Modules/_elementtree.c

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
 * See http://www.python.org/psf/license for licensing details.
 *
 * _elementtree - C accelerator for xml.etree.ElementTree
 * Copyright (c) 1999-2009 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 1999-2009 by Fredrik Lundh.
 *
 * info@pythonware.com
 * http://www.pythonware.com
 *--------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN

#include "Python.h"
#include "structmember.h"

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/* configuration */

/* An element can hold this many children without extra memory
   allocations. */
#define STATIC_CHILDREN 4

/* For best performance, chose a value so that 80-90% of all nodes
   have no more than the given number of children.  Set this to zero
   to minimize the size of the element structure itself (this only
   helps if you have lots of leaf nodes with attributes). */

/* Also note that pymalloc always allocates blocks in multiples of
   eight bytes.  For the current C version of ElementTree, this means
   that the number of children should be an even number, at least on
   32-bit platforms. */

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

#if 0
static int memory = 0;
#define ALLOC(size, comment)\
do { memory += size; printf("%8d - %s\n", memory, comment); } while (0)
#define RELEASE(size, comment)\
do { memory -= size; printf("%8d - %s\n", memory, comment); } while (0)
#else
#define ALLOC(size, comment)
#define RELEASE(size, comment)
#endif

/* compiler tweaks */
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#define LOCAL(type) static __inline type __fastcall
#else
#define LOCAL(type) static type
#endif

/* macros used to store 'join' flags in string object pointers.  note
   that all use of text and tail as object pointers must be wrapped in
   JOIN_OBJ.  see comments in the ElementObject definition for more
   info. */
#define JOIN_GET(p) ((uintptr_t) (p) & 1)
#define JOIN_SET(p, flag) ((void*) ((uintptr_t) (JOIN_OBJ(p)) | (flag)))
#define JOIN_OBJ(p) ((PyObject*) ((uintptr_t) (p) & ~(uintptr_t)1))

/* Py_SETREF for a PyObject* that uses a join flag. */
Py_LOCAL_INLINE(void)
_set_joined_ptr(PyObject **p, PyObject *new_joined_ptr)
{
    PyObject *tmp = JOIN_OBJ(*p);
    *p = new_joined_ptr;
    Py_DECREF(tmp);
}

/* Py_CLEAR for a PyObject* that uses a join flag. Pass the pointer by
 * reference since this function sets it to NULL.
*/
static void _clear_joined_ptr(PyObject **p)
{
    if (*p) {
        _set_joined_ptr(p, NULL);
    }
}

/* Types defined by this extension */
static PyTypeObject Element_Type;
static PyTypeObject ElementIter_Type;
static PyTypeObject TreeBuilder_Type;
static PyTypeObject XMLParser_Type;


/* Per-module state; PEP 3121 */
typedef struct {
    PyObject *parseerror_obj;
    PyObject *deepcopy_obj;
    PyObject *elementpath_obj;
} elementtreestate;

static struct PyModuleDef elementtreemodule;

/* Given a module object (assumed to be _elementtree), get its per-module
 * state.
 */
#define ET_STATE(mod) ((elementtreestate *) PyModule_GetState(mod))

/* Find the module instance imported in the currently running sub-interpreter
 * and get its state.
 */
#define ET_STATE_GLOBAL \
    ((elementtreestate *) PyModule_GetState(PyState_FindModule(&elementtreemodule)))

static int
elementtree_clear(PyObject *m)
{
    elementtreestate *st = ET_STATE(m);
    Py_CLEAR(st->parseerror_obj);
    Py_CLEAR(st->deepcopy_obj);
    Py_CLEAR(st->elementpath_obj);
    return 0;
}

static int
elementtree_traverse(PyObject *m, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    elementtreestate *st = ET_STATE(m);
    Py_VISIT(st->parseerror_obj);
    Py_VISIT(st->deepcopy_obj);
    Py_VISIT(st->elementpath_obj);
    return 0;
}

static void
elementtree_free(void *m)
{
    elementtree_clear((PyObject *)m);
}

/* helpers */

LOCAL(PyObject*)
list_join(PyObject* list)
{
    /* join list elements */
    PyObject* joiner;
    PyObject* result;

    joiner = PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
    if (!joiner)
        return NULL;
    result = PyUnicode_Join(joiner, list);
    Py_DECREF(joiner);
    return result;
}

/* Is the given object an empty dictionary?
*/
static int
is_empty_dict(PyObject *obj)
{
    return PyDict_CheckExact(obj) && PyDict_GET_SIZE(obj) == 0;
}


/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/* the Element type */

typedef struct {

    /* attributes (a dictionary object), or None if no attributes */
    PyObject* attrib;

    /* child elements */
    Py_ssize_t length; /* actual number of items */
    Py_ssize_t allocated; /* allocated items */

    /* this either points to _children or to a malloced buffer */
    PyObject* *children;

    PyObject* _children[STATIC_CHILDREN];

} ElementObjectExtra;

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD

    /* element tag (a string). */
    PyObject* tag;

    /* text before first child.  note that this is a tagged pointer;
       use JOIN_OBJ to get the object pointer.  the join flag is used
       to distinguish lists created by the tree builder from lists
       assigned to the attribute by application code; the former
       should be joined before being returned to the user, the latter
       should be left intact. */
    PyObject* text;

    /* text after this element, in parent.  note that this is a tagged
       pointer; use JOIN_OBJ to get the object pointer. */
    PyObject* tail;

    ElementObjectExtra* extra;

    PyObject *weakreflist; /* For tp_weaklistoffset */

} ElementObject;


#define Element_CheckExact(op) (Py_TYPE(op) == &Element_Type)
#define Element_Check(op) PyObject_TypeCheck(op, &Element_Type)


/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/* Element constructors and destructor */

LOCAL(int)
create_extra(ElementObject* self, PyObject* attrib)
{
    self->extra = PyObject_Malloc(sizeof(ElementObjectExtra));
    if (!self->extra) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return -1;
    }

    if (!attrib)
        attrib = Py_None;

    Py_INCREF(attrib);
    self->extra->attrib = attrib;

    self->extra->length = 0;
    self->extra->allocated = STATIC_CHILDREN;
    self->extra->children = self->extra->_children;

    return 0;
}

LOCAL(void)
dealloc_extra(ElementObjectExtra *extra)
{
    Py_ssize_t i;

    if (!extra)
        return;

    Py_DECREF(extra->attrib);

    for (i = 0; i < extra->length; i++)
        Py_DECREF(extra->children[i]);

    if (extra->children != extra->_children)
        PyObject_Free(extra->children);

    PyObject_Free(extra);
}

LOCAL(void)
clear_extra(ElementObject* self)
{
    ElementObjectExtra *myextra;

    if (!self->extra)
        return;

    /* Avoid DECREFs calling into this code again (cycles, etc.)
    */
    myextra = self->extra;
    self->extra = NULL;

    dealloc_extra(myextra);
}

/* Convenience internal function to create new Element objects with the given
 * tag and attributes.
*/
LOCAL(PyObject*)
create_new_element(PyObject* tag, PyObject* attrib)
{
    ElementObject* self;

    self = PyObject_GC_New(ElementObject, &Element_Type);
    if (self == NULL)
        return NULL;
    self->extra = NULL;

    Py_INCREF(tag);
    self->tag = tag;

    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    self->text = Py_None;

    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    self->tail = Py_None;

    self->weakreflist = NULL;

    ALLOC(sizeof(ElementObject), "create element");
    PyObject_GC_Track(self);

    if (attrib != Py_None && !is_empty_dict(attrib)) {
        if (create_extra(self, attrib) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(self);
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    return (PyObject*) self;
}

static PyObject *
element_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    ElementObject *e = (ElementObject *)type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
    if (e != NULL) {
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        e->tag = Py_None;

        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        e->text = Py_None;

        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        e->tail = Py_None;

        e->extra = NULL;
        e->weakreflist = NULL;
    }
    return (PyObject *)e;
}

/* Helper function for extracting the attrib dictionary from a keywords dict.
 * This is required by some constructors/functions in this module that can
 * either accept attrib as a keyword argument or all attributes splashed
 * directly into *kwds.
 *
 * Return a dictionary with the content of kwds merged into the content of
 * attrib. If there is no attrib keyword, return a copy of kwds.
 */
static PyObject*
get_attrib_from_keywords(PyObject *kwds)
{
    PyObject *attrib_str = PyUnicode_FromString("attrib");
    if (attrib_str == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyObject *attrib = PyDict_GetItem(kwds, attrib_str);

    if (attrib) {
        /* If attrib was found in kwds, copy its value and remove it from
         * kwds
         */
        if (!PyDict_Check(attrib)) {
            Py_DECREF(attrib_str);
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "attrib must be dict, not %.100s",
                         Py_TYPE(attrib)->tp_name);
            return NULL;
        }
        attrib = PyDict_Copy(attrib);
        if (attrib && PyDict_DelItem(kwds, attrib_str) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(attrib);
            attrib = NULL;
        }
    } else {
        attrib = PyDict_New();
    }

    Py_DECREF(attrib_str);

    if (attrib != NULL && PyDict_Update(attrib, kwds) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(attrib);
        return NULL;
    }
    return attrib;
}

/*[clinic input]
module _elementtree
class _elementtree.Element "ElementObject *" "&Element_Type"
class _elementtree.TreeBuilder "TreeBuilderObject *" "&TreeBuilder_Type"
class _elementtree.XMLParser "XMLParserObject *" "&XMLParser_Type"
[clinic start generated code]*/
/*[clinic end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=159aa50a54061c22]*/

static int
element_init(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    PyObject *tag;
    PyObject *attrib = NULL;
    ElementObject *self_elem;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|O!:Element", &tag, &PyDict_Type, &attrib))
        return -1;

    if (attrib) {
        /* attrib passed as positional arg */
        attrib = PyDict_Copy(attrib);
        if (!attrib)
            return -1;
        if (kwds) {
            if (PyDict_Update(attrib, kwds) < 0) {
                Py_DECREF(attrib);
                return -1;
            }
        }
    } else if (kwds) {
        /* have keywords args */
        attrib = get_attrib_from_keywords(kwds);
        if (!attrib)
            return -1;
    }

    self_elem = (ElementObject *)self;

    if (attrib != NULL && !is_empty_dict(attrib)) {
        if (create_extra(self_elem, attrib) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(attrib);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    /* We own a reference to attrib here and it's no longer needed. */
    Py_XDECREF(attrib);

    /* Replace the objects already pointed to by tag, text and tail. */
    Py_INCREF(tag);
    Py_XSETREF(self_elem->tag, tag);

    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    _set_joined_ptr(&self_elem->text, Py_None);

    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    _set_joined_ptr(&self_elem->tail, Py_None);

    return 0;
}

LOCAL(int)
element_resize(ElementObject* self, Py_ssize_t extra)
{
    Py_ssize_t size;
    PyObject* *children;

    assert(extra >= 0);
    /* make sure self->children can hold the given number of extra
       elements.  set an exception and return -1 if allocation failed */

    if (!self->extra) {
        if (create_extra(self, NULL) < 0)
            return -1;
    }

    size = self->extra->length + extra;  /* never overflows */

    if (size > self->extra->allocated) {
        /* use Python 2.4's list growth strategy */
        size = (size >> 3) + (size < 9 ? 3 : 6) + size;
        /* Coverity CID #182 size_error: Allocating 1 bytes to pointer "children"
         * which needs at least 4 bytes.
         * Although it's a false alarm always assume at least one child to
         * be safe.
         */
        size = size ? size : 1;
        if ((size_t)size > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX/sizeof(PyObject*))
            goto nomemory;
        if (self->extra->children != self->extra->_children) {
            /* Coverity CID #182 size_error: Allocating 1 bytes to pointer
             * "children", which needs at least 4 bytes. Although it's a
             * false alarm always assume at least one child to be safe.
             */
            children = PyObject_Realloc(self->extra->children,
                                        size * sizeof(PyObject*));
            if (!children)
                goto nomemory;
        } else {
            children = PyObject_Malloc(size * sizeof(PyObject*));
            if (!children)
                goto nomemory;
            /* copy existing children from static area to malloc buffer */
            memcpy(children, self->extra->children,
                   self->extra->length * sizeof(PyObject*));
        }
        self->extra->children = children;
        self->extra->allocated = size;
    }

    return 0;

  nomemory:
    PyErr_NoMemory();
    return -1;
}

LOCAL(void)
raise_type_error(PyObject *element)
{
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                 "expected an Element, not \"%.200s\"",
                 Py_TYPE(element)->tp_name);
}

LOCAL(int)
element_add_subelement(ElementObject* self, PyObject* element)
{
    /* add a child element to a parent */

    if (!Element_Check(element)) {
        raise_type_error(element);
        return -1;
    }

    if (element_resize(self, 1) < 0)
        return -1;

    Py_INCREF(element);
    self->extra->children[self->extra->length] = element;

    self->extra->length++;

    return 0;
}

LOCAL(PyObject*)
element_get_attrib(ElementObject* self)
{
    /* return borrowed reference to attrib dictionary */
    /* note: this function assumes that the extra section exists */

    PyObject* res = self->extra->attrib;

    if (res == Py_None) {
        /* create missing dictionary */
        res = PyDict_New();
        if (!res)
            return NULL;
        Py_DECREF(Py_None);
        self->extra->attrib = res;
    }

    return res;
}

LOCAL(PyObject*)
element_get_text(ElementObject* self)
{
    /* return borrowed reference to text attribute */

    PyObject *res = self->text;

    if (JOIN_GET(res)) {
        res = JOIN_OBJ(res);
        if (PyList_CheckExact(res)) {
            PyObject *tmp = list_join(res);
            if (!tmp)
                return NULL;
            self->text = tmp;
            Py_DECREF(res);
            res = tmp;
        }
    }

    return res;
}

LOCAL(PyObject*)
element_get_tail(ElementObject* self)
{
    /* return borrowed reference to text attribute */

    PyObject *res = self->tail;

    if (JOIN_GET(res)) {
        res = JOIN_OBJ(res);
        if (PyList_CheckExact(res)) {
            PyObject *tmp = list_join(res);
            if (!tmp)
                return NULL;
            self->tail = tmp;
            Py_DECREF(res);
            res = tmp;
        }
    }

    return res;
}

static PyObject*
subelement(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    PyObject* elem;

    ElementObject* parent;
    PyObject* tag;
    PyObject* attrib = NULL;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O!O|O!:SubElement",
                          &Element_Type, &parent, &tag,
                          &PyDict_Type, &attrib)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    if (attrib) {
        /* attrib passed as positional arg */
        attrib = PyDict_Copy(attrib);
        if (!attrib)
            return NULL;
        if (kwds != NULL && PyDict_Update(attrib, kwds) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(attrib);
            return NULL;
        }
    } else if (kwds) {
        /* have keyword args */
        attrib = get_attrib_from_keywords(kwds);
        if (!attrib)
            return NULL;
    } else {
        /* no attrib arg, no kwds, so no attribute */
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        attrib = Py_None;
    }

    elem = create_new_element(tag, attrib);
    Py_DECREF(attrib);
    if (elem == NULL)
        return NULL;

    if (element_add_subelement(parent, elem) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(elem);
        return NULL;
    }

    return elem;
}

static int
element_gc_traverse(ElementObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    Py_VISIT(self->tag);
    Py_VISIT(JOIN_OBJ(self->text));
    Py_VISIT(JOIN_OBJ(self->tail));

    if (self->extra) {
        Py_ssize_t i;
        Py_VISIT(self->extra->attrib);

        for (i = 0; i < self->extra->length; ++i)
            Py_VISIT(self->extra->children[i]);
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
element_gc_clear(ElementObject *self)
{
    Py_CLEAR(self->tag);
    _clear_joined_ptr(&self->text);
    _clear_joined_ptr(&self->tail);

    /* After dropping all references from extra, it's no longer valid anyway,
     * so fully deallocate it.
    */
    clear_extra(self);
    return 0;
}

static void
element_dealloc(ElementObject* self)
{
    /* bpo-31095: UnTrack is needed before calling any callbacks */
    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
    Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_BEGIN(self)

    if (self->weakreflist != NULL)
        PyObject_ClearWeakRefs((PyObject *) self);

    /* element_gc_clear clears all references and deallocates extra
    */
    element_gc_clear(self);

    RELEASE(sizeof(ElementObject), "destroy element");
    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *)self);
    Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_END(self)
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.append

    subelement: object(subclass_of='&Element_Type')
    /

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_append_impl(ElementObject *self, PyObject *subelement)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=54a884b7cf2295f4 input=3ed648beb5bfa22a]*/
{
    if (element_add_subelement(self, subelement) < 0)
        return NULL;

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.clear

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_clear_impl(ElementObject *self)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=8bcd7a51f94cfff6 input=3c719ff94bf45dd6]*/
{
    clear_extra(self);

    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    _set_joined_ptr(&self->text, Py_None);

    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    _set_joined_ptr(&self->tail, Py_None);

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.__copy__

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element___copy___impl(ElementObject *self)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=2c701ebff7247781 input=ad87aaebe95675bf]*/
{
    Py_ssize_t i;
    ElementObject* element;

    element = (ElementObject*) create_new_element(
        self->tag, (self->extra) ? self->extra->attrib : Py_None);
    if (!element)
        return NULL;

    Py_INCREF(JOIN_OBJ(self->text));
    _set_joined_ptr(&element->text, self->text);

    Py_INCREF(JOIN_OBJ(self->tail));
    _set_joined_ptr(&element->tail, self->tail);

    assert(!element->extra || !element->extra->length);
    if (self->extra) {
        if (element_resize(element, self->extra->length) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(element);
            return NULL;
        }

        for (i = 0; i < self->extra->length; i++) {
            Py_INCREF(self->extra->children[i]);
            element->extra->children[i] = self->extra->children[i];
        }

        assert(!element->extra->length);
        element->extra->length = self->extra->length;
    }

    return (PyObject*) element;
}

/* Helper for a deep copy. */
LOCAL(PyObject *) deepcopy(PyObject *, PyObject *);

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.__deepcopy__

    memo: object(subclass_of="&PyDict_Type")
    /

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element___deepcopy___impl(ElementObject *self, PyObject *memo)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=eefc3df50465b642 input=a2d40348c0aade10]*/
{
    Py_ssize_t i;
    ElementObject* element;
    PyObject* tag;
    PyObject* attrib;
    PyObject* text;
    PyObject* tail;
    PyObject* id;

    tag = deepcopy(self->tag, memo);
    if (!tag)
        return NULL;

    if (self->extra) {
        attrib = deepcopy(self->extra->attrib, memo);
        if (!attrib) {
            Py_DECREF(tag);
            return NULL;
        }
    } else {
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        attrib = Py_None;
    }

    element = (ElementObject*) create_new_element(tag, attrib);

    Py_DECREF(tag);
    Py_DECREF(attrib);

    if (!element)
        return NULL;

    text = deepcopy(JOIN_OBJ(self->text), memo);
    if (!text)
        goto error;
    _set_joined_ptr(&element->text, JOIN_SET(text, JOIN_GET(self->text)));

    tail = deepcopy(JOIN_OBJ(self->tail), memo);
    if (!tail)
        goto error;
    _set_joined_ptr(&element->tail, JOIN_SET(tail, JOIN_GET(self->tail)));

    assert(!element->extra || !element->extra->length);
    if (self->extra) {
        if (element_resize(element, self->extra->length) < 0)
            goto error;

        for (i = 0; i < self->extra->length; i++) {
            PyObject* child = deepcopy(self->extra->children[i], memo);
            if (!child || !Element_Check(child)) {
                if (child) {
                    raise_type_error(child);
                    Py_DECREF(child);
                }
                element->extra->length = i;
                goto error;
            }
            element->extra->children[i] = child;
        }

        assert(!element->extra->length);
        element->extra->length = self->extra->length;
    }

    /* add object to memo dictionary (so deepcopy won't visit it again) */
    id = PyLong_FromSsize_t((uintptr_t) self);
    if (!id)
        goto error;

    i = PyDict_SetItem(memo, id, (PyObject*) element);

    Py_DECREF(id);

    if (i < 0)
        goto error;

    return (PyObject*) element;

  error:
    Py_DECREF(element);
    return NULL;
}

LOCAL(PyObject *)
deepcopy(PyObject *object, PyObject *memo)
{
    /* do a deep copy of the given object */
    elementtreestate *st;
    PyObject *stack[2];

    /* Fast paths */
    if (object == Py_None || PyUnicode_CheckExact(object)) {
        Py_INCREF(object);
        return object;
    }

    if (Py_REFCNT(object) == 1) {
        if (PyDict_CheckExact(object)) {
            PyObject *key, *value;
            Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
            int simple = 1;
            while (PyDict_Next(object, &pos, &key, &value)) {
                if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(key) || !PyUnicode_CheckExact(value)) {
                    simple = 0;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (simple)
                return PyDict_Copy(object);
            /* Fall through to general case */
        }
        else if (Element_CheckExact(object)) {
            return _elementtree_Element___deepcopy___impl(
                (ElementObject *)object, memo);
        }
    }

    /* General case */
    st = ET_STATE_GLOBAL;
    if (!st->deepcopy_obj) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
                        "deepcopy helper not found");
        return NULL;
    }

    stack[0] = object;
    stack[1] = memo;
    return _PyObject_FastCall(st->deepcopy_obj, stack, 2);
}


/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.__sizeof__ -> Py_ssize_t

[clinic start generated code]*/

static Py_ssize_t
_elementtree_Element___sizeof___impl(ElementObject *self)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=bf73867721008000 input=70f4b323d55a17c1]*/
{
    Py_ssize_t result = _PyObject_SIZE(Py_TYPE(self));
    if (self->extra) {
        result += sizeof(ElementObjectExtra);
        if (self->extra->children != self->extra->_children)
            result += sizeof(PyObject*) * self->extra->allocated;
    }
    return result;
}

/* dict keys for getstate/setstate. */
#define PICKLED_TAG "tag"
#define PICKLED_CHILDREN "_children"
#define PICKLED_ATTRIB "attrib"
#define PICKLED_TAIL "tail"
#define PICKLED_TEXT "text"

/* __getstate__ returns a fabricated instance dict as in the pure-Python
 * Element implementation, for interoperability/interchangeability.  This
 * makes the pure-Python implementation details an API, but (a) there aren't
 * any unnecessary structures there; and (b) it buys compatibility with 3.2
 * pickles.  See issue #16076.
 */
/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.__getstate__

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element___getstate___impl(ElementObject *self)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=37279aeeb6bb5b04 input=f0d16d7ec2f7adc1]*/
{
    Py_ssize_t i, noattrib;
    PyObject *instancedict = NULL, *children;

    /* Build a list of children. */
    children = PyList_New(self->extra ? self->extra->length : 0);
    if (!children)
        return NULL;
    for (i = 0; i < PyList_GET_SIZE(children); i++) {
        PyObject *child = self->extra->children[i];
        Py_INCREF(child);
        PyList_SET_ITEM(children, i, child);
    }

    /* Construct the state object. */
    noattrib = (self->extra == NULL || self->extra->attrib == Py_None);
    if (noattrib)
        instancedict = Py_BuildValue("{sOsOs{}sOsO}",
                                     PICKLED_TAG, self->tag,
                                     PICKLED_CHILDREN, children,
                                     PICKLED_ATTRIB,
                                     PICKLED_TEXT, JOIN_OBJ(self->text),
                                     PICKLED_TAIL, JOIN_OBJ(self->tail));
    else
        instancedict = Py_BuildValue("{sOsOsOsOsO}",
                                     PICKLED_TAG, self->tag,
                                     PICKLED_CHILDREN, children,
                                     PICKLED_ATTRIB, self->extra->attrib,
                                     PICKLED_TEXT, JOIN_OBJ(self->text),
                                     PICKLED_TAIL, JOIN_OBJ(self->tail));
    if (instancedict) {
        Py_DECREF(children);
        return instancedict;
    }
    else {
        for (i = 0; i < PyList_GET_SIZE(children); i++)
            Py_DECREF(PyList_GET_ITEM(children, i));
        Py_DECREF(children);

        return NULL;
    }
}

static PyObject *
element_setstate_from_attributes(ElementObject *self,
                                 PyObject *tag,
                                 PyObject *attrib,
                                 PyObject *text,
                                 PyObject *tail,
                                 PyObject *children)
{
    Py_ssize_t i, nchildren;
    ElementObjectExtra *oldextra = NULL;

    if (!tag) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "tag may not be NULL");
        return NULL;
    }

    Py_INCREF(tag);
    Py_XSETREF(self->tag, tag);

    text = text ? JOIN_SET(text, PyList_CheckExact(text)) : Py_None;
    Py_INCREF(JOIN_OBJ(text));
    _set_joined_ptr(&self->text, text);

    tail = tail ? JOIN_SET(tail, PyList_CheckExact(tail)) : Py_None;
    Py_INCREF(JOIN_OBJ(tail));
    _set_joined_ptr(&self->tail, tail);

    /* Handle ATTRIB and CHILDREN. */
    if (!children && !attrib) {
        Py_RETURN_NONE;
    }

    /* Compute 'nchildren'. */
    if (children) {
        if (!PyList_Check(children)) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "'_children' is not a list");
            return NULL;
        }
        nchildren = PyList_GET_SIZE(children);

        /* (Re-)allocate 'extra'.
           Avoid DECREFs calling into this code again (cycles, etc.)
         */
        oldextra = self->extra;
        self->extra = NULL;
        if (element_resize(self, nchildren)) {
            assert(!self->extra || !self->extra->length);
            clear_extra(self);
            self->extra = oldextra;
            return NULL;
        }
        assert(self->extra);
        assert(self->extra->allocated >= nchildren);
        if (oldextra) {
            assert(self->extra->attrib == Py_None);
            self->extra->attrib = oldextra->attrib;
            oldextra->attrib = Py_None;
        }

        /* Copy children */
        for (i = 0; i < nchildren; i++) {
            PyObject *child = PyList_GET_ITEM(children, i);
            if (!Element_Check(child)) {
                raise_type_error(child);
                self->extra->length = i;
                dealloc_extra(oldextra);
                return NULL;
            }
            Py_INCREF(child);
            self->extra->children[i] = child;
        }

        assert(!self->extra->length);
        self->extra->length = nchildren;
    }
    else {
        if (element_resize(self, 0)) {
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    /* Stash attrib. */
    if (attrib) {
        Py_INCREF(attrib);
        Py_XSETREF(self->extra->attrib, attrib);
    }
    dealloc_extra(oldextra);

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

/* __setstate__ for Element instance from the Python implementation.
 * 'state' should be the instance dict.
 */

static PyObject *
element_setstate_from_Python(ElementObject *self, PyObject *state)
{
    static char *kwlist[] = {PICKLED_TAG, PICKLED_ATTRIB, PICKLED_TEXT,
                             PICKLED_TAIL, PICKLED_CHILDREN, 0};
    PyObject *args;
    PyObject *tag, *attrib, *text, *tail, *children;
    PyObject *retval;

    tag = attrib = text = tail = children = NULL;
    args = PyTuple_New(0);
    if (!args)
        return NULL;

    if (PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, state, "|$OOOOO", kwlist, &tag,
                                    &attrib, &text, &tail, &children))
        retval = element_setstate_from_attributes(self, tag, attrib, text,
                                                  tail, children);
    else
        retval = NULL;

    Py_DECREF(args);
    return retval;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.__setstate__

    state: object
    /

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element___setstate__(ElementObject *self, PyObject *state)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=ea28bf3491b1f75e input=aaf80abea7c1e3b9]*/
{
    if (!PyDict_CheckExact(state)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "Don't know how to unpickle \"%.200R\" as an Element",
                     state);
        return NULL;
    }
    else
        return element_setstate_from_Python(self, state);
}

LOCAL(int)
checkpath(PyObject* tag)
{
    Py_ssize_t i;
    int check = 1;

    /* check if a tag contains an xpath character */

#define PATHCHAR(ch) \
    (ch == '/' || ch == '*' || ch == '[' || ch == '@' || ch == '.')

    if (PyUnicode_Check(tag)) {
        const Py_ssize_t len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(tag);
        void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(tag);
        unsigned int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(tag);
        for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
            if (ch == '{')
                check = 0;
            else if (ch == '}')
                check = 1;
            else if (check && PATHCHAR(ch))
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
    }
    if (PyBytes_Check(tag)) {
        char *p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(tag);
        for (i = 0; i < PyBytes_GET_SIZE(tag); i++) {
            if (p[i] == '{')
                check = 0;
            else if (p[i] == '}')
                check = 1;
            else if (check && PATHCHAR(p[i]))
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
    }

    return 1; /* unknown type; might be path expression */
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.extend

    elements: object
    /

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_extend(ElementObject *self, PyObject *elements)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=f6e67fc2ff529191 input=807bc4f31c69f7c0]*/
{
    PyObject* seq;
    Py_ssize_t i;

    seq = PySequence_Fast(elements, "");
    if (!seq) {
        PyErr_Format(
            PyExc_TypeError,
            "expected sequence, not \"%.200s\"", Py_TYPE(elements)->tp_name
            );
        return NULL;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(seq); i++) {
        PyObject* element = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, i);
        Py_INCREF(element);
        if (element_add_subelement(self, element) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(seq);
            Py_DECREF(element);
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_DECREF(element);
    }

    Py_DECREF(seq);

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.find

    path: object
    namespaces: object = None

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_find_impl(ElementObject *self, PyObject *path,
                               PyObject *namespaces)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=41b43f0f0becafae input=359b6985f6489d2e]*/
{
    Py_ssize_t i;
    elementtreestate *st = ET_STATE_GLOBAL;

    if (checkpath(path) || namespaces != Py_None) {
        _Py_IDENTIFIER(find);
        return _PyObject_CallMethodIdObjArgs(
            st->elementpath_obj, &PyId_find, self, path, namespaces, NULL
            );
    }

    if (!self->extra)
        Py_RETURN_NONE;

    for (i = 0; i < self->extra->length; i++) {
        PyObject* item = self->extra->children[i];
        int rc;
        assert(Element_Check(item));
        Py_INCREF(item);
        rc = PyObject_RichCompareBool(((ElementObject*)item)->tag, path, Py_EQ);
        if (rc > 0)
            return item;
        Py_DECREF(item);
        if (rc < 0)
            return NULL;
    }

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.findtext

    path: object
    default: object = None
    namespaces: object = None

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_findtext_impl(ElementObject *self, PyObject *path,
                                   PyObject *default_value,
                                   PyObject *namespaces)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=83b3ba4535d308d2 input=b53a85aa5aa2a916]*/
{
    Py_ssize_t i;
    _Py_IDENTIFIER(findtext);
    elementtreestate *st = ET_STATE_GLOBAL;

    if (checkpath(path) || namespaces != Py_None)
        return _PyObject_CallMethodIdObjArgs(
            st->elementpath_obj, &PyId_findtext,
            self, path, default_value, namespaces, NULL
            );

    if (!self->extra) {
        Py_INCREF(default_value);
        return default_value;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < self->extra->length; i++) {
        PyObject *item = self->extra->children[i];
        int rc;
        assert(Element_Check(item));
        Py_INCREF(item);
        rc = PyObject_RichCompareBool(((ElementObject*)item)->tag, path, Py_EQ);
        if (rc > 0) {
            PyObject* text = element_get_text((ElementObject*)item);
            if (text == Py_None) {
                Py_DECREF(item);
                return PyUnicode_New(0, 0);
            }
            Py_XINCREF(text);
            Py_DECREF(item);
            return text;
        }
        Py_DECREF(item);
        if (rc < 0)
            return NULL;
    }

    Py_INCREF(default_value);
    return default_value;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.findall

    path: object
    namespaces: object = None

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_findall_impl(ElementObject *self, PyObject *path,
                                  PyObject *namespaces)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=1a0bd9f5541b711d input=4d9e6505a638550c]*/
{
    Py_ssize_t i;
    PyObject* out;
    elementtreestate *st = ET_STATE_GLOBAL;

    if (checkpath(path) || namespaces != Py_None) {
        _Py_IDENTIFIER(findall);
        return _PyObject_CallMethodIdObjArgs(
            st->elementpath_obj, &PyId_findall, self, path, namespaces, NULL
            );
    }

    out = PyList_New(0);
    if (!out)
        return NULL;

    if (!self->extra)
        return out;

    for (i = 0; i < self->extra->length; i++) {
        PyObject* item = self->extra->children[i];
        int rc;
        assert(Element_Check(item));
        Py_INCREF(item);
        rc = PyObject_RichCompareBool(((ElementObject*)item)->tag, path, Py_EQ);
        if (rc != 0 && (rc < 0 || PyList_Append(out, item) < 0)) {
            Py_DECREF(item);
            Py_DECREF(out);
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_DECREF(item);
    }

    return out;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.iterfind

    path: object
    namespaces: object = None

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_iterfind_impl(ElementObject *self, PyObject *path,
                                   PyObject *namespaces)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=ecdd56d63b19d40f input=abb974e350fb65c7]*/
{
    PyObject* tag = path;
    _Py_IDENTIFIER(iterfind);
    elementtreestate *st = ET_STATE_GLOBAL;

    return _PyObject_CallMethodIdObjArgs(
        st->elementpath_obj, &PyId_iterfind, self, tag, namespaces, NULL);
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.get

    key: object
    default: object = None

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_get_impl(ElementObject *self, PyObject *key,
                              PyObject *default_value)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=523c614142595d75 input=ee153bbf8cdb246e]*/
{
    PyObject* value;

    if (!self->extra || self->extra->attrib == Py_None)
        value = default_value;
    else {
        value = PyDict_GetItem(self->extra->attrib, key);
        if (!value)
            value = default_value;
    }

    Py_INCREF(value);
    return value;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.getchildren

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_getchildren_impl(ElementObject *self)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=e50ffe118637b14f input=0f754dfded150d5f]*/
{
    Py_ssize_t i;
    PyObject* list;

    if (PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_DeprecationWarning,
                     "This method will be removed in future versions.  "
                     "Use 'list(elem)' or iteration over elem instead.",
                     1) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }

    if (!self->extra)
        return PyList_New(0);

    list = PyList_New(self->extra->length);
    if (!list)
        return NULL;

    for (i = 0; i < self->extra->length; i++) {
        PyObject* item = self->extra->children[i];
        Py_INCREF(item);
        PyList_SET_ITEM(list, i, item);
    }

    return list;
}


static PyObject *
create_elementiter(ElementObject *self, PyObject *tag, int gettext);


/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.iter

    tag: object = None

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_iter_impl(ElementObject *self, PyObject *tag)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=3f49f9a862941cc5 input=774d5b12e573aedd]*/
{
    if (PyUnicode_Check(tag)) {
        if (PyUnicode_READY(tag) < 0)
            return NULL;
        if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(tag) == 1 && PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(tag, 0) == '*')
            tag = Py_None;
    }
    else if (PyBytes_Check(tag)) {
        if (PyBytes_GET_SIZE(tag) == 1 && *PyBytes_AS_STRING(tag) == '*')
            tag = Py_None;
    }

    return create_elementiter(self, tag, 0);
}


/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.getiterator

    tag: object = None

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_getiterator_impl(ElementObject *self, PyObject *tag)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=cb69ff4a3742dfa1 input=500da1a03f7b9e28]*/
{
    if (PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_DeprecationWarning,
                     "This method will be removed in future versions.  "
                     "Use 'tree.iter()' or 'list(tree.iter())' instead.",
                     1) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    return _elementtree_Element_iter_impl(self, tag);
}


/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.itertext

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_itertext_impl(ElementObject *self)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=5fa34b2fbcb65df6 input=af8f0e42cb239c89]*/
{
    return create_elementiter(self, Py_None, 1);
}


static PyObject*
element_getitem(PyObject* self_, Py_ssize_t index)
{
    ElementObject* self = (ElementObject*) self_;

    if (!self->extra || index < 0 || index >= self->extra->length) {
        PyErr_SetString(
            PyExc_IndexError,
            "child index out of range"
            );
        return NULL;
    }

    Py_INCREF(self->extra->children[index]);
    return self->extra->children[index];
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.insert

    index: Py_ssize_t
    subelement: object(subclass_of='&Element_Type')
    /

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_insert_impl(ElementObject *self, Py_ssize_t index,
                                 PyObject *subelement)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=990adfef4d424c0b input=cd6fbfcdab52d7a8]*/
{
    Py_ssize_t i;

    if (!self->extra) {
        if (create_extra(self, NULL) < 0)
            return NULL;
    }

    if (index < 0) {
        index += self->extra->length;
        if (index < 0)
            index = 0;
    }
    if (index > self->extra->length)
        index = self->extra->length;

    if (element_resize(self, 1) < 0)
        return NULL;

    for (i = self->extra->length; i > index; i--)
        self->extra->children[i] = self->extra->children[i-1];

    Py_INCREF(subelement);
    self->extra->children[index] = subelement;

    self->extra->length++;

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.items

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_items_impl(ElementObject *self)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=6db2c778ce3f5a4d input=adbe09aaea474447]*/
{
    if (!self->extra || self->extra->attrib == Py_None)
        return PyList_New(0);

    return PyDict_Items(self->extra->attrib);
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.keys

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_keys_impl(ElementObject *self)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=bc5bfabbf20eeb3c input=f02caf5b496b5b0b]*/
{
    if (!self->extra || self->extra->attrib == Py_None)
        return PyList_New(0);

    return PyDict_Keys(self->extra->attrib);
}

static Py_ssize_t
element_length(ElementObject* self)
{
    if (!self->extra)
        return 0;

    return self->extra->length;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.makeelement

    tag: object
    attrib: object
    /

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_makeelement_impl(ElementObject *self, PyObject *tag,
                                      PyObject *attrib)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=4109832d5bb789ef input=9480d1d2e3e68235]*/
{
    PyObject* elem;

    attrib = PyDict_Copy(attrib);
    if (!attrib)
        return NULL;

    elem = create_new_element(tag, attrib);

    Py_DECREF(attrib);

    return elem;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.remove

    subelement: object(subclass_of='&Element_Type')
    /

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_remove_impl(ElementObject *self, PyObject *subelement)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=38fe6c07d6d87d1f input=d52fc28ededc0bd8]*/
{
    Py_ssize_t i;
    int rc;
    PyObject *found;

    if (!self->extra) {
        /* element has no children, so raise exception */
        PyErr_SetString(
            PyExc_ValueError,
            "list.remove(x): x not in list"
            );
        return NULL;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < self->extra->length; i++) {
        if (self->extra->children[i] == subelement)
            break;
        rc = PyObject_RichCompareBool(self->extra->children[i], subelement, Py_EQ);
        if (rc > 0)
            break;
        if (rc < 0)
            return NULL;
    }

    if (i >= self->extra->length) {
        /* subelement is not in children, so raise exception */
        PyErr_SetString(
            PyExc_ValueError,
            "list.remove(x): x not in list"
            );
        return NULL;
    }

    found = self->extra->children[i];

    self->extra->length--;
    for (; i < self->extra->length; i++)
        self->extra->children[i] = self->extra->children[i+1];

    Py_DECREF(found);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject*
element_repr(ElementObject* self)
{
    int status;

    if (self->tag == NULL)
        return PyUnicode_FromFormat("<Element at %p>", self);

    status = Py_ReprEnter((PyObject *)self);
    if (status == 0) {
        PyObject *res;
        res = PyUnicode_FromFormat("<Element %R at %p>", self->tag, self);
        Py_ReprLeave((PyObject *)self);
        return res;
    }
    if (status > 0)
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
                     "reentrant call inside %s.__repr__",
                     Py_TYPE(self)->tp_name);
    return NULL;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.Element.set

    key: object
    value: object
    /

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_Element_set_impl(ElementObject *self, PyObject *key,
                              PyObject *value)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=fb938806be3c5656 input=1efe90f7d82b3fe9]*/
{
    PyObject* attrib;

    if (!self->extra) {
        if (create_extra(self, NULL) < 0)
            return NULL;
    }

    attrib = element_get_attrib(self);
    if (!attrib)
        return NULL;

    if (PyDict_SetItem(attrib, key, value) < 0)
        return NULL;

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static int
element_setitem(PyObject* self_, Py_ssize_t index, PyObject* item)
{
    ElementObject* self = (ElementObject*) self_;
    Py_ssize_t i;
    PyObject* old;

    if (!self->extra || index < 0 || index >= self->extra->length) {
        PyErr_SetString(
            PyExc_IndexError,
            "child assignment index out of range");
        return -1;
    }

    old = self->extra->children[index];

    if (item) {
        if (!Element_Check(item)) {
            raise_type_error(item);
            return -1;
        }
        Py_INCREF(item);
        self->extra->children[index] = item;
    } else {
        self->extra->length--;
        for (i = index; i < self->extra->length; i++)
            self->extra->children[i] = self->extra->children[i+1];
    }

    Py_DECREF(old);

    return 0;
}

static PyObject*
element_subscr(PyObject* self_, PyObject* item)
{
    ElementObject* self = (ElementObject*) self_;

    if (PyIndex_Check(item)) {
        Py_ssize_t i = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(item, PyExc_IndexError);

        if (i == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
            return NULL;
        }
        if (i < 0 && self->extra)
            i += self->extra->length;
        return element_getitem(self_, i);
    }
    else if (PySlice_Check(item)) {
        Py_ssize_t start, stop, step, slicelen, cur, i;
        PyObject* list;

        if (!self->extra)
            return PyList_New(0);

        if (PySlice_Unpack(item, &start, &stop, &step) < 0) {
            return NULL;
        }
        slicelen = PySlice_AdjustIndices(self->extra->length, &start, &stop,
                                         step);

        if (slicelen <= 0)
            return PyList_New(0);
        else {
            list = PyList_New(slicelen);
            if (!list)
                return NULL;

            for (cur = start, i = 0; i < slicelen;
                 cur += step, i++) {
                PyObject* item = self->extra->children[cur];
                Py_INCREF(item);
                PyList_SET_ITEM(list, i, item);
            }

            return list;
        }
    }
    else {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                "element indices must be integers");
        return NULL;
    }
}

static int
element_ass_subscr(PyObject* self_, PyObject* item, PyObject* value)
{
    ElementObject* self = (ElementObject*) self_;

    if (PyIndex_Check(item)) {
        Py_ssize_t i = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(item, PyExc_IndexError);

        if (i == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
            return -1;
        }
        if (i < 0 && self->extra)
            i += self->extra->length;
        return element_setitem(self_, i, value);
    }
    else if (PySlice_Check(item)) {
        Py_ssize_t start, stop, step, slicelen, newlen, cur, i;

        PyObject* recycle = NULL;
        PyObject* seq;

        if (!self->extra) {
            if (create_extra(self, NULL) < 0)
                return -1;
        }

        if (PySlice_Unpack(item, &start, &stop, &step) < 0) {
            return -1;
        }
        slicelen = PySlice_AdjustIndices(self->extra->length, &start, &stop,
                                         step);

        if (value == NULL) {
            /* Delete slice */
            size_t cur;
            Py_ssize_t i;

            if (slicelen <= 0)
                return 0;

            /* Since we're deleting, the direction of the range doesn't matter,
             * so for simplicity make it always ascending.
            */
            if (step < 0) {
                stop = start + 1;
                start = stop + step * (slicelen - 1) - 1;
                step = -step;
            }

            assert((size_t)slicelen <= SIZE_MAX / sizeof(PyObject *));

            /* recycle is a list that will contain all the children
             * scheduled for removal.
            */
            if (!(recycle = PyList_New(slicelen))) {
                return -1;
            }

            /* This loop walks over all the children that have to be deleted,
             * with cur pointing at them. num_moved is the amount of children
             * until the next deleted child that have to be "shifted down" to
             * occupy the deleted's places.
             * Note that in the ith iteration, shifting is done i+i places down
             * because i children were already removed.
            */
            for (cur = start, i = 0; cur < (size_t)stop; cur += step, ++i) {
                /* Compute how many children have to be moved, clipping at the
                 * list end.
                */
                Py_ssize_t num_moved = step - 1;
                if (cur + step >= (size_t)self->extra->length) {
                    num_moved = self->extra->length - cur - 1;
                }

                PyList_SET_ITEM(recycle, i, self->extra->children[cur]);

                memmove(
                    self->extra->children + cur - i,
                    self->extra->children + cur + 1,
                    num_moved * sizeof(PyObject *));
            }

            /* Leftover "tail" after the last removed child */
            cur = start + (size_t)slicelen * step;
            if (cur < (size_t)self->extra->length) {
                memmove(
                    self->extra->children + cur - slicelen,
                    self->extra->children + cur,
                    (self->extra->length - cur) * sizeof(PyObject *));
            }

            self->extra->length -= slicelen;

            /* Discard the recycle list with all the deleted sub-elements */
            Py_DECREF(recycle);
            return 0;
        }

        /* A new slice is actually being assigned */
        seq = PySequence_Fast(value, "");
        if (!seq) {
            PyErr_Format(
                PyExc_TypeError,
                "expected sequence, not \"%.200s\"", Py_TYPE(value)->tp_name
                );
            return -1;
        }
        newlen = PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(seq);

        if (step !=  1 && newlen != slicelen)
        {
            Py_DECREF(seq);
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                "attempt to assign sequence of size %zd "
                "to extended slice of size %zd",
                newlen, slicelen
                );
            return -1;
        }

        /* Resize before creating the recycle bin, to prevent refleaks. */
        if (newlen > slicelen) {
            if (element_resize(self, newlen - slicelen) < 0) {
                Py_DECREF(seq);
                return -1;
            }
        }

        for (i = 0; i < newlen; i++) {
            PyObject *element = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, i);
            if (!Element_Check(element)) {
                raise_type_error(element);
                Py_DECREF(seq);
                return -1;
            }
        }

        if (slicelen > 0) {
            /* to avoid recursive calls to this method (via decref), move
               old items to the recycle bin here, and get rid of them when
               we're done modifying the element */
            recycle = PyList_New(slicelen);
            if (!recycle) {
                Py_DECREF(seq);
                return -1;
            }
            for (cur = start, i = 0; i < slicelen;
                 cur += step, i++)
                PyList_SET_ITEM(recycle, i, self->extra->children[cur]);
        }

        if (newlen < slicelen) {
            /* delete slice */
            for (i = stop; i < self->extra->length; i++)
                self->extra->children[i + newlen - slicelen] = self->extra->children[i];
        } else if (newlen > slicelen) {
            /* insert slice */
            for (i = self->extra->length-1; i >= stop; i--)
                self->extra->children[i + newlen - slicelen] = self->extra->children[i];
        }

        /* replace the slice */
        for (cur = start, i = 0; i < newlen;
             cur += step, i++) {
            PyObject* element = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, i);
            Py_INCREF(element);
            self->extra->children[cur] = element;
        }

        self->extra->length += newlen - slicelen;

        Py_DECREF(seq);

        /* discard the recycle bin, and everything in it */
        Py_XDECREF(recycle);

        return 0;
    }
    else {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                "element indices must be integers");
        return -1;
    }
}

static PyObject*
element_tag_getter(ElementObject *self, void *closure)
{
    PyObject *res = self->tag;
    Py_INCREF(res);
    return res;
}

static PyObject*
element_text_getter(ElementObject *self, void *closure)
{
    PyObject *res = element_get_text(self);
    Py_XINCREF(res);
    return res;
}

static PyObject*
element_tail_getter(ElementObject *self, void *closure)
{
    PyObject *res = element_get_tail(self);
    Py_XINCREF(res);
    return res;
}

static PyObject*
element_attrib_getter(ElementObject *self, void *closure)
{
    PyObject *res;
    if (!self->extra) {
        if (create_extra(self, NULL) < 0)
            return NULL;
    }
    res = element_get_attrib(self);
    Py_XINCREF(res);
    return res;
}

/* macro for setter validation */
#define _VALIDATE_ATTR_VALUE(V)                     \
    if ((V) == NULL) {                              \
        PyErr_SetString(                            \
            PyExc_AttributeError,                   \
            "can't delete element attribute");      \
        return -1;                                  \
    }

static int
element_tag_setter(ElementObject *self, PyObject *value, void *closure)
{
    _VALIDATE_ATTR_VALUE(value);
    Py_INCREF(value);
    Py_SETREF(self->tag, value);
    return 0;
}

static int
element_text_setter(ElementObject *self, PyObject *value, void *closure)
{
    _VALIDATE_ATTR_VALUE(value);
    Py_INCREF(value);
    _set_joined_ptr(&self->text, value);
    return 0;
}

static int
element_tail_setter(ElementObject *self, PyObject *value, void *closure)
{
    _VALIDATE_ATTR_VALUE(value);
    Py_INCREF(value);
    _set_joined_ptr(&self->tail, value);
    return 0;
}

static int
element_attrib_setter(ElementObject *self, PyObject *value, void *closure)
{
    _VALIDATE_ATTR_VALUE(value);
    if (!self->extra) {
        if (create_extra(self, NULL) < 0)
            return -1;
    }
    Py_INCREF(value);
    Py_SETREF(self->extra->attrib, value);
    return 0;
}

static PySequenceMethods element_as_sequence = {
    (lenfunc) element_length,
    0, /* sq_concat */
    0, /* sq_repeat */
    element_getitem,
    0,
    element_setitem,
    0,
};

/******************************* Element iterator ****************************/

/* ElementIterObject represents the iteration state over an XML element in
 * pre-order traversal. To keep track of which sub-element should be returned
 * next, a stack of parents is maintained. This is a standard stack-based
 * iterative pre-order traversal of a tree.
 * The stack is managed using a continuous array.
 * Each stack item contains the saved parent to which we should return after
 * the current one is exhausted, and the next child to examine in that parent.
 */
typedef struct ParentLocator_t {
    ElementObject *parent;
    Py_ssize_t child_index;
} ParentLocator;

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    ParentLocator *parent_stack;
    Py_ssize_t parent_stack_used;
    Py_ssize_t parent_stack_size;
    ElementObject *root_element;
    PyObject *sought_tag;
    int gettext;
} ElementIterObject;


static void
elementiter_dealloc(ElementIterObject *it)
{
    Py_ssize_t i = it->parent_stack_used;
    it->parent_stack_used = 0;
    /* bpo-31095: UnTrack is needed before calling any callbacks */
    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(it);
    while (i--)
        Py_XDECREF(it->parent_stack[i].parent);
    PyMem_Free(it->parent_stack);

    Py_XDECREF(it->sought_tag);
    Py_XDECREF(it->root_element);

    PyObject_GC_Del(it);
}

static int
elementiter_traverse(ElementIterObject *it, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    Py_ssize_t i = it->parent_stack_used;
    while (i--)
        Py_VISIT(it->parent_stack[i].parent);

    Py_VISIT(it->root_element);
    Py_VISIT(it->sought_tag);
    return 0;
}

/* Helper function for elementiter_next. Add a new parent to the parent stack.
 */
static int
parent_stack_push_new(ElementIterObject *it, ElementObject *parent)
{
    ParentLocator *item;

    if (it->parent_stack_used >= it->parent_stack_size) {
        Py_ssize_t new_size = it->parent_stack_size * 2;  /* never overflow */
        ParentLocator *parent_stack = it->parent_stack;
        PyMem_Resize(parent_stack, ParentLocator, new_size);
        if (parent_stack == NULL)
            return -1;
        it->parent_stack = parent_stack;
        it->parent_stack_size = new_size;
    }
    item = it->parent_stack + it->parent_stack_used++;
    Py_INCREF(parent);
    item->parent = parent;
    item->child_index = 0;
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
elementiter_next(ElementIterObject *it)
{
    /* Sub-element iterator.
     *
     * A short note on gettext: this function serves both the iter() and
     * itertext() methods to avoid code duplication. However, there are a few
     * small differences in the way these iterations work. Namely:
     *   - itertext() only yields text from nodes that have it, and continues
     *     iterating when a node doesn't have text (so it doesn't return any
     *     node like iter())
     *   - itertext() also has to handle tail, after finishing with all the
     *     children of a node.
     */
    int rc;
    ElementObject *elem;
    PyObject *text;

    while (1) {
        /* Handle the case reached in the beginning and end of iteration, where
         * the parent stack is empty. If root_element is NULL and we're here, the
         * iterator is exhausted.
         */
        if (!it->parent_stack_used) {
            if (!it->root_element) {
                PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_StopIteration);
                return NULL;
            }

            elem = it->root_element;  /* steals a reference */
            it->root_element = NULL;
        }
        else {
            /* See if there are children left to traverse in the current parent. If
             * yes, visit the next child. If not, pop the stack and try again.
             */
            ParentLocator *item = &it->parent_stack[it->parent_stack_used - 1];
            Py_ssize_t child_index = item->child_index;
            ElementObjectExtra *extra;
            elem = item->parent;
            extra = elem->extra;
            if (!extra || child_index >= extra->length) {
                it->parent_stack_used--;
                /* Note that extra condition on it->parent_stack_used here;
                 * this is because itertext() is supposed to only return *inner*
                 * text, not text following the element it began iteration with.
                 */
                if (it->gettext && it->parent_stack_used) {
                    text = element_get_tail(elem);
                    goto gettext;
                }
                Py_DECREF(elem);
                continue;
            }

            assert(Element_Check(extra->children[child_index]));
            elem = (ElementObject *)extra->children[child_index];
            item->child_index++;
            Py_INCREF(elem);
        }

        if (parent_stack_push_new(it, elem) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(elem);
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return NULL;
        }
        if (it->gettext) {
            text = element_get_text(elem);
            goto gettext;
        }

        if (it->sought_tag == Py_None)
            return (PyObject *)elem;

        rc = PyObject_RichCompareBool(elem->tag, it->sought_tag, Py_EQ);
        if (rc > 0)
            return (PyObject *)elem;

        Py_DECREF(elem);
        if (rc < 0)
            return NULL;
        continue;

gettext:
        if (!text) {
            Py_DECREF(elem);
            return NULL;
        }
        if (text == Py_None) {
            Py_DECREF(elem);
        }
        else {
            Py_INCREF(text);
            Py_DECREF(elem);
            rc = PyObject_IsTrue(text);
            if (rc > 0)
                return text;
            Py_DECREF(text);
            if (rc < 0)
                return NULL;
        }
    }

    return NULL;
}


static PyTypeObject ElementIter_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    /* Using the module's name since the pure-Python implementation does not
       have such a type. */
    "_elementtree._element_iterator",           /* tp_name */
    sizeof(ElementIterObject),                  /* tp_basicsize */
    0,                                          /* tp_itemsize */
    /* methods */
    (destructor)elementiter_dealloc,            /* tp_dealloc */
    0,                                          /* tp_print */
    0,                                          /* tp_getattr */
    0,                                          /* tp_setattr */
    0,                                          /* tp_reserved */
    0,                                          /* tp_repr */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_number */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_sequence */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_mapping */
    0,                                          /* tp_hash */
    0,                                          /* tp_call */
    0,                                          /* tp_str */
    0,                                          /* tp_getattro */
    0,                                          /* tp_setattro */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_buffer */
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,    /* tp_flags */
    0,                                          /* tp_doc */
    (traverseproc)elementiter_traverse,         /* tp_traverse */
    0,                                          /* tp_clear */
    0,                                          /* tp_richcompare */
    0,                                          /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    PyObject_SelfIter,                          /* tp_iter */
    (iternextfunc)elementiter_next,             /* tp_iternext */
    0,                                          /* tp_methods */
    0,                                          /* tp_members */
    0,                                          /* tp_getset */
    0,                                          /* tp_base */
    0,                                          /* tp_dict */
    0,                                          /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                                          /* tp_descr_set */
    0,                                          /* tp_dictoffset */
    0,                                          /* tp_init */
    0,                                          /* tp_alloc */
    0,                                          /* tp_new */
};

#define INIT_PARENT_STACK_SIZE 8

static PyObject *
create_elementiter(ElementObject *self, PyObject *tag, int gettext)
{
    ElementIterObject *it;

    it = PyObject_GC_New(ElementIterObject, &ElementIter_Type);
    if (!it)
        return NULL;

    Py_INCREF(tag);
    it->sought_tag = tag;
    it->gettext = gettext;
    Py_INCREF(self);
    it->root_element = self;

    PyObject_GC_Track(it);

    it->parent_stack = PyMem_New(ParentLocator, INIT_PARENT_STACK_SIZE);
    if (it->parent_stack == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(it);
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }
    it->parent_stack_used = 0;
    it->parent_stack_size = INIT_PARENT_STACK_SIZE;

    return (PyObject *)it;
}


/* ==================================================================== */
/* the tree builder type */

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD

    PyObject *root; /* root node (first created node) */

    PyObject *this; /* current node */
    PyObject *last; /* most recently created node */

    PyObject *data; /* data collector (string or list), or NULL */

    PyObject *stack; /* element stack */
    Py_ssize_t index; /* current stack size (0 means empty) */

    PyObject *element_factory;

    /* element tracing */
    PyObject *events_append; /* the append method of the list of events, or NULL */
    PyObject *start_event_obj; /* event objects (NULL to ignore) */
    PyObject *end_event_obj;
    PyObject *start_ns_event_obj;
    PyObject *end_ns_event_obj;
} TreeBuilderObject;

#define TreeBuilder_CheckExact(op) (Py_TYPE(op) == &TreeBuilder_Type)

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/* constructor and destructor */

static PyObject *
treebuilder_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    TreeBuilderObject *t = (TreeBuilderObject *)type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
    if (t != NULL) {
        t->root = NULL;

        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        t->this = Py_None;
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        t->last = Py_None;

        t->data = NULL;
        t->element_factory = NULL;
        t->stack = PyList_New(20);
        if (!t->stack) {
            Py_DECREF(t->this);
            Py_DECREF(t->last);
            Py_DECREF((PyObject *) t);
            return NULL;
        }
        t->index = 0;

        t->events_append = NULL;
        t->start_event_obj = t->end_event_obj = NULL;
        t->start_ns_event_obj = t->end_ns_event_obj = NULL;
    }
    return (PyObject *)t;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.TreeBuilder.__init__

    element_factory: object = NULL

[clinic start generated code]*/

static int
_elementtree_TreeBuilder___init___impl(TreeBuilderObject *self,
                                       PyObject *element_factory)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=91cfa7558970ee96 input=1b424eeefc35249c]*/
{
    if (element_factory) {
        Py_INCREF(element_factory);
        Py_XSETREF(self->element_factory, element_factory);
    }

    return 0;
}

static int
treebuilder_gc_traverse(TreeBuilderObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    Py_VISIT(self->root);
    Py_VISIT(self->this);
    Py_VISIT(self->last);
    Py_VISIT(self->data);
    Py_VISIT(self->stack);
    Py_VISIT(self->element_factory);
    return 0;
}

static int
treebuilder_gc_clear(TreeBuilderObject *self)
{
    Py_CLEAR(self->end_ns_event_obj);
    Py_CLEAR(self->start_ns_event_obj);
    Py_CLEAR(self->end_event_obj);
    Py_CLEAR(self->start_event_obj);
    Py_CLEAR(self->events_append);
    Py_CLEAR(self->stack);
    Py_CLEAR(self->data);
    Py_CLEAR(self->last);
    Py_CLEAR(self->this);
    Py_CLEAR(self->element_factory);
    Py_CLEAR(self->root);
    return 0;
}

static void
treebuilder_dealloc(TreeBuilderObject *self)
{
    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
    treebuilder_gc_clear(self);
    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *)self);
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/* helpers for handling of arbitrary element-like objects */

static int
treebuilder_set_element_text_or_tail(PyObject *element, PyObject **data,
                                     PyObject **dest, _Py_Identifier *name)
{
    if (Element_CheckExact(element)) {
        PyObject *tmp = JOIN_OBJ(*dest);
        *dest = JOIN_SET(*data, PyList_CheckExact(*data));
        *data = NULL;
        Py_DECREF(tmp);
        return 0;
    }
    else {
        PyObject *joined = list_join(*data);
        int r;
        if (joined == NULL)
            return -1;
        r = _PyObject_SetAttrId(element, name, joined);
        Py_DECREF(joined);
        if (r < 0)
            return -1;
        Py_CLEAR(*data);
        return 0;
    }
}

LOCAL(int)
treebuilder_flush_data(TreeBuilderObject* self)
{
    PyObject *element = self->last;

    if (!self->data) {
        return 0;
    }

    if (self->this == element) {
        _Py_IDENTIFIER(text);
        return treebuilder_set_element_text_or_tail(
                element, &self->data,
                &((ElementObject *) element)->text, &PyId_text);
    }
    else {
        _Py_IDENTIFIER(tail);
        return treebuilder_set_element_text_or_tail(
                element, &self->data,
                &((ElementObject *) element)->tail, &PyId_tail);
    }
}

static int
treebuilder_add_subelement(PyObject *element, PyObject *child)
{
    _Py_IDENTIFIER(append);
    if (Element_CheckExact(element)) {
        ElementObject *elem = (ElementObject *) element;
        return element_add_subelement(elem, child);
    }
    else {
        PyObject *res;
        res = _PyObject_CallMethodIdObjArgs(element, &PyId_append, child, NULL);
        if (res == NULL)
            return -1;
        Py_DECREF(res);
        return 0;
    }
}

LOCAL(int)
treebuilder_append_event(TreeBuilderObject *self, PyObject *action,
                         PyObject *node)
{
    if (action != NULL) {
        PyObject *res;
        PyObject *event = PyTuple_Pack(2, action, node);
        if (event == NULL)
            return -1;
        res = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(self->events_append, event, NULL);
        Py_DECREF(event);
        if (res == NULL)
            return -1;
        Py_DECREF(res);
    }
    return 0;
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/* handlers */

LOCAL(PyObject*)
treebuilder_handle_start(TreeBuilderObject* self, PyObject* tag,
                         PyObject* attrib)
{
    PyObject* node;
    PyObject* this;
    elementtreestate *st = ET_STATE_GLOBAL;

    if (treebuilder_flush_data(self) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }

    if (!self->element_factory || self->element_factory == Py_None) {
        node = create_new_element(tag, attrib);
    } else if (attrib == Py_None) {
        attrib = PyDict_New();
        if (!attrib)
            return NULL;
        node = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(self->element_factory,
                                            tag, attrib, NULL);
        Py_DECREF(attrib);
    }
    else {
        node = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(self->element_factory,
                                            tag, attrib, NULL);
    }
    if (!node) {
        return NULL;
    }

    this = self->this;

    if (this != Py_None) {
        if (treebuilder_add_subelement(this, node) < 0)
            goto error;
    } else {
        if (self->root) {
            PyErr_SetString(
                st->parseerror_obj,
                "multiple elements on top level"
                );
            goto error;
        }
        Py_INCREF(node);
        self->root = node;
    }

    if (self->index < PyList_GET_SIZE(self->stack)) {
        if (PyList_SetItem(self->stack, self->index, this) < 0)
            goto error;
        Py_INCREF(this);
    } else {
        if (PyList_Append(self->stack, this) < 0)
            goto error;
    }
    self->index++;

    Py_INCREF(node);
    Py_SETREF(self->this, node);
    Py_INCREF(node);
    Py_SETREF(self->last, node);

    if (treebuilder_append_event(self, self->start_event_obj, node) < 0)
        goto error;

    return node;

  error:
    Py_DECREF(node);
    return NULL;
}

LOCAL(PyObject*)
treebuilder_handle_data(TreeBuilderObject* self, PyObject* data)
{
    if (!self->data) {
        if (self->last == Py_None) {
            /* ignore calls to data before the first call to start */
            Py_RETURN_NONE;
        }
        /* store the first item as is */
        Py_INCREF(data); self->data = data;
    } else {
        /* more than one item; use a list to collect items */
        if (PyBytes_CheckExact(self->data) && Py_REFCNT(self->data) == 1 &&
            PyBytes_CheckExact(data) && PyBytes_GET_SIZE(data) == 1) {
            /* XXX this code path unused in Python 3? */
            /* expat often generates single character data sections; handle
               the most common case by resizing the existing string... */
            Py_ssize_t size = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self->data);
            if (_PyBytes_Resize(&self->data, size + 1) < 0)
                return NULL;
            PyBytes_AS_STRING(self->data)[size] = PyBytes_AS_STRING(data)[0];
        } else if (PyList_CheckExact(self->data)) {
            if (PyList_Append(self->data, data) < 0)
                return NULL;
        } else {
            PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
            if (!list)
                return NULL;
            PyList_SET_ITEM(list, 0, self->data);
            Py_INCREF(data); PyList_SET_ITEM(list, 1, data);
            self->data = list;
        }
    }

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

LOCAL(PyObject*)
treebuilder_handle_end(TreeBuilderObject* self, PyObject* tag)
{
    PyObject* item;

    if (treebuilder_flush_data(self) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }

    if (self->index == 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(
            PyExc_IndexError,
            "pop from empty stack"
            );
        return NULL;
    }

    item = self->last;
    self->last = self->this;
    self->index--;
    self->this = PyList_GET_ITEM(self->stack, self->index);
    Py_INCREF(self->this);
    Py_DECREF(item);

    if (treebuilder_append_event(self, self->end_event_obj, self->last) < 0)
        return NULL;

    Py_INCREF(self->last);
    return (PyObject*) self->last;
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/* methods (in alphabetical order) */

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.TreeBuilder.data

    data: object
    /

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_TreeBuilder_data(TreeBuilderObject *self, PyObject *data)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=69144c7100795bb2 input=a0540c532b284d29]*/
{
    return treebuilder_handle_data(self, data);
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.TreeBuilder.end

    tag: object
    /

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_TreeBuilder_end(TreeBuilderObject *self, PyObject *tag)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=9a98727cc691cd9d input=22dc3674236f5745]*/
{
    return treebuilder_handle_end(self, tag);
}

LOCAL(PyObject*)
treebuilder_done(TreeBuilderObject* self)
{
    PyObject* res;

    /* FIXME: check stack size? */

    if (self->root)
        res = self->root;
    else
        res = Py_None;

    Py_INCREF(res);
    return res;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.TreeBuilder.close

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_TreeBuilder_close_impl(TreeBuilderObject *self)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=b441fee3202f61ee input=f7c9c65dc718de14]*/
{
    return treebuilder_done(self);
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.TreeBuilder.start

    tag: object
    attrs: object = None
    /

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_TreeBuilder_start_impl(TreeBuilderObject *self, PyObject *tag,
                                    PyObject *attrs)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=e7e9dc2861349411 input=95fc1758dd042c65]*/
{
    return treebuilder_handle_start(self, tag, attrs);
}

/* ==================================================================== */
/* the expat interface */

#include "expat.h"
#include "pyexpat.h"

/* The PyExpat_CAPI structure is an immutable dispatch table, so it can be
 * cached globally without being in per-module state.
 */
static struct PyExpat_CAPI *expat_capi;
#define EXPAT(func) (expat_capi->func)

static XML_Memory_Handling_Suite ExpatMemoryHandler = {
    PyObject_Malloc, PyObject_Realloc, PyObject_Free};

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD

    XML_Parser parser;

    PyObject *target;
    PyObject *entity;

    PyObject *names;

    PyObject *handle_start;
    PyObject *handle_data;
    PyObject *handle_end;

    PyObject *handle_comment;
    PyObject *handle_pi;
    PyObject *handle_doctype;

    PyObject *handle_close;

} XMLParserObject;

/* helpers */

LOCAL(PyObject*)
makeuniversal(XMLParserObject* self, const char* string)
{
    /* convert a UTF-8 tag/attribute name from the expat parser
       to a universal name string */

    Py_ssize_t size = (Py_ssize_t) strlen(string);
    PyObject* key;
    PyObject* value;

    /* look the 'raw' name up in the names dictionary */
    key = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(string, size);
    if (!key)
        return NULL;

    value = PyDict_GetItem(self->names, key);

    if (value) {
        Py_INCREF(value);
    } else {
        /* new name.  convert to universal name, and decode as
           necessary */

        PyObject* tag;
        char* p;
        Py_ssize_t i;

        /* look for namespace separator */
        for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
            if (string[i] == '}')
                break;
        if (i != size) {
            /* convert to universal name */
            tag = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size+1);
            if (tag == NULL) {
                Py_DECREF(key);
                return NULL;
            }
            p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(tag);
            p[0] = '{';
            memcpy(p+1, string, size);
            size++;
        } else {
            /* plain name; use key as tag */
            Py_INCREF(key);
            tag = key;
        }

        /* decode universal name */
        p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(tag);
        value = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(p, size, "strict");
        Py_DECREF(tag);
        if (!value) {
            Py_DECREF(key);
            return NULL;
        }

        /* add to names dictionary */
        if (PyDict_SetItem(self->names, key, value) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(key);
            Py_DECREF(value);
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    Py_DECREF(key);
    return value;
}

/* Set the ParseError exception with the given parameters.
 * If message is not NULL, it's used as the error string. Otherwise, the
 * message string is the default for the given error_code.
*/
static void
expat_set_error(enum XML_Error error_code, Py_ssize_t line, Py_ssize_t column,
                const char *message)
{
    PyObject *errmsg, *error, *position, *code;
    elementtreestate *st = ET_STATE_GLOBAL;

    errmsg = PyUnicode_FromFormat("%s: line %zd, column %zd",
                message ? message : EXPAT(ErrorString)(error_code),
                line, column);
    if (errmsg == NULL)
        return;

    error = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(st->parseerror_obj, errmsg, NULL);
    Py_DECREF(errmsg);
    if (!error)
        return;

    /* Add code and position attributes */
    code = PyLong_FromLong((long)error_code);
    if (!code) {
        Py_DECREF(error);
        return;
    }
    if (PyObject_SetAttrString(error, "code", code) == -1) {
        Py_DECREF(error);
        Py_DECREF(code);
        return;
    }
    Py_DECREF(code);

    position = Py_BuildValue("(nn)", line, column);
    if (!position) {
        Py_DECREF(error);
        return;
    }
    if (PyObject_SetAttrString(error, "position", position) == -1) {
        Py_DECREF(error);
        Py_DECREF(position);
        return;
    }
    Py_DECREF(position);

    PyErr_SetObject(st->parseerror_obj, error);
    Py_DECREF(error);
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/* handlers */

static void
expat_default_handler(XMLParserObject* self, const XML_Char* data_in,
                      int data_len)
{
    PyObject* key;
    PyObject* value;
    PyObject* res;

    if (data_len < 2 || data_in[0] != '&')
        return;

    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return;

    key = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(data_in + 1, data_len - 2, "strict");
    if (!key)
        return;

    value = PyDict_GetItem(self->entity, key);

    if (value) {
        if (TreeBuilder_CheckExact(self->target))
            res = treebuilder_handle_data(
                (TreeBuilderObject*) self->target, value
                );
        else if (self->handle_data)
            res = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(self->handle_data, value, NULL);
        else
            res = NULL;
        Py_XDECREF(res);
    } else if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
        /* Report the first error, not the last */
        char message[128] = "undefined entity ";
        strncat(message, data_in, data_len < 100?data_len:100);
        expat_set_error(
            XML_ERROR_UNDEFINED_ENTITY,
            EXPAT(GetErrorLineNumber)(self->parser),
            EXPAT(GetErrorColumnNumber)(self->parser),
            message
            );
    }

    Py_DECREF(key);
}

static void
expat_start_handler(XMLParserObject* self, const XML_Char* tag_in,
                    const XML_Char **attrib_in)
{
    PyObject* res;
    PyObject* tag;
    PyObject* attrib;
    int ok;

    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return;

    /* tag name */
    tag = makeuniversal(self, tag_in);
    if (!tag)
        return; /* parser will look for errors */

    /* attributes */
    if (attrib_in[0]) {
        attrib = PyDict_New();
        if (!attrib) {
            Py_DECREF(tag);
            return;
        }
        while (attrib_in[0] && attrib_in[1]) {
            PyObject* key = makeuniversal(self, attrib_in[0]);
            PyObject* value = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(attrib_in[1], strlen(attrib_in[1]), "strict");
            if (!key || !value) {
                Py_XDECREF(value);
                Py_XDECREF(key);
                Py_DECREF(attrib);
                Py_DECREF(tag);
                return;
            }
            ok = PyDict_SetItem(attrib, key, value);
            Py_DECREF(value);
            Py_DECREF(key);
            if (ok < 0) {
                Py_DECREF(attrib);
                Py_DECREF(tag);
                return;
            }
            attrib_in += 2;
        }
    } else {
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        attrib = Py_None;
    }

    if (TreeBuilder_CheckExact(self->target)) {
        /* shortcut */
        res = treebuilder_handle_start((TreeBuilderObject*) self->target,
                                       tag, attrib);
    }
    else if (self->handle_start) {
        if (attrib == Py_None) {
            Py_DECREF(attrib);
            attrib = PyDict_New();
            if (!attrib) {
                Py_DECREF(tag);
                return;
            }
        }
        res = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(self->handle_start,
                                           tag, attrib, NULL);
    } else
        res = NULL;

    Py_DECREF(tag);
    Py_DECREF(attrib);

    Py_XDECREF(res);
}

static void
expat_data_handler(XMLParserObject* self, const XML_Char* data_in,
                   int data_len)
{
    PyObject* data;
    PyObject* res;

    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return;

    data = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(data_in, data_len, "strict");
    if (!data)
        return; /* parser will look for errors */

    if (TreeBuilder_CheckExact(self->target))
        /* shortcut */
        res = treebuilder_handle_data((TreeBuilderObject*) self->target, data);
    else if (self->handle_data)
        res = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(self->handle_data, data, NULL);
    else
        res = NULL;

    Py_DECREF(data);

    Py_XDECREF(res);
}

static void
expat_end_handler(XMLParserObject* self, const XML_Char* tag_in)
{
    PyObject* tag;
    PyObject* res = NULL;

    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return;

    if (TreeBuilder_CheckExact(self->target))
        /* shortcut */
        /* the standard tree builder doesn't look at the end tag */
        res = treebuilder_handle_end(
            (TreeBuilderObject*) self->target, Py_None
            );
    else if (self->handle_end) {
        tag = makeuniversal(self, tag_in);
        if (tag) {
            res = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(self->handle_end, tag, NULL);
            Py_DECREF(tag);
        }
    }

    Py_XDECREF(res);
}

static void
expat_start_ns_handler(XMLParserObject* self, const XML_Char* prefix,
                       const XML_Char *uri)
{
    TreeBuilderObject *target = (TreeBuilderObject*) self->target;
    PyObject *parcel;

    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return;

    if (!target->events_append || !target->start_ns_event_obj)
        return;

    if (!uri)
        uri = "";
    if (!prefix)
        prefix = "";

    parcel = Py_BuildValue("ss", prefix, uri);
    if (!parcel)
        return;
    treebuilder_append_event(target, target->start_ns_event_obj, parcel);
    Py_DECREF(parcel);
}

static void
expat_end_ns_handler(XMLParserObject* self, const XML_Char* prefix_in)
{
    TreeBuilderObject *target = (TreeBuilderObject*) self->target;

    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return;

    if (!target->events_append)
        return;

    treebuilder_append_event(target, target->end_ns_event_obj, Py_None);
}

static void
expat_comment_handler(XMLParserObject* self, const XML_Char* comment_in)
{
    PyObject* comment;
    PyObject* res;

    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return;

    if (self->handle_comment) {
        comment = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(comment_in, strlen(comment_in), "strict");
        if (comment) {
            res = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(self->handle_comment,
                                               comment, NULL);
            Py_XDECREF(res);
            Py_DECREF(comment);
        }
    }
}

static void
expat_start_doctype_handler(XMLParserObject *self,
                            const XML_Char *doctype_name,
                            const XML_Char *sysid,
                            const XML_Char *pubid,
                            int has_internal_subset)
{
    _Py_IDENTIFIER(doctype);
    PyObject *doctype_name_obj, *sysid_obj, *pubid_obj;
    PyObject *res;

    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return;

    doctype_name_obj = makeuniversal(self, doctype_name);
    if (!doctype_name_obj)
        return;

    if (sysid) {
        sysid_obj = makeuniversal(self, sysid);
        if (!sysid_obj) {
            Py_DECREF(doctype_name_obj);
            return;
        }
    } else {
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        sysid_obj = Py_None;
    }

    if (pubid) {
        pubid_obj = makeuniversal(self, pubid);
        if (!pubid_obj) {
            Py_DECREF(doctype_name_obj);
            Py_DECREF(sysid_obj);
            return;
        }
    } else {
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        pubid_obj = Py_None;
    }

    /* If the target has a handler for doctype, call it. */
    if (self->handle_doctype) {
        res = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(self->handle_doctype,
                                           doctype_name_obj, pubid_obj,
                                           sysid_obj, NULL);
        Py_XDECREF(res);
    }
    else if (_PyObject_LookupAttrId((PyObject *)self, &PyId_doctype, &res) > 0) {
        (void)PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_RuntimeWarning,
                "The doctype() method of XMLParser is ignored.  "
                "Define doctype() method on the TreeBuilder target.",
                1);
        Py_DECREF(res);
    }

    Py_DECREF(doctype_name_obj);
    Py_DECREF(pubid_obj);
    Py_DECREF(sysid_obj);
}

static void
expat_pi_handler(XMLParserObject* self, const XML_Char* target_in,
                 const XML_Char* data_in)
{
    PyObject* target;
    PyObject* data;
    PyObject* res;

    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return;

    if (self->handle_pi) {
        target = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(target_in, strlen(target_in), "strict");
        data = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(data_in, strlen(data_in), "strict");
        if (target && data) {
            res = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(self->handle_pi,
                                               target, data, NULL);
            Py_XDECREF(res);
            Py_DECREF(data);
            Py_DECREF(target);
        } else {
            Py_XDECREF(data);
            Py_XDECREF(target);
        }
    }
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

static PyObject *
xmlparser_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    XMLParserObject *self = (XMLParserObject *)type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
    if (self) {
        self->parser = NULL;
        self->target = self->entity = self->names = NULL;
        self->handle_start = self->handle_data = self->handle_end = NULL;
        self->handle_comment = self->handle_pi = self->handle_close = NULL;
        self->handle_doctype = NULL;
    }
    return (PyObject *)self;
}

static int
ignore_attribute_error(PyObject *value)
{
    if (value == NULL) {
        if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
            return -1;
        }
        PyErr_Clear();
    }
    return 0;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.XMLParser.__init__

    *
    target: object = NULL
    encoding: str(accept={str, NoneType}) = NULL

[clinic start generated code]*/

static int
_elementtree_XMLParser___init___impl(XMLParserObject *self, PyObject *target,
                                     const char *encoding)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=3ae45ec6cdf344e4 input=96288fcba916cfce]*/
{
    self->entity = PyDict_New();
    if (!self->entity)
        return -1;

    self->names = PyDict_New();
    if (!self->names) {
        Py_CLEAR(self->entity);
        return -1;
    }

    self->parser = EXPAT(ParserCreate_MM)(encoding, &ExpatMemoryHandler, "}");
    if (!self->parser) {
        Py_CLEAR(self->entity);
        Py_CLEAR(self->names);
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return -1;
    }
    /* expat < 2.1.0 has no XML_SetHashSalt() */
    if (EXPAT(SetHashSalt) != NULL) {
        EXPAT(SetHashSalt)(self->parser,
                           (unsigned long)_Py_HashSecret.expat.hashsalt);
    }

    if (target) {
        Py_INCREF(target);
    } else {
        target = treebuilder_new(&TreeBuilder_Type, NULL, NULL);
        if (!target) {
            Py_CLEAR(self->entity);
            Py_CLEAR(self->names);
            return -1;
        }
    }
    self->target = target;

    self->handle_start = PyObject_GetAttrString(target, "start");
    if (ignore_attribute_error(self->handle_start)) {
        return -1;
    }
    self->handle_data = PyObject_GetAttrString(target, "data");
    if (ignore_attribute_error(self->handle_data)) {
        return -1;
    }
    self->handle_end = PyObject_GetAttrString(target, "end");
    if (ignore_attribute_error(self->handle_end)) {
        return -1;
    }
    self->handle_comment = PyObject_GetAttrString(target, "comment");
    if (ignore_attribute_error(self->handle_comment)) {
        return -1;
    }
    self->handle_pi = PyObject_GetAttrString(target, "pi");
    if (ignore_attribute_error(self->handle_pi)) {
        return -1;
    }
    self->handle_close = PyObject_GetAttrString(target, "close");
    if (ignore_attribute_error(self->handle_close)) {
        return -1;
    }
    self->handle_doctype = PyObject_GetAttrString(target, "doctype");
    if (ignore_attribute_error(self->handle_doctype)) {
        return -1;
    }

    /* configure parser */
    EXPAT(SetUserData)(self->parser, self);
    EXPAT(SetElementHandler)(
        self->parser,
        (XML_StartElementHandler) expat_start_handler,
        (XML_EndElementHandler) expat_end_handler
        );
    EXPAT(SetDefaultHandlerExpand)(
        self->parser,
        (XML_DefaultHandler) expat_default_handler
        );
    EXPAT(SetCharacterDataHandler)(
        self->parser,
        (XML_CharacterDataHandler) expat_data_handler
        );
    if (self->handle_comment)
        EXPAT(SetCommentHandler)(
            self->parser,
            (XML_CommentHandler) expat_comment_handler
            );
    if (self->handle_pi)
        EXPAT(SetProcessingInstructionHandler)(
            self->parser,
            (XML_ProcessingInstructionHandler) expat_pi_handler
            );
    EXPAT(SetStartDoctypeDeclHandler)(
        self->parser,
        (XML_StartDoctypeDeclHandler) expat_start_doctype_handler
        );
    EXPAT(SetUnknownEncodingHandler)(
        self->parser,
        EXPAT(DefaultUnknownEncodingHandler), NULL
        );

    return 0;
}

static int
xmlparser_gc_traverse(XMLParserObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    Py_VISIT(self->handle_close);
    Py_VISIT(self->handle_pi);
    Py_VISIT(self->handle_comment);
    Py_VISIT(self->handle_end);
    Py_VISIT(self->handle_data);
    Py_VISIT(self->handle_start);

    Py_VISIT(self->target);
    Py_VISIT(self->entity);
    Py_VISIT(self->names);

    return 0;
}

static int
xmlparser_gc_clear(XMLParserObject *self)
{
    if (self->parser != NULL) {
        XML_Parser parser = self->parser;
        self->parser = NULL;
        EXPAT(ParserFree)(parser);
    }

    Py_CLEAR(self->handle_close);
    Py_CLEAR(self->handle_pi);
    Py_CLEAR(self->handle_comment);
    Py_CLEAR(self->handle_end);
    Py_CLEAR(self->handle_data);
    Py_CLEAR(self->handle_start);
    Py_CLEAR(self->handle_doctype);

    Py_CLEAR(self->target);
    Py_CLEAR(self->entity);
    Py_CLEAR(self->names);

    return 0;
}

static void
xmlparser_dealloc(XMLParserObject* self)
{
    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
    xmlparser_gc_clear(self);
    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *)self);
}

LOCAL(PyObject*)
expat_parse(XMLParserObject* self, const char* data, int data_len, int final)
{
    int ok;

    assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
    ok = EXPAT(Parse)(self->parser, data, data_len, final);

    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;

    if (!ok) {
        expat_set_error(
            EXPAT(GetErrorCode)(self->parser),
            EXPAT(GetErrorLineNumber)(self->parser),
            EXPAT(GetErrorColumnNumber)(self->parser),
            NULL
            );
        return NULL;
    }

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.XMLParser.close

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_XMLParser_close_impl(XMLParserObject *self)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=d68d375dd23bc7fb input=ca7909ca78c3abfe]*/
{
    /* end feeding data to parser */

    PyObject* res;
    res = expat_parse(self, "", 0, 1);
    if (!res)
        return NULL;

    if (TreeBuilder_CheckExact(self->target)) {
        Py_DECREF(res);
        return treebuilder_done((TreeBuilderObject*) self->target);
    }
    else if (self->handle_close) {
        Py_DECREF(res);
        return _PyObject_CallNoArg(self->handle_close);
    }
    else {
        return res;
    }
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.XMLParser.feed

    data: object
    /

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_XMLParser_feed(XMLParserObject *self, PyObject *data)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=e42b6a78eec7446d input=fe231b6b8de3ce1f]*/
{
    /* feed data to parser */

    if (PyUnicode_Check(data)) {
        Py_ssize_t data_len;
        const char *data_ptr = PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(data, &data_len);
        if (data_ptr == NULL)
            return NULL;
        if (data_len > INT_MAX) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "size does not fit in an int");
            return NULL;
        }
        /* Explicitly set UTF-8 encoding. Return code ignored. */
        (void)EXPAT(SetEncoding)(self->parser, "utf-8");
        return expat_parse(self, data_ptr, (int)data_len, 0);
    }
    else {
        Py_buffer view;
        PyObject *res;
        if (PyObject_GetBuffer(data, &view, PyBUF_SIMPLE) < 0)
            return NULL;
        if (view.len > INT_MAX) {
            PyBuffer_Release(&view);
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "size does not fit in an int");
            return NULL;
        }
        res = expat_parse(self, view.buf, (int)view.len, 0);
        PyBuffer_Release(&view);
        return res;
    }
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.XMLParser._parse_whole

    file: object
    /

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_XMLParser__parse_whole(XMLParserObject *self, PyObject *file)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=f797197bb818dda3 input=19ecc893b6f3e752]*/
{
    /* (internal) parse the whole input, until end of stream */
    PyObject* reader;
    PyObject* buffer;
    PyObject* temp;
    PyObject* res;

    reader = PyObject_GetAttrString(file, "read");
    if (!reader)
        return NULL;

    /* read from open file object */
    for (;;) {

        buffer = PyObject_CallFunction(reader, "i", 64*1024);

        if (!buffer) {
            /* read failed (e.g. due to KeyboardInterrupt) */
            Py_DECREF(reader);
            return NULL;
        }

        if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(buffer)) {
            /* A unicode object is encoded into bytes using UTF-8 */
            if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(buffer) == 0) {
                Py_DECREF(buffer);
                break;
            }
            temp = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(buffer, "utf-8", "surrogatepass");
            Py_DECREF(buffer);
            if (!temp) {
                /* Propagate exception from PyUnicode_AsEncodedString */
                Py_DECREF(reader);
                return NULL;
            }
            buffer = temp;
        }
        else if (!PyBytes_CheckExact(buffer) || PyBytes_GET_SIZE(buffer) == 0) {
            Py_DECREF(buffer);
            break;
        }

        if (PyBytes_GET_SIZE(buffer) > INT_MAX) {
            Py_DECREF(buffer);
            Py_DECREF(reader);
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "size does not fit in an int");
            return NULL;
        }
        res = expat_parse(
            self, PyBytes_AS_STRING(buffer), (int)PyBytes_GET_SIZE(buffer), 0
            );

        Py_DECREF(buffer);

        if (!res) {
            Py_DECREF(reader);
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_DECREF(res);

    }

    Py_DECREF(reader);

    res = expat_parse(self, "", 0, 1);

    if (res && TreeBuilder_CheckExact(self->target)) {
        Py_DECREF(res);
        return treebuilder_done((TreeBuilderObject*) self->target);
    }

    return res;
}

/*[clinic input]
_elementtree.XMLParser._setevents

    events_queue: object
    events_to_report: object = None
    /

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_elementtree_XMLParser__setevents_impl(XMLParserObject *self,
                                       PyObject *events_queue,
                                       PyObject *events_to_report)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=1440092922b13ed1 input=abf90830a1c3b0fc]*/
{
    /* activate element event reporting */
    Py_ssize_t i;
    TreeBuilderObject *target;
    PyObject *events_append, *events_seq;

    if (!TreeBuilder_CheckExact(self->target)) {
        PyErr_SetString(
            PyExc_TypeError,
            "event handling only supported for ElementTree.TreeBuilder "
            "targets"
            );
        return NULL;
    }

    target = (TreeBuilderObject*) self->target;

    events_append = PyObject_GetAttrString(events_queue, "append");
    if (events_append == NULL)
        return NULL;
    Py_XSETREF(target->events_append, events_append);

    /* clear out existing events */
    Py_CLEAR(target->start_event_obj);
    Py_CLEAR(target->end_event_obj);
    Py_CLEAR(target->start_ns_event_obj);
    Py_CLEAR(target->end_ns_event_obj);

    if (events_to_report == Py_None) {
        /* default is "end" only */
        target->end_event_obj = PyUnicode_FromString("end");
        Py_RETURN_NONE;
    }

    if (!(events_seq = PySequence_Fast(events_to_report,
                                       "events must be a sequence"))) {
        return NULL;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(events_seq); ++i) {
        PyObject *event_name_obj = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(events_seq, i);
        const char *event_name = NULL;
        if (PyUnicode_Check(event_name_obj)) {
            event_name = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(event_name_obj);
        } else if (PyBytes_Check(event_name_obj)) {
            event_name = PyBytes_AS_STRING(event_name_obj);
        }
        if (event_name == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(events_seq);
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "invalid events sequence");
            return NULL;
        }

        Py_INCREF(event_name_obj);
        if (strcmp(event_name, "start") == 0) {
            Py_XSETREF(target->start_event_obj, event_name_obj);
        } else if (strcmp(event_name, "end") == 0) {
            Py_XSETREF(target->end_event_obj, event_name_obj);
        } else if (strcmp(event_name, "start-ns") == 0) {
            Py_XSETREF(target->start_ns_event_obj, event_name_obj);
            EXPAT(SetNamespaceDeclHandler)(
                self->parser,
                (XML_StartNamespaceDeclHandler) expat_start_ns_handler,
                (XML_EndNamespaceDeclHandler) expat_end_ns_handler
                );
        } else if (strcmp(event_name, "end-ns") == 0) {
            Py_XSETREF(target->end_ns_event_obj, event_name_obj);
            EXPAT(SetNamespaceDeclHandler)(
                self->parser,
                (XML_StartNamespaceDeclHandler) expat_start_ns_handler,
                (XML_EndNamespaceDeclHandler) expat_end_ns_handler
                );
        } else {
            Py_DECREF(event_name_obj);
            Py_DECREF(events_seq);
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "unknown event '%s'", event_name);
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    Py_DECREF(events_seq);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyMemberDef xmlparser_members[] = {
    {"entity", T_OBJECT, offsetof(XMLParserObject, entity), READONLY, NULL},
    {"target", T_OBJECT, offsetof(XMLParserObject, target), READONLY, NULL},
    {NULL}
};

static PyObject*
xmlparser_version_getter(XMLParserObject *self, void *closure)
{
    return PyUnicode_FromFormat(
        "Expat %d.%d.%d", XML_MAJOR_VERSION,
        XML_MINOR_VERSION, XML_MICRO_VERSION);
}

static PyGetSetDef xmlparser_getsetlist[] = {
    {"version", (getter)xmlparser_version_getter, NULL, NULL},
    {NULL},
};

#include "clinic/_elementtree.c.h"

static PyMethodDef element_methods[] = {

    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_CLEAR_METHODDEF

    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_GET_METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_SET_METHODDEF

    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_FIND_METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_FINDTEXT_METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_FINDALL_METHODDEF

    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_APPEND_METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_EXTEND_METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_INSERT_METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_REMOVE_METHODDEF

    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_ITER_METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_ITERTEXT_METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_ITERFIND_METHODDEF

    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_GETITERATOR_METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_GETCHILDREN_METHODDEF

    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_ITEMS_METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_KEYS_METHODDEF

    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT_MAKEELEMENT_METHODDEF

    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT___COPY___METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT___DEEPCOPY___METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT___SIZEOF___METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT___GETSTATE___METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_ELEMENT___SETSTATE___METHODDEF

    {NULL, NULL}
};

static PyMappingMethods element_as_mapping = {
    (lenfunc) element_length,
    (binaryfunc) element_subscr,
    (objobjargproc) element_ass_subscr,
};

static PyGetSetDef element_getsetlist[] = {
    {"tag",
        (getter)element_tag_getter,
        (setter)element_tag_setter,
        "A string identifying what kind of data this element represents"},
    {"text",
        (getter)element_text_getter,
        (setter)element_text_setter,
        "A string of text directly after the start tag, or None"},
    {"tail",
        (getter)element_tail_getter,
        (setter)element_tail_setter,
        "A string of text directly after the end tag, or None"},
    {"attrib",
        (getter)element_attrib_getter,
        (setter)element_attrib_setter,
        "A dictionary containing the element's attributes"},
    {NULL},
};

static PyTypeObject Element_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "xml.etree.ElementTree.Element", sizeof(ElementObject), 0,
    /* methods */
    (destructor)element_dealloc,                    /* tp_dealloc */
    0,                                              /* tp_print */
    0,                                              /* tp_getattr */
    0,                                              /* tp_setattr */
    0,                                              /* tp_reserved */
    (reprfunc)element_repr,                         /* tp_repr */
    0,                                              /* tp_as_number */
    &element_as_sequence,                           /* tp_as_sequence */
    &element_as_mapping,                            /* tp_as_mapping */
    0,                                              /* tp_hash */
    0,                                              /* tp_call */
    0,                                              /* tp_str */
    PyObject_GenericGetAttr,                        /* tp_getattro */
    0,                                              /* tp_setattro */
    0,                                              /* tp_as_buffer */
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,
                                                    /* tp_flags */
    0,                                              /* tp_doc */
    (traverseproc)element_gc_traverse,              /* tp_traverse */
    (inquiry)element_gc_clear,                      /* tp_clear */
    0,                                              /* tp_richcompare */
    offsetof(ElementObject, weakreflist),           /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                                              /* tp_iter */
    0,                                              /* tp_iternext */
    element_methods,                                /* tp_methods */
    0,                                              /* tp_members */
    element_getsetlist,                             /* tp_getset */
    0,                                              /* tp_base */
    0,                                              /* tp_dict */
    0,                                              /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                                              /* tp_descr_set */
    0,                                              /* tp_dictoffset */
    (initproc)element_init,                         /* tp_init */
    PyType_GenericAlloc,                            /* tp_alloc */
    element_new,                                    /* tp_new */
    0,                                              /* tp_free */
};

static PyMethodDef treebuilder_methods[] = {
    _ELEMENTTREE_TREEBUILDER_DATA_METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_TREEBUILDER_START_METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_TREEBUILDER_END_METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_TREEBUILDER_CLOSE_METHODDEF
    {NULL, NULL}
};

static PyTypeObject TreeBuilder_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder", sizeof(TreeBuilderObject), 0,
    /* methods */
    (destructor)treebuilder_dealloc,                /* tp_dealloc */
    0,                                              /* tp_print */
    0,                                              /* tp_getattr */
    0,                                              /* tp_setattr */
    0,                                              /* tp_reserved */
    0,                                              /* tp_repr */
    0,                                              /* tp_as_number */
    0,                                              /* tp_as_sequence */
    0,                                              /* tp_as_mapping */
    0,                                              /* tp_hash */
    0,                                              /* tp_call */
    0,                                              /* tp_str */
    0,                                              /* tp_getattro */
    0,                                              /* tp_setattro */
    0,                                              /* tp_as_buffer */
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,
                                                    /* tp_flags */
    0,                                              /* tp_doc */
    (traverseproc)treebuilder_gc_traverse,          /* tp_traverse */
    (inquiry)treebuilder_gc_clear,                  /* tp_clear */
    0,                                              /* tp_richcompare */
    0,                                              /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                                              /* tp_iter */
    0,                                              /* tp_iternext */
    treebuilder_methods,                            /* tp_methods */
    0,                                              /* tp_members */
    0,                                              /* tp_getset */
    0,                                              /* tp_base */
    0,                                              /* tp_dict */
    0,                                              /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                                              /* tp_descr_set */
    0,                                              /* tp_dictoffset */
    _elementtree_TreeBuilder___init__,              /* tp_init */
    PyType_GenericAlloc,                            /* tp_alloc */
    treebuilder_new,                                /* tp_new */
    0,                                              /* tp_free */
};

static PyMethodDef xmlparser_methods[] = {
    _ELEMENTTREE_XMLPARSER_FEED_METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_XMLPARSER_CLOSE_METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_XMLPARSER__PARSE_WHOLE_METHODDEF
    _ELEMENTTREE_XMLPARSER__SETEVENTS_METHODDEF
    {NULL, NULL}
};

static PyTypeObject XMLParser_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser", sizeof(XMLParserObject), 0,
    /* methods */
    (destructor)xmlparser_dealloc,                  /* tp_dealloc */
    0,                                              /* tp_print */
    0,                                              /* tp_getattr */
    0,                                              /* tp_setattr */
    0,                                              /* tp_reserved */
    0,                                              /* tp_repr */
    0,                                              /* tp_as_number */
    0,                                              /* tp_as_sequence */
    0,                                              /* tp_as_mapping */
    0,                                              /* tp_hash */
    0,                                              /* tp_call */
    0,                                              /* tp_str */
    0,                                              /* tp_getattro */
    0,                                              /* tp_setattro */
    0,                                              /* tp_as_buffer */
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,
                                                    /* tp_flags */
    0,                                              /* tp_doc */
    (traverseproc)xmlparser_gc_traverse,            /* tp_traverse */
    (inquiry)xmlparser_gc_clear,                    /* tp_clear */
    0,                                              /* tp_richcompare */
    0,                                              /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                                              /* tp_iter */
    0,                                              /* tp_iternext */
    xmlparser_methods,                              /* tp_methods */
    xmlparser_members,                              /* tp_members */
    xmlparser_getsetlist,                           /* tp_getset */
    0,                                              /* tp_base */
    0,                                              /* tp_dict */
    0,                                              /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                                              /* tp_descr_set */
    0,                                              /* tp_dictoffset */
    _elementtree_XMLParser___init__,                /* tp_init */
    PyType_GenericAlloc,                            /* tp_alloc */
    xmlparser_new,                                  /* tp_new */
    0,                                              /* tp_free */
};

/* ==================================================================== */
/* python module interface */

static PyMethodDef _functions[] = {
    {"SubElement", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void)) subelement, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS},
    {NULL, NULL}
};


static struct PyModuleDef elementtreemodule = {
    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
    "_elementtree",
    NULL,
    sizeof(elementtreestate),
    _functions,
    NULL,
    elementtree_traverse,
    elementtree_clear,
    elementtree_free
};

PyMODINIT_FUNC
PyInit__elementtree(void)
{
    PyObject *m, *temp;
    elementtreestate *st;

    m = PyState_FindModule(&elementtreemodule);
    if (m) {
        Py_INCREF(m);
        return m;
    }

    /* Initialize object types */
    if (PyType_Ready(&ElementIter_Type) < 0)
        return NULL;
    if (PyType_Ready(&TreeBuilder_Type) < 0)
        return NULL;
    if (PyType_Ready(&Element_Type) < 0)
        return NULL;
    if (PyType_Ready(&XMLParser_Type) < 0)
        return NULL;

    m = PyModule_Create(&elementtreemodule);
    if (!m)
        return NULL;
    st = ET_STATE(m);

    if (!(temp = PyImport_ImportModule("copy")))
        return NULL;
    st->deepcopy_obj = PyObject_GetAttrString(temp, "deepcopy");
    Py_XDECREF(temp);

    if (st->deepcopy_obj == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }

    assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
    if (!(st->elementpath_obj = PyImport_ImportModule("xml.etree.ElementPath")))
        return NULL;

    /* link against pyexpat */
    expat_capi = PyCapsule_Import(PyExpat_CAPSULE_NAME, 0);
    if (expat_capi) {
        /* check that it's usable */
        if (strcmp(expat_capi->magic, PyExpat_CAPI_MAGIC) != 0 ||
            (size_t)expat_capi->size < sizeof(struct PyExpat_CAPI) ||
            expat_capi->MAJOR_VERSION != XML_MAJOR_VERSION ||
            expat_capi->MINOR_VERSION != XML_MINOR_VERSION ||
            expat_capi->MICRO_VERSION != XML_MICRO_VERSION) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError,
                            "pyexpat version is incompatible");
            return NULL;
        }
    } else {
        return NULL;
    }

    st->parseerror_obj = PyErr_NewException(
        "xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError", PyExc_SyntaxError, NULL
        );
    Py_INCREF(st->parseerror_obj);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "ParseError", st->parseerror_obj);

    Py_INCREF((PyObject *)&Element_Type);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "Element", (PyObject *)&Element_Type);

    Py_INCREF((PyObject *)&TreeBuilder_Type);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "TreeBuilder", (PyObject *)&TreeBuilder_Type);

    Py_INCREF((PyObject *)&XMLParser_Type);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "XMLParser", (PyObject *)&XMLParser_Type);

    return m;
}