
   (new keys may be introduced in future Python versions):

   * 'message': Error message;
   * 'exception' (optional): Exception object;
   * 'future' (optional): :class:`asyncio.Future` instance;
   * 'handle' (optional): :class:`asyncio.Handle` instance;
   * 'protocol' (optional): :ref:`Protocol <asyncio-protocol>` instance;
   * 'transport' (optional): :ref:`Transport <asyncio-transport>` instance;
   * 'socket' (optional): :class:`socket.socket` instance.

   .. note::

       This method should not be overloaded in subclassed
       event loops.  For custom exception handling, use
       the :meth:`set_exception_handler()` method.

Enabling debug mode
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. method:: loop.get_debug()

   Get the debug mode (:class:`bool`) of the event loop.

   The default value is ``True`` if the environment variable
   :envvar:`PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG` is set to a non-empty string, ``False``
   otherwise.

.. method:: loop.set_debug(enabled: bool)

   Set the debug mode of the event loop.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.7

      The new ``-X dev`` command line option can now also be used
      to enable the debug mode.

.. seealso::

   The :ref:`debug mode of asyncio <asyncio-debug-mode>`.


Running Subprocesses
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Methods described in this subsections are low-level.  In regular
async/await code consider using the high-level
:func:`asyncio.create_subprocess_shell` and
:func:`asyncio.create_subprocess_exec` convenience functions instead.

.. note::

   The default asyncio event loop on **Windows** does not support
   subprocesses. See :ref:`Subprocess Support on Windows
   <asyncio-windows-subprocess>` for details.

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.subprocess_exec(protocol_factory, \*args, \
                      stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, \
                      stderr=subprocess.PIPE, \*\*kwargs)

   Create a subprocess from one or more string arguments specified by
   *args*.

   *args* must be a list of strings represented by:

   * :class:`str`;
   * or :class:`bytes`, encoded to the
     :ref:`filesystem encoding <filesystem-encoding>`.

   The first string specifies the program executable,
   and the remaining strings specify the arguments.  Together, string
   arguments form the ``argv`` of the program.

   This is similar to the standard library :class:`subprocess.Popen`
   class called with ``shell=False`` and the list of strings passed as
   the first argument; however, where :class:`~subprocess.Popen` takes
   a single argument which is list of strings, *subprocess_exec*
   takes multiple string arguments.

   The *protocol_factory* must be a callable returning a subclass of the
   :class:`asyncio.SubprocessProtocol` class.

   Other parameters:

   * *stdin*: either a file-like object representing a pipe to be
     connected to the subprocess's standard input stream using
     :meth:`~loop.connect_write_pipe`, or the
     :const:`subprocess.PIPE`  constant (default). By default a new
     pipe will be created and connected.

   * *stdout*: either a file-like object representing the pipe to be
     connected to the subprocess's standard output stream using
     :meth:`~loop.connect_read_pipe`, or the
     :const:`subprocess.PIPE` constant (default). By default a new pipe
     will be created and connected.

   * *stderr*: either a file-like object representing the pipe to be
     connected to the subprocess's standard error stream using
     :meth:`~loop.connect_read_pipe`, or one of
     :const:`subprocess.PIPE` (default) or :const:`subprocess.STDOUT`
     constants.

     By default a new pipe will be created and connected. When
     :const:`subprocess.STDOUT` is specified, the subprocess' standard
     error stream will be connected to the same pipe as the standard
     output stream.

   * All other keyword arguments are passed to :class:`subprocess.Popen`
     without interpretation, except for *bufsize*, *universal_newlines*
     and *shell*, which should not be specified at all.

   See the constructor of the :class:`subprocess.Popen` class
   for documentation on other arguments.

   Returns a pair of ``(transport, protocol)``, where *transport*
   conforms to the :class:`asyncio.SubprocessTransport` base class and
   *protocol* is an object instantiated by the *protocol_factory*.

.. coroutinemethod:: loop.subprocess_shell(protocol_factory, cmd, \*, \
                        stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, \
                        stderr=subprocess.PIPE, \*\*kwargs)

   Create a subprocess from *cmd*, which can be a :class:`str` or a
   :class:`bytes` string encoded to the
   :ref:`filesystem encoding <filesystem-encoding>`,
   using the platform's "shell" syntax.

   This is similar to the standard library :class:`subprocess.Popen`
   class called with ``shell=True``.

   The *protocol_factory* must be a callable returning a subclass of the
   :class:`SubprocessProtocol` class.

   See :meth:`~loop.subprocess_exec` for more details about
   the remaining arguments.

   Returns a pair of ``(transport, protocol)``, where *transport*
   conforms to the :class:`SubprocessTransport` base class and
   *protocol* is an object instantiated by the *protocol_factory*.

.. note::
   It is the application's responsibility to ensure that all whitespace
   and special characters are quoted appropriately to avoid `shell injection
   <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_injection#Shell_injection>`_
   vulnerabilities. The :func:`shlex.quote` function can be used to
   properly escape whitespace and special characters in strings that
   are going to be used to construct shell commands.


Callback Handles
================

.. class:: Handle

   A callback wrapper object returned by :meth:`loop.call_soon`,
   :meth:`loop.call_soon_threadsafe`.

   .. method:: cancel()

      Cancel the callback.  If the callback has already been canceled
      or executed, this method has no effect.

   .. method:: cancelled()

      Return ``True`` if the callback was cancelled.

      .. versionadded:: 3.7

.. class:: TimerHandle

   A callback wrapper object returned by :meth:`loop.call_later`,
   and :meth:`loop.call_at`.

   This class is a subclass of :class:`Handle`.

   .. method:: when()

      Return a scheduled callback time as :class:`float` seconds.

      The time is an absolute timestamp, using the same time
      reference as :meth:`loop.time`.

      .. versionadded:: 3.7


Server Objects
==============

Server objects are created by :meth:`loop.create_server`,
:meth:`loop.create_unix_server`, :func:`start_server`,
and :func:`start_unix_server` functions.

Do not instantiate the class directly.

.. class:: Server

   *Server* objects are asynchronous context managers.  When used in an
   ``async with`` statement, it's guaranteed that the Server object is
   closed and not accepting new connections when the ``async with``
   statement is completed::

      srv = await loop.create_server(...)

      async with srv:
          # some code

      # At this point, srv is closed and no longer accepts new connections.


   .. versionchanged:: 3.7
      Server object is an asynchronous context manager since Python 3.7.

   .. method:: close()

      Stop serving: close listening sockets and set the :attr:`sockets`
      attribute to ``None``.

      The sockets that represent existing incoming client connections
      are left open.

      The server is closed asynchronously, use the :meth:`wait_closed`
      coroutine to wait until the server is closed.

   .. method:: get_loop()

      Return the event loop associated with the server object.

      .. versionadded:: 3.7

   .. coroutinemethod:: start_serving()

      Start accepting connections.

      This method is idempotent, so it can be called when
      the server is already being serving.

      The *start_serving* keyword-only parameter to
      :meth:`loop.create_server` and
      :meth:`asyncio.start_server` allows creating a Server object
      that is not accepting connections initially.  In this case
      ``Server.start_serving()``, or :meth:`Server.serve_forever` can be used
      to make the Server start accepting connections.

      .. versionadded:: 3.7

   .. coroutinemethod:: serve_forever()

      Start accepting connections until the coroutine is cancelled.
      Cancellation of ``serve_forever`` task causes the server
      to be closed.

      This method can be called if the server is already accepting
      connections.  Only one ``serve_forever`` task can exist per
      one *Server* object.

      Example::

          async def client_connected(reader, writer):
              # Communicate with the client with
              # reader/writer streams.  For example:
              await reader.readline()

          async def main(host, port):
              srv = await asyncio.start_server(
                  client_connected, host, port)
              await srv.serve_forever()

          asyncio.run(main('127.0.0.1', 0))

      .. versionadded:: 3.7

   .. method:: is_serving()

      Return ``True`` if the server is accepting new connections.

      .. versionadded:: 3.7

   .. coroutinemethod:: wait_closed()

      Wait until the :meth:`close` method completes.

   .. attribute:: sockets

      List of :class:`socket.socket` objects the server is listening on.

      .. versionchanged:: 3.7
         Prior to Python 3.7 ``Server.sockets`` used to return an
         internal list of server sockets directly.  In 3.7 a copy
         of that list is returned.


.. _asyncio-event-loops:

Event Loop Implementations
==========================

asyncio ships with two different event loop implementations:
:class:`SelectorEventLoop` and :class:`ProactorEventLoop`.

By default asyncio is configured to use :class:`SelectorEventLoop`
on all platforms.


.. class:: SelectorEventLoop

   An event loop based on the :mod:`selectors` module.

   Uses the most efficient *selector* available for the given
   platform.  It is also possible to manually configure the
   exact selector implementation to be used::

      import asyncio
      import selectors

      selector = selectors.SelectSelector()
      loop = asyncio.SelectorEventLoop(selector)
      asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)


   .. availability:: Unix, Windows.


.. class:: ProactorEventLoop

   An event loop for Windows that uses "I/O Completion Ports" (IOCP).

   .. availability:: Windows.

   .. seealso::

      `MSDN documentation on I/O Completion Ports
      <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-ca/windows/desktop/FileIO/i-o-completion-ports>`_.


.. class:: AbstractEventLoop

   Abstract base class for asyncio-compliant event loops.

   The :ref:`Event Loop Methods <asyncio-event-loop>` section lists all
   methods that an alternative implementation of ``AbstractEventLoop``
   should have defined.


Examples
========

Note that all examples in this section **purposefully** show how
to use the low-level event loop APIs, such as :meth:`loop.run_forever`
and :meth:`loop.call_soon`.  Modern asyncio applications rarely
need to be written this way; consider using the high-level functions
like :func:`asyncio.run`.


.. _asyncio_example_lowlevel_helloworld:

Hello World with call_soon()
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

An example using the :meth:`loop.call_soon` method to schedule a
callback. The callback displays ``"Hello World"`` and then stops the
event loop::

    import asyncio

    def hello_world(loop):
        """A callback to print 'Hello World' and stop the event loop"""
        print('Hello World')
        loop.stop()

    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()

    # Schedule a call to hello_world()
    loop.call_soon(hello_world, loop)

    # Blocking call interrupted by loop.stop()
    try:
        loop.run_forever()
    finally:
        loop.close()

.. seealso::

   A similar :ref:`Hello World <coroutine>`
   example created with a coroutine and the :func:`run` function.


.. _asyncio_example_call_later:

Display the current date with call_later()
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

An example of a callback displaying the current date every second. The
callback uses the :meth:`loop.call_later` method to reschedule itself
after 5 seconds, and then stops the event loop::

    import asyncio
    import datetime

    def display_date(end_time, loop):
        print(datetime.datetime.now())
        if (loop.time() + 1.0) < end_time:
            loop.call_later(1, display_date, end_time, loop)
        else:
            loop.stop()

    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()

    # Schedule the first call to display_date()
    end_time = loop.time() + 5.0
    loop.call_soon(display_date, end_time, loop)

    # Blocking call interrupted by loop.stop()
    try:
        loop.run_forever()
    finally:
        loop.close()

.. seealso::

   A similar :ref:`current date <asyncio_example_sleep>` example
   created with a coroutine and the :func:`run` function.


.. _asyncio_example_watch_fd:

Watch a file descriptor for read events
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Wait until a file descriptor received some data using the
:meth:`loop.add_reader` method and then close the event loop::

    import asyncio
    from socket import socketpair

    # Create a pair of connected file descriptors
    rsock, wsock = socketpair()

    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()

    def reader():
        data = rsock.recv(100)
        print("Received:", data.decode())

        # We are done: unregister the file descriptor
        loop.remove_reader(rsock)

        # Stop the event loop
        loop.stop()

    # Register the file descriptor for read event
    loop.add_reader(rsock, reader)

    # Simulate the reception of data from the network
    loop.call_soon(wsock.send, 'abc'.encode())

    try:
        # Run the event loop
        loop.run_forever()
    finally:
        # We are done. Close sockets and the event loop.
        rsock.close()
        wsock.close()
        loop.close()

.. seealso::

   * A similar :ref:`example <asyncio_example_create_connection>`
     using transports, protocols, and the
     :meth:`loop.create_connection` method.

   * Another similar :ref:`example <asyncio_example_create_connection-streams>`
     using the high-level :func:`asyncio.open_connection` function
     and streams.


.. _asyncio_example_unix_signals:

Set signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

(This ``signals`` example only works on Unix.)

Register handlers for signals :py:data:`SIGINT` and :py:data:`SIGTERM`
using the :meth:`loop.add_signal_handler` method::

    import asyncio
    import functools
    import os
    import signal

    def ask_exit(signame, loop):
        print("got signal %s: exit" % signame)
        loop.stop()

    async def main():
        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()

        for signame in {'SIGINT', 'SIGTERM'}:
            loop.add_signal_handler(
                getattr(signal, signame),
                functools.partial(ask_exit, signame, loop))

        await asyncio.sleep(3600)

    print("Event loop running for 1 hour, press Ctrl+C to interrupt.")
    print(f"pid {os.getpid()}: send SIGINT or SIGTERM to exit.")

    asyncio.run(main())