llvm/lib/Transforms/InstCombine/InstCombineCasts.cpp

//===- InstCombineCasts.cpp -----------------------------------------------===//
//
//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
//
// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file implements the visit functions for cast operations.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "InstCombineInternal.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SetVector.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/ConstantFolding.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/TargetLibraryInfo.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DataLayout.h"
#include "llvm/IR/PatternMatch.h"
#include "llvm/Support/KnownBits.h"
using namespace llvm;
using namespace PatternMatch;

#define DEBUG_TYPE "instcombine"

/// Analyze 'Val', seeing if it is a simple linear expression.
/// If so, decompose it, returning some value X, such that Val is
/// X*Scale+Offset.
///
static Value *decomposeSimpleLinearExpr(Value *Val, unsigned &Scale,
                                        uint64_t &Offset) {
  if (ConstantInt *CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(Val)) {
    Offset = CI->getZExtValue();
    Scale  = 0;
    return ConstantInt::get(Val->getType(), 0);
  }

  if (BinaryOperator *I = dyn_cast<BinaryOperator>(Val)) {
    // Cannot look past anything that might overflow.
    OverflowingBinaryOperator *OBI = dyn_cast<OverflowingBinaryOperator>(Val);
    if (OBI && !OBI->hasNoUnsignedWrap() && !OBI->hasNoSignedWrap()) {
      Scale = 1;
      Offset = 0;
      return Val;
    }

    if (ConstantInt *RHS = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(I->getOperand(1))) {
      if (I->getOpcode() == Instruction::Shl) {
        // This is a value scaled by '1 << the shift amt'.
        Scale = UINT64_C(1) << RHS->getZExtValue();
        Offset = 0;
        return I->getOperand(0);
      }

      if (I->getOpcode() == Instruction::Mul) {
        // This value is scaled by 'RHS'.
        Scale = RHS->getZExtValue();
        Offset = 0;
        return I->getOperand(0);
      }

      if (I->getOpcode() == Instruction::Add) {
        // We have X+C.  Check to see if we really have (X*C2)+C1,
        // where C1 is divisible by C2.
        unsigned SubScale;
        Value *SubVal =
          decomposeSimpleLinearExpr(I->getOperand(0), SubScale, Offset);
        Offset += RHS->getZExtValue();
        Scale = SubScale;
        return SubVal;
      }
    }
  }

  // Otherwise, we can't look past this.
  Scale = 1;
  Offset = 0;
  return Val;
}

/// If we find a cast of an allocation instruction, try to eliminate the cast by
/// moving the type information into the alloc.
Instruction *InstCombiner::PromoteCastOfAllocation(BitCastInst &CI,
                                                   AllocaInst &AI) {
  PointerType *PTy = cast<PointerType>(CI.getType());

  BuilderTy AllocaBuilder(*Builder);
  AllocaBuilder.SetInsertPoint(&AI);

  // Get the type really allocated and the type casted to.
  Type *AllocElTy = AI.getAllocatedType();
  Type *CastElTy = PTy->getElementType();
  if (!AllocElTy->isSized() || !CastElTy->isSized()) return nullptr;

  unsigned AllocElTyAlign = DL.getABITypeAlignment(AllocElTy);
  unsigned CastElTyAlign = DL.getABITypeAlignment(CastElTy);
  if (CastElTyAlign < AllocElTyAlign) return nullptr;

  // If the allocation has multiple uses, only promote it if we are strictly
  // increasing the alignment of the resultant allocation.  If we keep it the
  // same, we open the door to infinite loops of various kinds.
  if (!AI.hasOneUse() && CastElTyAlign == AllocElTyAlign) return nullptr;

  uint64_t AllocElTySize = DL.getTypeAllocSize(AllocElTy);
  uint64_t CastElTySize = DL.getTypeAllocSize(CastElTy);
  if (CastElTySize == 0 || AllocElTySize == 0) return nullptr;

  // If the allocation has multiple uses, only promote it if we're not
  // shrinking the amount of memory being allocated.
  uint64_t AllocElTyStoreSize = DL.getTypeStoreSize(AllocElTy);
  uint64_t CastElTyStoreSize = DL.getTypeStoreSize(CastElTy);
  if (!AI.hasOneUse() && CastElTyStoreSize < AllocElTyStoreSize) return nullptr;

  // See if we can satisfy the modulus by pulling a scale out of the array
  // size argument.
  unsigned ArraySizeScale;
  uint64_t ArrayOffset;
  Value *NumElements = // See if the array size is a decomposable linear expr.
    decomposeSimpleLinearExpr(AI.getOperand(0), ArraySizeScale, ArrayOffset);

  // If we can now satisfy the modulus, by using a non-1 scale, we really can
  // do the xform.
  if ((AllocElTySize*ArraySizeScale) % CastElTySize != 0 ||
      (AllocElTySize*ArrayOffset   ) % CastElTySize != 0) return nullptr;

  unsigned Scale = (AllocElTySize*ArraySizeScale)/CastElTySize;
  Value *Amt = nullptr;
  if (Scale == 1) {
    Amt = NumElements;
  } else {
    Amt = ConstantInt::get(AI.getArraySize()->getType(), Scale);
    // Insert before the alloca, not before the cast.
    Amt = AllocaBuilder.CreateMul(Amt, NumElements);
  }

  if (uint64_t Offset = (AllocElTySize*ArrayOffset)/CastElTySize) {
    Value *Off = ConstantInt::get(AI.getArraySize()->getType(),
                                  Offset, true);
    Amt = AllocaBuilder.CreateAdd(Amt, Off);
  }

  AllocaInst *New = AllocaBuilder.CreateAlloca(CastElTy, Amt);
  New->setAlignment(AI.getAlignment());
  New->takeName(&AI);
  New->setUsedWithInAlloca(AI.isUsedWithInAlloca());

  // If the allocation has multiple real uses, insert a cast and change all
  // things that used it to use the new cast.  This will also hack on CI, but it
  // will die soon.
  if (!AI.hasOneUse()) {
    // New is the allocation instruction, pointer typed. AI is the original
    // allocation instruction, also pointer typed. Thus, cast to use is BitCast.
    Value *NewCast = AllocaBuilder.CreateBitCast(New, AI.getType(), "tmpcast");
    replaceInstUsesWith(AI, NewCast);
  }
  return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, New);
}

/// Given an expression that CanEvaluateTruncated or CanEvaluateSExtd returns
/// true for, actually insert the code to evaluate the expression.
Value *InstCombiner::EvaluateInDifferentType(Value *V, Type *Ty,
                                             bool isSigned) {
  if (Constant *C = dyn_cast<Constant>(V)) {
    C = ConstantExpr::getIntegerCast(C, Ty, isSigned /*Sext or ZExt*/);
    // If we got a constantexpr back, try to simplify it with DL info.
    if (Constant *FoldedC = ConstantFoldConstant(C, DL, &TLI))
      C = FoldedC;
    return C;
  }

  // Otherwise, it must be an instruction.
  Instruction *I = cast<Instruction>(V);
  Instruction *Res = nullptr;
  unsigned Opc = I->getOpcode();
  switch (Opc) {
  case Instruction::Add:
  case Instruction::Sub:
  case Instruction::Mul:
  case Instruction::And:
  case Instruction::Or:
  case Instruction::Xor:
  case Instruction::AShr:
  case Instruction::LShr:
  case Instruction::Shl:
  case Instruction::UDiv:
  case Instruction::URem: {
    Value *LHS = EvaluateInDifferentType(I->getOperand(0), Ty, isSigned);
    Value *RHS = EvaluateInDifferentType(I->getOperand(1), Ty, isSigned);
    Res = BinaryOperator::Create((Instruction::BinaryOps)Opc, LHS, RHS);
    break;
  }
  case Instruction::Trunc:
  case Instruction::ZExt:
  case Instruction::SExt:
    // If the source type of the cast is the type we're trying for then we can
    // just return the source.  There's no need to insert it because it is not
    // new.
    if (I->getOperand(0)->getType() == Ty)
      return I->getOperand(0);

    // Otherwise, must be the same type of cast, so just reinsert a new one.
    // This also handles the case of zext(trunc(x)) -> zext(x).
    Res = CastInst::CreateIntegerCast(I->getOperand(0), Ty,
                                      Opc == Instruction::SExt);
    break;
  case Instruction::Select: {
    Value *True = EvaluateInDifferentType(I->getOperand(1), Ty, isSigned);
    Value *False = EvaluateInDifferentType(I->getOperand(2), Ty, isSigned);
    Res = SelectInst::Create(I->getOperand(0), True, False);
    break;
  }
  case Instruction::PHI: {
    PHINode *OPN = cast<PHINode>(I);
    PHINode *NPN = PHINode::Create(Ty, OPN->getNumIncomingValues());
    for (unsigned i = 0, e = OPN->getNumIncomingValues(); i != e; ++i) {
      Value *V =
          EvaluateInDifferentType(OPN->getIncomingValue(i), Ty, isSigned);
      NPN->addIncoming(V, OPN->getIncomingBlock(i));
    }
    Res = NPN;
    break;
  }
  default:
    // TODO: Can handle more cases here.
    llvm_unreachable("Unreachable!");
  }

  Res->takeName(I);
  return InsertNewInstWith(Res, *I);
}

Instruction::CastOps InstCombiner::isEliminableCastPair(const CastInst *CI1,
                                                        const CastInst *CI2) {
  Type *SrcTy = CI1->getSrcTy();
  Type *MidTy = CI1->getDestTy();
  Type *DstTy = CI2->getDestTy();

  Instruction::CastOps firstOp = Instruction::CastOps(CI1->getOpcode());
  Instruction::CastOps secondOp = Instruction::CastOps(CI2->getOpcode());
  Type *SrcIntPtrTy =
      SrcTy->isPtrOrPtrVectorTy() ? DL.getIntPtrType(SrcTy) : nullptr;
  Type *MidIntPtrTy =
      MidTy->isPtrOrPtrVectorTy() ? DL.getIntPtrType(MidTy) : nullptr;
  Type *DstIntPtrTy =
      DstTy->isPtrOrPtrVectorTy() ? DL.getIntPtrType(DstTy) : nullptr;
  unsigned Res = CastInst::isEliminableCastPair(firstOp, secondOp, SrcTy, MidTy,
                                                DstTy, SrcIntPtrTy, MidIntPtrTy,
                                                DstIntPtrTy);

  // We don't want to form an inttoptr or ptrtoint that converts to an integer
  // type that differs from the pointer size.
  if ((Res == Instruction::IntToPtr && SrcTy != DstIntPtrTy) ||
      (Res == Instruction::PtrToInt && DstTy != SrcIntPtrTy))
    Res = 0;

  return Instruction::CastOps(Res);
}

/// @brief Implement the transforms common to all CastInst visitors.
Instruction *InstCombiner::commonCastTransforms(CastInst &CI) {
  Value *Src = CI.getOperand(0);

  // Try to eliminate a cast of a cast.
  if (auto *CSrc = dyn_cast<CastInst>(Src)) {   // A->B->C cast
    if (Instruction::CastOps NewOpc = isEliminableCastPair(CSrc, &CI)) {
      // The first cast (CSrc) is eliminable so we need to fix up or replace
      // the second cast (CI). CSrc will then have a good chance of being dead.
      return CastInst::Create(NewOpc, CSrc->getOperand(0), CI.getType());
    }
  }

  // If we are casting a select, then fold the cast into the select.
  if (auto *SI = dyn_cast<SelectInst>(Src))
    if (Instruction *NV = FoldOpIntoSelect(CI, SI))
      return NV;

  // If we are casting a PHI, then fold the cast into the PHI.
  if (auto *PN = dyn_cast<PHINode>(Src)) {
    // Don't do this if it would create a PHI node with an illegal type from a
    // legal type.
    if (!Src->getType()->isIntegerTy() || !CI.getType()->isIntegerTy() ||
        shouldChangeType(CI.getType(), Src->getType()))
      if (Instruction *NV = foldOpIntoPhi(CI, PN))
        return NV;
  }

  return nullptr;
}

/// Return true if we can evaluate the specified expression tree as type Ty
/// instead of its larger type, and arrive with the same value.
/// This is used by code that tries to eliminate truncates.
///
/// Ty will always be a type smaller than V.  We should return true if trunc(V)
/// can be computed by computing V in the smaller type.  If V is an instruction,
/// then trunc(inst(x,y)) can be computed as inst(trunc(x),trunc(y)), which only
/// makes sense if x and y can be efficiently truncated.
///
/// This function works on both vectors and scalars.
///
static bool canEvaluateTruncated(Value *V, Type *Ty, InstCombiner &IC,
                                 Instruction *CxtI) {
  // We can always evaluate constants in another type.
  if (isa<Constant>(V))
    return true;

  Instruction *I = dyn_cast<Instruction>(V);
  if (!I) return false;

  Type *OrigTy = V->getType();

  // If this is an extension from the dest type, we can eliminate it, even if it
  // has multiple uses.
  if ((isa<ZExtInst>(I) || isa<SExtInst>(I)) &&
      I->getOperand(0)->getType() == Ty)
    return true;

  // We can't extend or shrink something that has multiple uses: doing so would
  // require duplicating the instruction in general, which isn't profitable.
  if (!I->hasOneUse()) return false;

  unsigned Opc = I->getOpcode();
  switch (Opc) {
  case Instruction::Add:
  case Instruction::Sub:
  case Instruction::Mul:
  case Instruction::And:
  case Instruction::Or:
  case Instruction::Xor:
    // These operators can all arbitrarily be extended or truncated.
    return canEvaluateTruncated(I->getOperand(0), Ty, IC, CxtI) &&
           canEvaluateTruncated(I->getOperand(1), Ty, IC, CxtI);

  case Instruction::UDiv:
  case Instruction::URem: {
    // UDiv and URem can be truncated if all the truncated bits are zero.
    uint32_t OrigBitWidth = OrigTy->getScalarSizeInBits();
    uint32_t BitWidth = Ty->getScalarSizeInBits();
    if (BitWidth < OrigBitWidth) {
      APInt Mask = APInt::getHighBitsSet(OrigBitWidth, OrigBitWidth-BitWidth);
      if (IC.MaskedValueIsZero(I->getOperand(0), Mask, 0, CxtI) &&
          IC.MaskedValueIsZero(I->getOperand(1), Mask, 0, CxtI)) {
        return canEvaluateTruncated(I->getOperand(0), Ty, IC, CxtI) &&
               canEvaluateTruncated(I->getOperand(1), Ty, IC, CxtI);
      }
    }
    break;
  }
  case Instruction::Shl:
    // If we are truncating the result of this SHL, and if it's a shift of a
    // constant amount, we can always perform a SHL in a smaller type.
    if (ConstantInt *CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(I->getOperand(1))) {
      uint32_t BitWidth = Ty->getScalarSizeInBits();
      if (CI->getLimitedValue(BitWidth) < BitWidth)
        return canEvaluateTruncated(I->getOperand(0), Ty, IC, CxtI);
    }
    break;
  case Instruction::LShr:
    // If this is a truncate of a logical shr, we can truncate it to a smaller
    // lshr iff we know that the bits we would otherwise be shifting in are
    // already zeros.
    if (ConstantInt *CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(I->getOperand(1))) {
      uint32_t OrigBitWidth = OrigTy->getScalarSizeInBits();
      uint32_t BitWidth = Ty->getScalarSizeInBits();
      if (IC.MaskedValueIsZero(I->getOperand(0),
            APInt::getHighBitsSet(OrigBitWidth, OrigBitWidth-BitWidth), 0, CxtI) &&
          CI->getLimitedValue(BitWidth) < BitWidth) {
        return canEvaluateTruncated(I->getOperand(0), Ty, IC, CxtI);
      }
    }
    break;
  case Instruction::Trunc:
    // trunc(trunc(x)) -> trunc(x)
    return true;
  case Instruction::ZExt:
  case Instruction::SExt:
    // trunc(ext(x)) -> ext(x) if the source type is smaller than the new dest
    // trunc(ext(x)) -> trunc(x) if the source type is larger than the new dest
    return true;
  case Instruction::Select: {
    SelectInst *SI = cast<SelectInst>(I);
    return canEvaluateTruncated(SI->getTrueValue(), Ty, IC, CxtI) &&
           canEvaluateTruncated(SI->getFalseValue(), Ty, IC, CxtI);
  }
  case Instruction::PHI: {
    // We can change a phi if we can change all operands.  Note that we never
    // get into trouble with cyclic PHIs here because we only consider
    // instructions with a single use.
    PHINode *PN = cast<PHINode>(I);
    for (Value *IncValue : PN->incoming_values())
      if (!canEvaluateTruncated(IncValue, Ty, IC, CxtI))
        return false;
    return true;
  }
  default:
    // TODO: Can handle more cases here.
    break;
  }

  return false;
}

/// Given a vector that is bitcast to an integer, optionally logically
/// right-shifted, and truncated, convert it to an extractelement.
/// Example (big endian):
///   trunc (lshr (bitcast <4 x i32> %X to i128), 32) to i32
///   --->
///   extractelement <4 x i32> %X, 1
static Instruction *foldVecTruncToExtElt(TruncInst &Trunc, InstCombiner &IC,
                                         const DataLayout &DL) {
  Value *TruncOp = Trunc.getOperand(0);
  Type *DestType = Trunc.getType();
  if (!TruncOp->hasOneUse() || !isa<IntegerType>(DestType))
    return nullptr;

  Value *VecInput = nullptr;
  ConstantInt *ShiftVal = nullptr;
  if (!match(TruncOp, m_CombineOr(m_BitCast(m_Value(VecInput)),
                                  m_LShr(m_BitCast(m_Value(VecInput)),
                                         m_ConstantInt(ShiftVal)))) ||
      !isa<VectorType>(VecInput->getType()))
    return nullptr;

  VectorType *VecType = cast<VectorType>(VecInput->getType());
  unsigned VecWidth = VecType->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();
  unsigned DestWidth = DestType->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();
  unsigned ShiftAmount = ShiftVal ? ShiftVal->getZExtValue() : 0;

  if ((VecWidth % DestWidth != 0) || (ShiftAmount % DestWidth != 0))
    return nullptr;

  // If the element type of the vector doesn't match the result type,
  // bitcast it to a vector type that we can extract from.
  unsigned NumVecElts = VecWidth / DestWidth;
  if (VecType->getElementType() != DestType) {
    VecType = VectorType::get(DestType, NumVecElts);
    VecInput = IC.Builder->CreateBitCast(VecInput, VecType, "bc");
  }

  unsigned Elt = ShiftAmount / DestWidth;
  if (DL.isBigEndian())
    Elt = NumVecElts - 1 - Elt;

  return ExtractElementInst::Create(VecInput, IC.Builder->getInt32(Elt));
}

/// Try to narrow the width of bitwise logic instructions with constants.
Instruction *InstCombiner::shrinkBitwiseLogic(TruncInst &Trunc) {
  Type *SrcTy = Trunc.getSrcTy();
  Type *DestTy = Trunc.getType();
  if (isa<IntegerType>(SrcTy) && !shouldChangeType(SrcTy, DestTy))
    return nullptr;

  BinaryOperator *LogicOp;
  Constant *C;
  if (!match(Trunc.getOperand(0), m_OneUse(m_BinOp(LogicOp))) ||
      !LogicOp->isBitwiseLogicOp() ||
      !match(LogicOp->getOperand(1), m_Constant(C)))
    return nullptr;

  // trunc (logic X, C) --> logic (trunc X, C')
  Constant *NarrowC = ConstantExpr::getTrunc(C, DestTy);
  Value *NarrowOp0 = Builder->CreateTrunc(LogicOp->getOperand(0), DestTy);
  return BinaryOperator::Create(LogicOp->getOpcode(), NarrowOp0, NarrowC);
}

/// Try to narrow the width of a splat shuffle. This could be generalized to any
/// shuffle with a constant operand, but we limit the transform to avoid
/// creating a shuffle type that targets may not be able to lower effectively.
static Instruction *shrinkSplatShuffle(TruncInst &Trunc,
                                       InstCombiner::BuilderTy &Builder) {
  auto *Shuf = dyn_cast<ShuffleVectorInst>(Trunc.getOperand(0));
  if (Shuf && Shuf->hasOneUse() && isa<UndefValue>(Shuf->getOperand(1)) &&
      Shuf->getMask()->getSplatValue() &&
      Shuf->getType() == Shuf->getOperand(0)->getType()) {
    // trunc (shuf X, Undef, SplatMask) --> shuf (trunc X), Undef, SplatMask
    Constant *NarrowUndef = UndefValue::get(Trunc.getType());
    Value *NarrowOp = Builder.CreateTrunc(Shuf->getOperand(0), Trunc.getType());
    return new ShuffleVectorInst(NarrowOp, NarrowUndef, Shuf->getMask());
  }

  return nullptr;
}

/// Try to narrow the width of an insert element. This could be generalized for
/// any vector constant, but we limit the transform to insertion into undef to
/// avoid potential backend problems from unsupported insertion widths. This
/// could also be extended to handle the case of inserting a scalar constant
/// into a vector variable.
static Instruction *shrinkInsertElt(CastInst &Trunc,
                                    InstCombiner::BuilderTy &Builder) {
  Instruction::CastOps Opcode = Trunc.getOpcode();
  assert((Opcode == Instruction::Trunc || Opcode == Instruction::FPTrunc) &&
         "Unexpected instruction for shrinking");

  auto *InsElt = dyn_cast<InsertElementInst>(Trunc.getOperand(0));
  if (!InsElt || !InsElt->hasOneUse())
    return nullptr;

  Type *DestTy = Trunc.getType();
  Type *DestScalarTy = DestTy->getScalarType();
  Value *VecOp = InsElt->getOperand(0);
  Value *ScalarOp = InsElt->getOperand(1);
  Value *Index = InsElt->getOperand(2);

  if (isa<UndefValue>(VecOp)) {
    // trunc   (inselt undef, X, Index) --> inselt undef,   (trunc X), Index
    // fptrunc (inselt undef, X, Index) --> inselt undef, (fptrunc X), Index
    UndefValue *NarrowUndef = UndefValue::get(DestTy);
    Value *NarrowOp = Builder.CreateCast(Opcode, ScalarOp, DestScalarTy);
    return InsertElementInst::Create(NarrowUndef, NarrowOp, Index);
  }

  return nullptr;
}

Instruction *InstCombiner::visitTrunc(TruncInst &CI) {
  if (Instruction *Result = commonCastTransforms(CI))
    return Result;

  // Test if the trunc is the user of a select which is part of a
  // minimum or maximum operation. If so, don't do any more simplification.
  // Even simplifying demanded bits can break the canonical form of a
  // min/max.
  Value *LHS, *RHS;
  if (SelectInst *SI = dyn_cast<SelectInst>(CI.getOperand(0)))
    if (matchSelectPattern(SI, LHS, RHS).Flavor != SPF_UNKNOWN)
      return nullptr;

  // See if we can simplify any instructions used by the input whose sole
  // purpose is to compute bits we don't care about.
  if (SimplifyDemandedInstructionBits(CI))
    return &CI;

  Value *Src = CI.getOperand(0);
  Type *DestTy = CI.getType(), *SrcTy = Src->getType();

  // Attempt to truncate the entire input expression tree to the destination
  // type.   Only do this if the dest type is a simple type, don't convert the
  // expression tree to something weird like i93 unless the source is also
  // strange.
  if ((DestTy->isVectorTy() || shouldChangeType(SrcTy, DestTy)) &&
      canEvaluateTruncated(Src, DestTy, *this, &CI)) {

    // If this cast is a truncate, evaluting in a different type always
    // eliminates the cast, so it is always a win.
    DEBUG(dbgs() << "ICE: EvaluateInDifferentType converting expression type"
          " to avoid cast: " << CI << '\n');
    Value *Res = EvaluateInDifferentType(Src, DestTy, false);
    assert(Res->getType() == DestTy);
    return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, Res);
  }

  // Canonicalize trunc x to i1 -> (icmp ne (and x, 1), 0), likewise for vector.
  if (DestTy->getScalarSizeInBits() == 1) {
    Constant *One = ConstantInt::get(SrcTy, 1);
    Src = Builder->CreateAnd(Src, One);
    Value *Zero = Constant::getNullValue(Src->getType());
    return new ICmpInst(ICmpInst::ICMP_NE, Src, Zero);
  }

  // FIXME: Maybe combine the next two transforms to handle the no cast case
  // more efficiently. Support vector types. Cleanup code by using m_OneUse.

  // Transform trunc(lshr (zext A), Cst) to eliminate one type conversion.
  Value *A = nullptr; ConstantInt *Cst = nullptr;
  if (Src->hasOneUse() &&
      match(Src, m_LShr(m_ZExt(m_Value(A)), m_ConstantInt(Cst)))) {
    // We have three types to worry about here, the type of A, the source of
    // the truncate (MidSize), and the destination of the truncate. We know that
    // ASize < MidSize   and MidSize > ResultSize, but don't know the relation
    // between ASize and ResultSize.
    unsigned ASize = A->getType()->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();

    // If the shift amount is larger than the size of A, then the result is
    // known to be zero because all the input bits got shifted out.
    if (Cst->getZExtValue() >= ASize)
      return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, Constant::getNullValue(DestTy));

    // Since we're doing an lshr and a zero extend, and know that the shift
    // amount is smaller than ASize, it is always safe to do the shift in A's
    // type, then zero extend or truncate to the result.
    Value *Shift = Builder->CreateLShr(A, Cst->getZExtValue());
    Shift->takeName(Src);
    return CastInst::CreateIntegerCast(Shift, DestTy, false);
  }

  // FIXME: We should canonicalize to zext/trunc and remove this transform.
  // Transform trunc(lshr (sext A), Cst) to ashr A, Cst to eliminate type
  // conversion.
  // It works because bits coming from sign extension have the same value as
  // the sign bit of the original value; performing ashr instead of lshr
  // generates bits of the same value as the sign bit.
  if (Src->hasOneUse() &&
      match(Src, m_LShr(m_SExt(m_Value(A)), m_ConstantInt(Cst)))) {
    Value *SExt = cast<Instruction>(Src)->getOperand(0);
    const unsigned SExtSize = SExt->getType()->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();
    const unsigned ASize = A->getType()->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();
    const unsigned CISize = CI.getType()->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();
    const unsigned MaxAmt = SExtSize - std::max(CISize, ASize);
    unsigned ShiftAmt = Cst->getZExtValue();

    // This optimization can be only performed when zero bits generated by
    // the original lshr aren't pulled into the value after truncation, so we
    // can only shift by values no larger than the number of extension bits.
    // FIXME: Instead of bailing when the shift is too large, use and to clear
    // the extra bits.
    if (ShiftAmt <= MaxAmt) {
      if (CISize == ASize)
        return BinaryOperator::CreateAShr(A, ConstantInt::get(CI.getType(),
                                          std::min(ShiftAmt, ASize - 1)));
      if (SExt->hasOneUse()) {
        Value *Shift = Builder->CreateAShr(A, std::min(ShiftAmt, ASize-1));
        Shift->takeName(Src);
        return CastInst::CreateIntegerCast(Shift, CI.getType(), true);
      }
    }
  }

  if (Instruction *I = shrinkBitwiseLogic(CI))
    return I;

  if (Instruction *I = shrinkSplatShuffle(CI, *Builder))
    return I;

  if (Instruction *I = shrinkInsertElt(CI, *Builder))
    return I;

  if (Src->hasOneUse() && isa<IntegerType>(SrcTy) &&
      shouldChangeType(SrcTy, DestTy)) {
    // Transform "trunc (shl X, cst)" -> "shl (trunc X), cst" so long as the
    // dest type is native and cst < dest size.
    if (match(Src, m_Shl(m_Value(A), m_ConstantInt(Cst))) &&
        !match(A, m_Shr(m_Value(), m_Constant()))) {
      // Skip shifts of shift by constants. It undoes a combine in
      // FoldShiftByConstant and is the extend in reg pattern.
      const unsigned DestSize = DestTy->getScalarSizeInBits();
      if (Cst->getValue().ult(DestSize)) {
        Value *NewTrunc = Builder->CreateTrunc(A, DestTy, A->getName() + ".tr");

        return BinaryOperator::Create(
          Instruction::Shl, NewTrunc,
          ConstantInt::get(DestTy, Cst->getValue().trunc(DestSize)));
      }
    }
  }

  if (Instruction *I = foldVecTruncToExtElt(CI, *this, DL))
    return I;

  return nullptr;
}

Instruction *InstCombiner::transformZExtICmp(ICmpInst *ICI, ZExtInst &CI,
                                             bool DoTransform) {
  // If we are just checking for a icmp eq of a single bit and zext'ing it
  // to an integer, then shift the bit to the appropriate place and then
  // cast to integer to avoid the comparison.
  if (ConstantInt *Op1C = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(ICI->getOperand(1))) {
    const APInt &Op1CV = Op1C->getValue();

    // zext (x <s  0) to i32 --> x>>u31      true if signbit set.
    // zext (x >s -1) to i32 --> (x>>u31)^1  true if signbit clear.
    if ((ICI->getPredicate() == ICmpInst::ICMP_SLT && Op1CV.isNullValue()) ||
        (ICI->getPredicate() == ICmpInst::ICMP_SGT && Op1CV.isAllOnesValue())) {
      if (!DoTransform) return ICI;

      Value *In = ICI->getOperand(0);
      Value *Sh = ConstantInt::get(In->getType(),
                                   In->getType()->getScalarSizeInBits() - 1);
      In = Builder->CreateLShr(In, Sh, In->getName() + ".lobit");
      if (In->getType() != CI.getType())
        In = Builder->CreateIntCast(In, CI.getType(), false/*ZExt*/);

      if (ICI->getPredicate() == ICmpInst::ICMP_SGT) {
        Constant *One = ConstantInt::get(In->getType(), 1);
        In = Builder->CreateXor(In, One, In->getName() + ".not");
      }

      return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, In);
    }

    // zext (X == 0) to i32 --> X^1      iff X has only the low bit set.
    // zext (X == 0) to i32 --> (X>>1)^1 iff X has only the 2nd bit set.
    // zext (X == 1) to i32 --> X        iff X has only the low bit set.
    // zext (X == 2) to i32 --> X>>1     iff X has only the 2nd bit set.
    // zext (X != 0) to i32 --> X        iff X has only the low bit set.
    // zext (X != 0) to i32 --> X>>1     iff X has only the 2nd bit set.
    // zext (X != 1) to i32 --> X^1      iff X has only the low bit set.
    // zext (X != 2) to i32 --> (X>>1)^1 iff X has only the 2nd bit set.
    if ((Op1CV.isNullValue() || Op1CV.isPowerOf2()) &&
        // This only works for EQ and NE
        ICI->isEquality()) {
      // If Op1C some other power of two, convert:
      KnownBits Known = computeKnownBits(ICI->getOperand(0), 0, &CI);

      APInt KnownZeroMask(~Known.Zero);
      if (KnownZeroMask.isPowerOf2()) { // Exactly 1 possible 1?
        if (!DoTransform) return ICI;

        bool isNE = ICI->getPredicate() == ICmpInst::ICMP_NE;
        if (!Op1CV.isNullValue() && (Op1CV != KnownZeroMask)) {
          // (X&4) == 2 --> false
          // (X&4) != 2 --> true
          Constant *Res = ConstantInt::get(Type::getInt1Ty(CI.getContext()),
                                           isNE);
          Res = ConstantExpr::getZExt(Res, CI.getType());
          return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, Res);
        }

        uint32_t ShAmt = KnownZeroMask.logBase2();
        Value *In = ICI->getOperand(0);
        if (ShAmt) {
          // Perform a logical shr by shiftamt.
          // Insert the shift to put the result in the low bit.
          In = Builder->CreateLShr(In, ConstantInt::get(In->getType(), ShAmt),
                                   In->getName() + ".lobit");
        }

        if (!Op1CV.isNullValue() == isNE) { // Toggle the low bit.
          Constant *One = ConstantInt::get(In->getType(), 1);
          In = Builder->CreateXor(In, One);
        }

        if (CI.getType() == In->getType())
          return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, In);

        Value *IntCast = Builder->CreateIntCast(In, CI.getType(), false);
        return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, IntCast);
      }
    }
  }

  // icmp ne A, B is equal to xor A, B when A and B only really have one bit.
  // It is also profitable to transform icmp eq into not(xor(A, B)) because that
  // may lead to additional simplifications.
  if (ICI->isEquality() && CI.getType() == ICI->getOperand(0)->getType()) {
    if (IntegerType *ITy = dyn_cast<IntegerType>(CI.getType())) {
      Value *LHS = ICI->getOperand(0);
      Value *RHS = ICI->getOperand(1);

      KnownBits KnownLHS = computeKnownBits(LHS, 0, &CI);
      KnownBits KnownRHS = computeKnownBits(RHS, 0, &CI);

      if (KnownLHS.Zero == KnownRHS.Zero && KnownLHS.One == KnownRHS.One) {
        APInt KnownBits = KnownLHS.Zero | KnownLHS.One;
        APInt UnknownBit = ~KnownBits;
        if (UnknownBit.countPopulation() == 1) {
          if (!DoTransform) return ICI;

          Value *Result = Builder->CreateXor(LHS, RHS);

          // Mask off any bits that are set and won't be shifted away.
          if (KnownLHS.One.uge(UnknownBit))
            Result = Builder->CreateAnd(Result,
                                        ConstantInt::get(ITy, UnknownBit));

          // Shift the bit we're testing down to the lsb.
          Result = Builder->CreateLShr(
               Result, ConstantInt::get(ITy, UnknownBit.countTrailingZeros()));

          if (ICI->getPredicate() == ICmpInst::ICMP_EQ)
            Result = Builder->CreateXor(Result, ConstantInt::get(ITy, 1));
          Result->takeName(ICI);
          return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, Result);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  return nullptr;
}

/// Determine if the specified value can be computed in the specified wider type
/// and produce the same low bits. If not, return false.
///
/// If this function returns true, it can also return a non-zero number of bits
/// (in BitsToClear) which indicates that the value it computes is correct for
/// the zero extend, but that the additional BitsToClear bits need to be zero'd
/// out.  For example, to promote something like:
///
///   %B = trunc i64 %A to i32
///   %C = lshr i32 %B, 8
///   %E = zext i32 %C to i64
///
/// CanEvaluateZExtd for the 'lshr' will return true, and BitsToClear will be
/// set to 8 to indicate that the promoted value needs to have bits 24-31
/// cleared in addition to bits 32-63.  Since an 'and' will be generated to
/// clear the top bits anyway, doing this has no extra cost.
///
/// This function works on both vectors and scalars.
static bool canEvaluateZExtd(Value *V, Type *Ty, unsigned &BitsToClear,
                             InstCombiner &IC, Instruction *CxtI) {
  BitsToClear = 0;
  if (isa<Constant>(V))
    return true;

  Instruction *I = dyn_cast<Instruction>(V);
  if (!I) return false;

  // If the input is a truncate from the destination type, we can trivially
  // eliminate it.
  if (isa<TruncInst>(I) && I->getOperand(0)->getType() == Ty)
    return true;

  // We can't extend or shrink something that has multiple uses: doing so would
  // require duplicating the instruction in general, which isn't profitable.
  if (!I->hasOneUse()) return false;

  unsigned Opc = I->getOpcode(), Tmp;
  switch (Opc) {
  case Instruction::ZExt:  // zext(zext(x)) -> zext(x).
  case Instruction::SExt:  // zext(sext(x)) -> sext(x).
  case Instruction::Trunc: // zext(trunc(x)) -> trunc(x) or zext(x)
    return true;
  case Instruction::And:
  case Instruction::Or:
  case Instruction::Xor:
  case Instruction::Add:
  case Instruction::Sub:
  case Instruction::Mul:
    if (!canEvaluateZExtd(I->getOperand(0), Ty, BitsToClear, IC, CxtI) ||
        !canEvaluateZExtd(I->getOperand(1), Ty, Tmp, IC, CxtI))
      return false;
    // These can all be promoted if neither operand has 'bits to clear'.
    if (BitsToClear == 0 && Tmp == 0)
      return true;

    // If the operation is an AND/OR/XOR and the bits to clear are zero in the
    // other side, BitsToClear is ok.
    if (Tmp == 0 && I->isBitwiseLogicOp()) {
      // We use MaskedValueIsZero here for generality, but the case we care
      // about the most is constant RHS.
      unsigned VSize = V->getType()->getScalarSizeInBits();
      if (IC.MaskedValueIsZero(I->getOperand(1),
                               APInt::getHighBitsSet(VSize, BitsToClear),
                               0, CxtI))
        return true;
    }

    // Otherwise, we don't know how to analyze this BitsToClear case yet.
    return false;

  case Instruction::Shl:
    // We can promote shl(x, cst) if we can promote x.  Since shl overwrites the
    // upper bits we can reduce BitsToClear by the shift amount.
    if (ConstantInt *Amt = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(I->getOperand(1))) {
      if (!canEvaluateZExtd(I->getOperand(0), Ty, BitsToClear, IC, CxtI))
        return false;
      uint64_t ShiftAmt = Amt->getZExtValue();
      BitsToClear = ShiftAmt < BitsToClear ? BitsToClear - ShiftAmt : 0;
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  case Instruction::LShr:
    // We can promote lshr(x, cst) if we can promote x.  This requires the
    // ultimate 'and' to clear out the high zero bits we're clearing out though.
    if (ConstantInt *Amt = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(I->getOperand(1))) {
      if (!canEvaluateZExtd(I->getOperand(0), Ty, BitsToClear, IC, CxtI))
        return false;
      BitsToClear += Amt->getZExtValue();
      if (BitsToClear > V->getType()->getScalarSizeInBits())
        BitsToClear = V->getType()->getScalarSizeInBits();
      return true;
    }
    // Cannot promote variable LSHR.
    return false;
  case Instruction::Select:
    if (!canEvaluateZExtd(I->getOperand(1), Ty, Tmp, IC, CxtI) ||
        !canEvaluateZExtd(I->getOperand(2), Ty, BitsToClear, IC, CxtI) ||
        // TODO: If important, we could handle the case when the BitsToClear are
        // known zero in the disagreeing side.
        Tmp != BitsToClear)
      return false;
    return true;

  case Instruction::PHI: {
    // We can change a phi if we can change all operands.  Note that we never
    // get into trouble with cyclic PHIs here because we only consider
    // instructions with a single use.
    PHINode *PN = cast<PHINode>(I);
    if (!canEvaluateZExtd(PN->getIncomingValue(0), Ty, BitsToClear, IC, CxtI))
      return false;
    for (unsigned i = 1, e = PN->getNumIncomingValues(); i != e; ++i)
      if (!canEvaluateZExtd(PN->getIncomingValue(i), Ty, Tmp, IC, CxtI) ||
          // TODO: If important, we could handle the case when the BitsToClear
          // are known zero in the disagreeing input.
          Tmp != BitsToClear)
        return false;
    return true;
  }
  default:
    // TODO: Can handle more cases here.
    return false;
  }
}

Instruction *InstCombiner::visitZExt(ZExtInst &CI) {
  // If this zero extend is only used by a truncate, let the truncate be
  // eliminated before we try to optimize this zext.
  if (CI.hasOneUse() && isa<TruncInst>(CI.user_back()))
    return nullptr;

  // If one of the common conversion will work, do it.
  if (Instruction *Result = commonCastTransforms(CI))
    return Result;

  Value *Src = CI.getOperand(0);
  Type *SrcTy = Src->getType(), *DestTy = CI.getType();

  // Attempt to extend the entire input expression tree to the destination
  // type.   Only do this if the dest type is a simple type, don't convert the
  // expression tree to something weird like i93 unless the source is also
  // strange.
  unsigned BitsToClear;
  if ((DestTy->isVectorTy() || shouldChangeType(SrcTy, DestTy)) &&
      canEvaluateZExtd(Src, DestTy, BitsToClear, *this, &CI)) {
    assert(BitsToClear <= SrcTy->getScalarSizeInBits() &&
           "Can't clear more bits than in SrcTy");

    // Okay, we can transform this!  Insert the new expression now.
    DEBUG(dbgs() << "ICE: EvaluateInDifferentType converting expression type"
          " to avoid zero extend: " << CI << '\n');
    Value *Res = EvaluateInDifferentType(Src, DestTy, false);
    assert(Res->getType() == DestTy);

    uint32_t SrcBitsKept = SrcTy->getScalarSizeInBits()-BitsToClear;
    uint32_t DestBitSize = DestTy->getScalarSizeInBits();

    // If the high bits are already filled with zeros, just replace this
    // cast with the result.
    if (MaskedValueIsZero(Res,
                          APInt::getHighBitsSet(DestBitSize,
                                                DestBitSize-SrcBitsKept),
                             0, &CI))
      return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, Res);

    // We need to emit an AND to clear the high bits.
    Constant *C = ConstantInt::get(Res->getType(),
                               APInt::getLowBitsSet(DestBitSize, SrcBitsKept));
    return BinaryOperator::CreateAnd(Res, C);
  }

  // If this is a TRUNC followed by a ZEXT then we are dealing with integral
  // types and if the sizes are just right we can convert this into a logical
  // 'and' which will be much cheaper than the pair of casts.
  if (TruncInst *CSrc = dyn_cast<TruncInst>(Src)) {   // A->B->C cast
    // TODO: Subsume this into EvaluateInDifferentType.

    // Get the sizes of the types involved.  We know that the intermediate type
    // will be smaller than A or C, but don't know the relation between A and C.
    Value *A = CSrc->getOperand(0);
    unsigned SrcSize = A->getType()->getScalarSizeInBits();
    unsigned MidSize = CSrc->getType()->getScalarSizeInBits();
    unsigned DstSize = CI.getType()->getScalarSizeInBits();
    // If we're actually extending zero bits, then if
    // SrcSize <  DstSize: zext(a & mask)
    // SrcSize == DstSize: a & mask
    // SrcSize  > DstSize: trunc(a) & mask
    if (SrcSize < DstSize) {
      APInt AndValue(APInt::getLowBitsSet(SrcSize, MidSize));
      Constant *AndConst = ConstantInt::get(A->getType(), AndValue);
      Value *And = Builder->CreateAnd(A, AndConst, CSrc->getName()+".mask");
      return new ZExtInst(And, CI.getType());
    }

    if (SrcSize == DstSize) {
      APInt AndValue(APInt::getLowBitsSet(SrcSize, MidSize));
      return BinaryOperator::CreateAnd(A, ConstantInt::get(A->getType(),
                                                           AndValue));
    }
    if (SrcSize > DstSize) {
      Value *Trunc = Builder->CreateTrunc(A, CI.getType());
      APInt AndValue(APInt::getLowBitsSet(DstSize, MidSize));
      return BinaryOperator::CreateAnd(Trunc,
                                       ConstantInt::get(Trunc->getType(),
                                                        AndValue));
    }
  }

  if (ICmpInst *ICI = dyn_cast<ICmpInst>(Src))
    return transformZExtICmp(ICI, CI);

  BinaryOperator *SrcI = dyn_cast<BinaryOperator>(Src);
  if (SrcI && SrcI->getOpcode() == Instruction::Or) {
    // zext (or icmp, icmp) -> or (zext icmp), (zext icmp) if at least one
    // of the (zext icmp) can be eliminated. If so, immediately perform the
    // according elimination.
    ICmpInst *LHS = dyn_cast<ICmpInst>(SrcI->getOperand(0));
    ICmpInst *RHS = dyn_cast<ICmpInst>(SrcI->getOperand(1));
    if (LHS && RHS && LHS->hasOneUse() && RHS->hasOneUse() &&
        (transformZExtICmp(LHS, CI, false) ||
         transformZExtICmp(RHS, CI, false))) {
      // zext (or icmp, icmp) -> or (zext icmp), (zext icmp)
      Value *LCast = Builder->CreateZExt(LHS, CI.getType(), LHS->getName());
      Value *RCast = Builder->CreateZExt(RHS, CI.getType(), RHS->getName());
      BinaryOperator *Or = BinaryOperator::Create(Instruction::Or, LCast, RCast);

      // Perform the elimination.
      if (auto *LZExt = dyn_cast<ZExtInst>(LCast))
        transformZExtICmp(LHS, *LZExt);
      if (auto *RZExt = dyn_cast<ZExtInst>(RCast))
        transformZExtICmp(RHS, *RZExt);

      return Or;
    }
  }

  // zext(trunc(X) & C) -> (X & zext(C)).
  Constant *C;
  Value *X;
  if (SrcI &&
      match(SrcI, m_OneUse(m_And(m_Trunc(m_Value(X)), m_Constant(C)))) &&
      X->getType() == CI.getType())
    return BinaryOperator::CreateAnd(X, ConstantExpr::getZExt(C, CI.getType()));

  // zext((trunc(X) & C) ^ C) -> ((X & zext(C)) ^ zext(C)).
  Value *And;
  if (SrcI && match(SrcI, m_OneUse(m_Xor(m_Value(And), m_Constant(C)))) &&
      match(And, m_OneUse(m_And(m_Trunc(m_Value(X)), m_Specific(C)))) &&
      X->getType() == CI.getType()) {
    Constant *ZC = ConstantExpr::getZExt(C, CI.getType());
    return BinaryOperator::CreateXor(Builder->CreateAnd(X, ZC), ZC);
  }

  return nullptr;
}

/// Transform (sext icmp) to bitwise / integer operations to eliminate the icmp.
Instruction *InstCombiner::transformSExtICmp(ICmpInst *ICI, Instruction &CI) {
  Value *Op0 = ICI->getOperand(0), *Op1 = ICI->getOperand(1);
  ICmpInst::Predicate Pred = ICI->getPredicate();

  // Don't bother if Op1 isn't of vector or integer type.
  if (!Op1->getType()->isIntOrIntVectorTy())
    return nullptr;

  if (Constant *Op1C = dyn_cast<Constant>(Op1)) {
    // (x <s  0) ? -1 : 0 -> ashr x, 31        -> all ones if negative
    // (x >s -1) ? -1 : 0 -> not (ashr x, 31)  -> all ones if positive
    if ((Pred == ICmpInst::ICMP_SLT && Op1C->isNullValue()) ||
        (Pred == ICmpInst::ICMP_SGT && Op1C->isAllOnesValue())) {

      Value *Sh = ConstantInt::get(Op0->getType(),
                                   Op0->getType()->getScalarSizeInBits()-1);
      Value *In = Builder->CreateAShr(Op0, Sh, Op0->getName()+".lobit");
      if (In->getType() != CI.getType())
        In = Builder->CreateIntCast(In, CI.getType(), true/*SExt*/);

      if (Pred == ICmpInst::ICMP_SGT)
        In = Builder->CreateNot(In, In->getName()+".not");
      return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, In);
    }
  }

  if (ConstantInt *Op1C = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(Op1)) {
    // If we know that only one bit of the LHS of the icmp can be set and we
    // have an equality comparison with zero or a power of 2, we can transform
    // the icmp and sext into bitwise/integer operations.
    if (ICI->hasOneUse() &&
        ICI->isEquality() && (Op1C->isZero() || Op1C->getValue().isPowerOf2())){
      KnownBits Known = computeKnownBits(Op0, 0, &CI);

      APInt KnownZeroMask(~Known.Zero);
      if (KnownZeroMask.isPowerOf2()) {
        Value *In = ICI->getOperand(0);

        // If the icmp tests for a known zero bit we can constant fold it.
        if (!Op1C->isZero() && Op1C->getValue() != KnownZeroMask) {
          Value *V = Pred == ICmpInst::ICMP_NE ?
                       ConstantInt::getAllOnesValue(CI.getType()) :
                       ConstantInt::getNullValue(CI.getType());
          return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, V);
        }

        if (!Op1C->isZero() == (Pred == ICmpInst::ICMP_NE)) {
          // sext ((x & 2^n) == 0)   -> (x >> n) - 1
          // sext ((x & 2^n) != 2^n) -> (x >> n) - 1
          unsigned ShiftAmt = KnownZeroMask.countTrailingZeros();
          // Perform a right shift to place the desired bit in the LSB.
          if (ShiftAmt)
            In = Builder->CreateLShr(In,
                                     ConstantInt::get(In->getType(), ShiftAmt));

          // At this point "In" is either 1 or 0. Subtract 1 to turn
          // {1, 0} -> {0, -1}.
          In = Builder->CreateAdd(In,
                                  ConstantInt::getAllOnesValue(In->getType()),
                                  "sext");
        } else {
          // sext ((x & 2^n) != 0)   -> (x << bitwidth-n) a>> bitwidth-1
          // sext ((x & 2^n) == 2^n) -> (x << bitwidth-n) a>> bitwidth-1
          unsigned ShiftAmt = KnownZeroMask.countLeadingZeros();
          // Perform a left shift to place the desired bit in the MSB.
          if (ShiftAmt)
            In = Builder->CreateShl(In,
                                    ConstantInt::get(In->getType(), ShiftAmt));

          // Distribute the bit over the whole bit width.
          In = Builder->CreateAShr(In, ConstantInt::get(In->getType(),
                                      KnownZeroMask.getBitWidth() - 1), "sext");
        }

        if (CI.getType() == In->getType())
          return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, In);
        return CastInst::CreateIntegerCast(In, CI.getType(), true/*SExt*/);
      }
    }
  }

  return nullptr;
}

/// Return true if we can take the specified value and return it as type Ty
/// without inserting any new casts and without changing the value of the common
/// low bits.  This is used by code that tries to promote integer operations to
/// a wider types will allow us to eliminate the extension.
///
/// This function works on both vectors and scalars.
///
static bool canEvaluateSExtd(Value *V, Type *Ty) {
  assert(V->getType()->getScalarSizeInBits() < Ty->getScalarSizeInBits() &&
         "Can't sign extend type to a smaller type");
  // If this is a constant, it can be trivially promoted.
  if (isa<Constant>(V))
    return true;

  Instruction *I = dyn_cast<Instruction>(V);
  if (!I) return false;

  // If this is a truncate from the dest type, we can trivially eliminate it.
  if (isa<TruncInst>(I) && I->getOperand(0)->getType() == Ty)
    return true;

  // We can't extend or shrink something that has multiple uses: doing so would
  // require duplicating the instruction in general, which isn't profitable.
  if (!I->hasOneUse()) return false;

  switch (I->getOpcode()) {
  case Instruction::SExt:  // sext(sext(x)) -> sext(x)
  case Instruction::ZExt:  // sext(zext(x)) -> zext(x)
  case Instruction::Trunc: // sext(trunc(x)) -> trunc(x) or sext(x)
    return true;
  case Instruction::And:
  case Instruction::Or:
  case Instruction::Xor:
  case Instruction::Add:
  case Instruction::Sub:
  case Instruction::Mul:
    // These operators can all arbitrarily be extended if their inputs can.
    return canEvaluateSExtd(I->getOperand(0), Ty) &&
           canEvaluateSExtd(I->getOperand(1), Ty);

  //case Instruction::Shl:   TODO
  //case Instruction::LShr:  TODO

  case Instruction::Select:
    return canEvaluateSExtd(I->getOperand(1), Ty) &&
           canEvaluateSExtd(I->getOperand(2), Ty);

  case Instruction::PHI: {
    // We can change a phi if we can change all operands.  Note that we never
    // get into trouble with cyclic PHIs here because we only consider
    // instructions with a single use.
    PHINode *PN = cast<PHINode>(I);
    for (Value *IncValue : PN->incoming_values())
      if (!canEvaluateSExtd(IncValue, Ty)) return false;
    return true;
  }
  default:
    // TODO: Can handle more cases here.
    break;
  }

  return false;
}

Instruction *InstCombiner::visitSExt(SExtInst &CI) {
  // If this sign extend is only used by a truncate, let the truncate be
  // eliminated before we try to optimize this sext.
  if (CI.hasOneUse() && isa<TruncInst>(CI.user_back()))
    return nullptr;

  if (Instruction *I = commonCastTransforms(CI))
    return I;

  Value *Src = CI.getOperand(0);
  Type *SrcTy = Src->getType(), *DestTy = CI.getType();

  // If we know that the value being extended is positive, we can use a zext
  // instead.
  KnownBits Known = computeKnownBits(Src, 0, &CI);
  if (Known.isNonNegative()) {
    Value *ZExt = Builder->CreateZExt(Src, DestTy);
    return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, ZExt);
  }

  // Attempt to extend the entire input expression tree to the destination
  // type.   Only do this if the dest type is a simple type, don't convert the
  // expression tree to something weird like i93 unless the source is also
  // strange.
  if ((DestTy->isVectorTy() || shouldChangeType(SrcTy, DestTy)) &&
      canEvaluateSExtd(Src, DestTy)) {
    // Okay, we can transform this!  Insert the new expression now.
    DEBUG(dbgs() << "ICE: EvaluateInDifferentType converting expression type"
          " to avoid sign extend: " << CI << '\n');
    Value *Res = EvaluateInDifferentType(Src, DestTy, true);
    assert(Res->getType() == DestTy);

    uint32_t SrcBitSize = SrcTy->getScalarSizeInBits();
    uint32_t DestBitSize = DestTy->getScalarSizeInBits();

    // If the high bits are already filled with sign bit, just replace this
    // cast with the result.
    if (ComputeNumSignBits(Res, 0, &CI) > DestBitSize - SrcBitSize)
      return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, Res);

    // We need to emit a shl + ashr to do the sign extend.
    Value *ShAmt = ConstantInt::get(DestTy, DestBitSize-SrcBitSize);
    return BinaryOperator::CreateAShr(Builder->CreateShl(Res, ShAmt, "sext"),
                                      ShAmt);
  }

  // If the input is a trunc from the destination type, then turn sext(trunc(x))
  // into shifts.
  Value *X;
  if (match(Src, m_OneUse(m_Trunc(m_Value(X)))) && X->getType() == DestTy) {
    // sext(trunc(X)) --> ashr(shl(X, C), C)
    unsigned SrcBitSize = SrcTy->getScalarSizeInBits();
    unsigned DestBitSize = DestTy->getScalarSizeInBits();
    Constant *ShAmt = ConstantInt::get(DestTy, DestBitSize - SrcBitSize);
    return BinaryOperator::CreateAShr(Builder->CreateShl(X, ShAmt), ShAmt);
  }

  if (ICmpInst *ICI = dyn_cast<ICmpInst>(Src))
    return transformSExtICmp(ICI, CI);

  // If the input is a shl/ashr pair of a same constant, then this is a sign
  // extension from a smaller value.  If we could trust arbitrary bitwidth
  // integers, we could turn this into a truncate to the smaller bit and then
  // use a sext for the whole extension.  Since we don't, look deeper and check
  // for a truncate.  If the source and dest are the same type, eliminate the
  // trunc and extend and just do shifts.  For example, turn:
  //   %a = trunc i32 %i to i8
  //   %b = shl i8 %a, 6
  //   %c = ashr i8 %b, 6
  //   %d = sext i8 %c to i32
  // into:
  //   %a = shl i32 %i, 30
  //   %d = ashr i32 %a, 30
  Value *A = nullptr;
  // TODO: Eventually this could be subsumed by EvaluateInDifferentType.
  ConstantInt *BA = nullptr, *CA = nullptr;
  if (match(Src, m_AShr(m_Shl(m_Trunc(m_Value(A)), m_ConstantInt(BA)),
                        m_ConstantInt(CA))) &&
      BA == CA && A->getType() == CI.getType()) {
    unsigned MidSize = Src->getType()->getScalarSizeInBits();
    unsigned SrcDstSize = CI.getType()->getScalarSizeInBits();
    unsigned ShAmt = CA->getZExtValue()+SrcDstSize-MidSize;
    Constant *ShAmtV = ConstantInt::get(CI.getType(), ShAmt);
    A = Builder->CreateShl(A, ShAmtV, CI.getName());
    return BinaryOperator::CreateAShr(A, ShAmtV);
  }

  return nullptr;
}


/// Return a Constant* for the specified floating-point constant if it fits
/// in the specified FP type without changing its value.
static Constant *fitsInFPType(ConstantFP *CFP, const fltSemantics &Sem) {
  bool losesInfo;
  APFloat F = CFP->getValueAPF();
  (void)F.convert(Sem, APFloat::rmNearestTiesToEven, &losesInfo);
  if (!losesInfo)
    return ConstantFP::get(CFP->getContext(), F);
  return nullptr;
}

/// Look through floating-point extensions until we get the source value.
static Value *lookThroughFPExtensions(Value *V) {
  while (auto *FPExt = dyn_cast<FPExtInst>(V))
    V = FPExt->getOperand(0);

  // If this value is a constant, return the constant in the smallest FP type
  // that can accurately represent it.  This allows us to turn
  // (float)((double)X+2.0) into x+2.0f.
  if (auto *CFP = dyn_cast<ConstantFP>(V)) {
    if (CFP->getType() == Type::getPPC_FP128Ty(V->getContext()))
      return V;  // No constant folding of this.
    // See if the value can be truncated to half and then reextended.
    if (Value *V = fitsInFPType(CFP, APFloat::IEEEhalf()))
      return V;
    // See if the value can be truncated to float and then reextended.
    if (Value *V = fitsInFPType(CFP, APFloat::IEEEsingle()))
      return V;
    if (CFP->getType()->isDoubleTy())
      return V;  // Won't shrink.
    if (Value *V = fitsInFPType(CFP, APFloat::IEEEdouble()))
      return V;
    // Don't try to shrink to various long double types.
  }

  return V;
}

Instruction *InstCombiner::visitFPTrunc(FPTruncInst &CI) {
  if (Instruction *I = commonCastTransforms(CI))
    return I;
  // If we have fptrunc(OpI (fpextend x), (fpextend y)), we would like to
  // simplify this expression to avoid one or more of the trunc/extend
  // operations if we can do so without changing the numerical results.
  //
  // The exact manner in which the widths of the operands interact to limit
  // what we can and cannot do safely varies from operation to operation, and
  // is explained below in the various case statements.
  BinaryOperator *OpI = dyn_cast<BinaryOperator>(CI.getOperand(0));
  if (OpI && OpI->hasOneUse()) {
    Value *LHSOrig = lookThroughFPExtensions(OpI->getOperand(0));
    Value *RHSOrig = lookThroughFPExtensions(OpI->getOperand(1));
    unsigned OpWidth = OpI->getType()->getFPMantissaWidth();
    unsigned LHSWidth = LHSOrig->getType()->getFPMantissaWidth();
    unsigned RHSWidth = RHSOrig->getType()->getFPMantissaWidth();
    unsigned SrcWidth = std::max(LHSWidth, RHSWidth);
    unsigned DstWidth = CI.getType()->getFPMantissaWidth();
    switch (OpI->getOpcode()) {
      default: break;
      case Instruction::FAdd:
      case Instruction::FSub:
        // For addition and subtraction, the infinitely precise result can
        // essentially be arbitrarily wide; proving that double rounding
        // will not occur because the result of OpI is exact (as we will for
        // FMul, for example) is hopeless.  However, we *can* nonetheless
        // frequently know that double rounding cannot occur (or that it is
        // innocuous) by taking advantage of the specific structure of
        // infinitely-precise results that admit double rounding.
        //
        // Specifically, if OpWidth >= 2*DstWdith+1 and DstWidth is sufficient
        // to represent both sources, we can guarantee that the double
        // rounding is innocuous (See p50 of Figueroa's 2000 PhD thesis,
        // "A Rigorous Framework for Fully Supporting the IEEE Standard ..."
        // for proof of this fact).
        //
        // Note: Figueroa does not consider the case where DstFormat !=
        // SrcFormat.  It's possible (likely even!) that this analysis
        // could be tightened for those cases, but they are rare (the main
        // case of interest here is (float)((double)float + float)).
        if (OpWidth >= 2*DstWidth+1 && DstWidth >= SrcWidth) {
          if (LHSOrig->getType() != CI.getType())
            LHSOrig = Builder->CreateFPExt(LHSOrig, CI.getType());
          if (RHSOrig->getType() != CI.getType())
            RHSOrig = Builder->CreateFPExt(RHSOrig, CI.getType());
          Instruction *RI =
            BinaryOperator::Create(OpI->getOpcode(), LHSOrig, RHSOrig);
          RI->copyFastMathFlags(OpI);
          return RI;
        }
        break;
      case Instruction::FMul:
        // For multiplication, the infinitely precise result has at most
        // LHSWidth + RHSWidth significant bits; if OpWidth is sufficient
        // that such a value can be exactly represented, then no double
        // rounding can possibly occur; we can safely perform the operation
        // in the destination format if it can represent both sources.
        if (OpWidth >= LHSWidth + RHSWidth && DstWidth >= SrcWidth) {
          if (LHSOrig->getType() != CI.getType())
            LHSOrig = Builder->CreateFPExt(LHSOrig, CI.getType());
          if (RHSOrig->getType() != CI.getType())
            RHSOrig = Builder->CreateFPExt(RHSOrig, CI.getType());
          Instruction *RI =
            BinaryOperator::CreateFMul(LHSOrig, RHSOrig);
          RI->copyFastMathFlags(OpI);
          return RI;
        }
        break;
      case Instruction::FDiv:
        // For division, we use again use the bound from Figueroa's
        // dissertation.  I am entirely certain that this bound can be
        // tightened in the unbalanced operand case by an analysis based on
        // the diophantine rational approximation bound, but the well-known
        // condition used here is a good conservative first pass.
        // TODO: Tighten bound via rigorous analysis of the unbalanced case.
        if (OpWidth >= 2*DstWidth && DstWidth >= SrcWidth) {
          if (LHSOrig->getType() != CI.getType())
            LHSOrig = Builder->CreateFPExt(LHSOrig, CI.getType());
          if (RHSOrig->getType() != CI.getType())
            RHSOrig = Builder->CreateFPExt(RHSOrig, CI.getType());
          Instruction *RI =
            BinaryOperator::CreateFDiv(LHSOrig, RHSOrig);
          RI->copyFastMathFlags(OpI);
          return RI;
        }
        break;
      case Instruction::FRem:
        // Remainder is straightforward.  Remainder is always exact, so the
        // type of OpI doesn't enter into things at all.  We simply evaluate
        // in whichever source type is larger, then convert to the
        // destination type.
        if (SrcWidth == OpWidth)
          break;
        if (LHSWidth < SrcWidth)
          LHSOrig = Builder->CreateFPExt(LHSOrig, RHSOrig->getType());
        else if (RHSWidth <= SrcWidth)
          RHSOrig = Builder->CreateFPExt(RHSOrig, LHSOrig->getType());
        if (LHSOrig != OpI->getOperand(0) || RHSOrig != OpI->getOperand(1)) {
          Value *ExactResult = Builder->CreateFRem(LHSOrig, RHSOrig);
          if (Instruction *RI = dyn_cast<Instruction>(ExactResult))
            RI->copyFastMathFlags(OpI);
          return CastInst::CreateFPCast(ExactResult, CI.getType());
        }
    }

    // (fptrunc (fneg x)) -> (fneg (fptrunc x))
    if (BinaryOperator::isFNeg(OpI)) {
      Value *InnerTrunc = Builder->CreateFPTrunc(OpI->getOperand(1),
                                                 CI.getType());
      Instruction *RI = BinaryOperator::CreateFNeg(InnerTrunc);
      RI->copyFastMathFlags(OpI);
      return RI;
    }
  }

  // (fptrunc (select cond, R1, Cst)) -->
  // (select cond, (fptrunc R1), (fptrunc Cst))
  //
  //  - but only if this isn't part of a min/max operation, else we'll
  // ruin min/max canonical form which is to have the select and
  // compare's operands be of the same type with no casts to look through.
  Value *LHS, *RHS;
  SelectInst *SI = dyn_cast<SelectInst>(CI.getOperand(0));
  if (SI &&
      (isa<ConstantFP>(SI->getOperand(1)) ||
       isa<ConstantFP>(SI->getOperand(2))) &&
      matchSelectPattern(SI, LHS, RHS).Flavor == SPF_UNKNOWN) {
    Value *LHSTrunc = Builder->CreateFPTrunc(SI->getOperand(1),
                                             CI.getType());
    Value *RHSTrunc = Builder->CreateFPTrunc(SI->getOperand(2),
                                             CI.getType());
    return SelectInst::Create(SI->getOperand(0), LHSTrunc, RHSTrunc);
  }

  IntrinsicInst *II = dyn_cast<IntrinsicInst>(CI.getOperand(0));
  if (II) {
    switch (II->getIntrinsicID()) {
    default: break;
    case Intrinsic::fabs:
    case Intrinsic::ceil:
    case Intrinsic::floor:
    case Intrinsic::rint:
    case Intrinsic::round:
    case Intrinsic::nearbyint:
    case Intrinsic::trunc: {
      Value *Src = II->getArgOperand(0);
      if (!Src->hasOneUse())
        break;

      // Except for fabs, this transformation requires the input of the unary FP
      // operation to be itself an fpext from the type to which we're
      // truncating.
      if (II->getIntrinsicID() != Intrinsic::fabs) {
        FPExtInst *FPExtSrc = dyn_cast<FPExtInst>(Src);
        if (!FPExtSrc || FPExtSrc->getOperand(0)->getType() != CI.getType())
          break;
      }

      // Do unary FP operation on smaller type.
      // (fptrunc (fabs x)) -> (fabs (fptrunc x))
      Value *InnerTrunc = Builder->CreateFPTrunc(Src, CI.getType());
      Type *IntrinsicType[] = { CI.getType() };
      Function *Overload = Intrinsic::getDeclaration(
        CI.getModule(), II->getIntrinsicID(), IntrinsicType);

      SmallVector<OperandBundleDef, 1> OpBundles;
      II->getOperandBundlesAsDefs(OpBundles);

      Value *Args[] = { InnerTrunc };
      CallInst *NewCI =  CallInst::Create(Overload, Args,
                                          OpBundles, II->getName());
      NewCI->copyFastMathFlags(II);
      return NewCI;
    }
    }
  }

  if (Instruction *I = shrinkInsertElt(CI, *Builder))
    return I;

  return nullptr;
}

Instruction *InstCombiner::visitFPExt(CastInst &CI) {
  return commonCastTransforms(CI);
}

// fpto{s/u}i({u/s}itofp(X)) --> X or zext(X) or sext(X) or trunc(X)
// This is safe if the intermediate type has enough bits in its mantissa to
// accurately represent all values of X.  For example, this won't work with
// i64 -> float -> i64.
Instruction *InstCombiner::FoldItoFPtoI(Instruction &FI) {
  if (!isa<UIToFPInst>(FI.getOperand(0)) && !isa<SIToFPInst>(FI.getOperand(0)))
    return nullptr;
  Instruction *OpI = cast<Instruction>(FI.getOperand(0));

  Value *SrcI = OpI->getOperand(0);
  Type *FITy = FI.getType();
  Type *OpITy = OpI->getType();
  Type *SrcTy = SrcI->getType();
  bool IsInputSigned = isa<SIToFPInst>(OpI);
  bool IsOutputSigned = isa<FPToSIInst>(FI);

  // We can safely assume the conversion won't overflow the output range,
  // because (for example) (uint8_t)18293.f is undefined behavior.

  // Since we can assume the conversion won't overflow, our decision as to
  // whether the input will fit in the float should depend on the minimum
  // of the input range and output range.

  // This means this is also safe for a signed input and unsigned output, since
  // a negative input would lead to undefined behavior.
  int InputSize = (int)SrcTy->getScalarSizeInBits() - IsInputSigned;
  int OutputSize = (int)FITy->getScalarSizeInBits() - IsOutputSigned;
  int ActualSize = std::min(InputSize, OutputSize);

  if (ActualSize <= OpITy->getFPMantissaWidth()) {
    if (FITy->getScalarSizeInBits() > SrcTy->getScalarSizeInBits()) {
      if (IsInputSigned && IsOutputSigned)
        return new SExtInst(SrcI, FITy);
      return new ZExtInst(SrcI, FITy);
    }
    if (FITy->getScalarSizeInBits() < SrcTy->getScalarSizeInBits())
      return new TruncInst(SrcI, FITy);
    if (SrcTy == FITy)
      return replaceInstUsesWith(FI, SrcI);
    return new BitCastInst(SrcI, FITy);
  }
  return nullptr;
}

Instruction *InstCombiner::visitFPToUI(FPToUIInst &FI) {
  Instruction *OpI = dyn_cast<Instruction>(FI.getOperand(0));
  if (!OpI)
    return commonCastTransforms(FI);

  if (Instruction *I = FoldItoFPtoI(FI))
    return I;

  return commonCastTransforms(FI);
}

Instruction *InstCombiner::visitFPToSI(FPToSIInst &FI) {
  Instruction *OpI = dyn_cast<Instruction>(FI.getOperand(0));
  if (!OpI)
    return commonCastTransforms(FI);

  if (Instruction *I = FoldItoFPtoI(FI))
    return I;

  return commonCastTransforms(FI);
}

Instruction *InstCombiner::visitUIToFP(CastInst &CI) {
  return commonCastTransforms(CI);
}

Instruction *InstCombiner::visitSIToFP(CastInst &CI) {
  return commonCastTransforms(CI);
}

Instruction *InstCombiner::visitIntToPtr(IntToPtrInst &CI) {
  // If the source integer type is not the intptr_t type for this target, do a
  // trunc or zext to the intptr_t type, then inttoptr of it.  This allows the
  // cast to be exposed to other transforms.
  unsigned AS = CI.getAddressSpace();
  if (CI.getOperand(0)->getType()->getScalarSizeInBits() !=
      DL.getPointerSizeInBits(AS)) {
    Type *Ty = DL.getIntPtrType(CI.getContext(), AS);
    if (CI.getType()->isVectorTy()) // Handle vectors of pointers.
      Ty = VectorType::get(Ty, CI.getType()->getVectorNumElements());

    Value *P = Builder->CreateZExtOrTrunc(CI.getOperand(0), Ty);
    return new IntToPtrInst(P, CI.getType());
  }

  if (Instruction *I = commonCastTransforms(CI))
    return I;

  return nullptr;
}

/// @brief Implement the transforms for cast of pointer (bitcast/ptrtoint)
Instruction *InstCombiner::commonPointerCastTransforms(CastInst &CI) {
  Value *Src = CI.getOperand(0);

  if (GetElementPtrInst *GEP = dyn_cast<GetElementPtrInst>(Src)) {
    // If casting the result of a getelementptr instruction with no offset, turn
    // this into a cast of the original pointer!
    if (GEP->hasAllZeroIndices() &&
        // If CI is an addrspacecast and GEP changes the poiner type, merging
        // GEP into CI would undo canonicalizing addrspacecast with different
        // pointer types, causing infinite loops.
        (!isa<AddrSpaceCastInst>(CI) ||
         GEP->getType() == GEP->getPointerOperandType())) {
      // Changing the cast operand is usually not a good idea but it is safe
      // here because the pointer operand is being replaced with another
      // pointer operand so the opcode doesn't need to change.
      Worklist.Add(GEP);
      CI.setOperand(0, GEP->getOperand(0));
      return &CI;
    }
  }

  return commonCastTransforms(CI);
}

Instruction *InstCombiner::visitPtrToInt(PtrToIntInst &CI) {
  // If the destination integer type is not the intptr_t type for this target,
  // do a ptrtoint to intptr_t then do a trunc or zext.  This allows the cast
  // to be exposed to other transforms.

  Type *Ty = CI.getType();
  unsigned AS = CI.getPointerAddressSpace();

  if (Ty->getScalarSizeInBits() == DL.getPointerSizeInBits(AS))
    return commonPointerCastTransforms(CI);

  Type *PtrTy = DL.getIntPtrType(CI.getContext(), AS);
  if (Ty->isVectorTy()) // Handle vectors of pointers.
    PtrTy = VectorType::get(PtrTy, Ty->getVectorNumElements());

  Value *P = Builder->CreatePtrToInt(CI.getOperand(0), PtrTy);
  return CastInst::CreateIntegerCast(P, Ty, /*isSigned=*/false);
}

/// This input value (which is known to have vector type) is being zero extended
/// or truncated to the specified vector type.
/// Try to replace it with a shuffle (and vector/vector bitcast) if possible.
///
/// The source and destination vector types may have different element types.
static Instruction *optimizeVectorResize(Value *InVal, VectorType *DestTy,
                                         InstCombiner &IC) {
  // We can only do this optimization if the output is a multiple of the input
  // element size, or the input is a multiple of the output element size.
  // Convert the input type to have the same element type as the output.
  VectorType *SrcTy = cast<VectorType>(InVal->getType());

  if (SrcTy->getElementType() != DestTy->getElementType()) {
    // The input types don't need to be identical, but for now they must be the
    // same size.  There is no specific reason we couldn't handle things like
    // <4 x i16> -> <4 x i32> by bitcasting to <2 x i32> but haven't gotten
    // there yet.
    if (SrcTy->getElementType()->getPrimitiveSizeInBits() !=
        DestTy->getElementType()->getPrimitiveSizeInBits())
      return nullptr;

    SrcTy = VectorType::get(DestTy->getElementType(), SrcTy->getNumElements());
    InVal = IC.Builder->CreateBitCast(InVal, SrcTy);
  }

  // Now that the element types match, get the shuffle mask and RHS of the
  // shuffle to use, which depends on whether we're increasing or decreasing the
  // size of the input.
  SmallVector<uint32_t, 16> ShuffleMask;
  Value *V2;

  if (SrcTy->getNumElements() > DestTy->getNumElements()) {
    // If we're shrinking the number of elements, just shuffle in the low
    // elements from the input and use undef as the second shuffle input.
    V2 = UndefValue::get(SrcTy);
    for (unsigned i = 0, e = DestTy->getNumElements(); i != e; ++i)
      ShuffleMask.push_back(i);

  } else {
    // If we're increasing the number of elements, shuffle in all of the
    // elements from InVal and fill the rest of the result elements with zeros
    // from a constant zero.
    V2 = Constant::getNullValue(SrcTy);
    unsigned SrcElts = SrcTy->getNumElements();
    for (unsigned i = 0, e = SrcElts; i != e; ++i)
      ShuffleMask.push_back(i);

    // The excess elements reference the first element of the zero input.
    for (unsigned i = 0, e = DestTy->getNumElements()-SrcElts; i != e; ++i)
      ShuffleMask.push_back(SrcElts);
  }

  return new ShuffleVectorInst(InVal, V2,
                               ConstantDataVector::get(V2->getContext(),
                                                       ShuffleMask));
}

static bool isMultipleOfTypeSize(unsigned Value, Type *Ty) {
  return Value % Ty->getPrimitiveSizeInBits() == 0;
}

static unsigned getTypeSizeIndex(unsigned Value, Type *Ty) {
  return Value / Ty->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();
}

/// V is a value which is inserted into a vector of VecEltTy.
/// Look through the value to see if we can decompose it into
/// insertions into the vector.  See the example in the comment for
/// OptimizeIntegerToVectorInsertions for the pattern this handles.
/// The type of V is always a non-zero multiple of VecEltTy's size.
/// Shift is the number of bits between the lsb of V and the lsb of
/// the vector.
///
/// This returns false if the pattern can't be matched or true if it can,
/// filling in Elements with the elements found here.
static bool collectInsertionElements(Value *V, unsigned Shift,
                                     SmallVectorImpl<Value *> &Elements,
                                     Type *VecEltTy, bool isBigEndian) {
  assert(isMultipleOfTypeSize(Shift, VecEltTy) &&
         "Shift should be a multiple of the element type size");

  // Undef values never contribute useful bits to the result.
  if (isa<UndefValue>(V)) return true;

  // If we got down to a value of the right type, we win, try inserting into the
  // right element.
  if (V->getType() == VecEltTy) {
    // Inserting null doesn't actually insert any elements.
    if (Constant *C = dyn_cast<Constant>(V))
      if (C->isNullValue())
        return true;

    unsigned ElementIndex = getTypeSizeIndex(Shift, VecEltTy);
    if (isBigEndian)
      ElementIndex = Elements.size() - ElementIndex - 1;

    // Fail if multiple elements are inserted into this slot.
    if (Elements[ElementIndex])
      return false;

    Elements[ElementIndex] = V;
    return true;
  }

  if (Constant *C = dyn_cast<Constant>(V)) {
    // Figure out the # elements this provides, and bitcast it or slice it up
    // as required.
    unsigned NumElts = getTypeSizeIndex(C->getType()->getPrimitiveSizeInBits(),
                                        VecEltTy);
    // If the constant is the size of a vector element, we just need to bitcast
    // it to the right type so it gets properly inserted.
    if (NumElts == 1)
      return collectInsertionElements(ConstantExpr::getBitCast(C, VecEltTy),
                                      Shift, Elements, VecEltTy, isBigEndian);

    // Okay, this is a constant that covers multiple elements.  Slice it up into
    // pieces and insert each element-sized piece into the vector.
    if (!isa<IntegerType>(C->getType()))
      C = ConstantExpr::getBitCast(C, IntegerType::get(V->getContext(),
                                       C->getType()->getPrimitiveSizeInBits()));
    unsigned ElementSize = VecEltTy->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();
    Type *ElementIntTy = IntegerType::get(C->getContext(), ElementSize);

    for (unsigned i = 0; i != NumElts; ++i) {
      unsigned ShiftI = Shift+i*ElementSize;
      Constant *Piece = ConstantExpr::getLShr(C, ConstantInt::get(C->getType(),
                                                                  ShiftI));
      Piece = ConstantExpr::getTrunc(Piece, ElementIntTy);
      if (!collectInsertionElements(Piece, ShiftI, Elements, VecEltTy,
                                    isBigEndian))
        return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  if (!V->hasOneUse()) return false;

  Instruction *I = dyn_cast<Instruction>(V);
  if (!I) return false;
  switch (I->getOpcode()) {
  default: return false; // Unhandled case.
  case Instruction::BitCast:
    return collectInsertionElements(I->getOperand(0), Shift, Elements, VecEltTy,
                                    isBigEndian);
  case Instruction::ZExt:
    if (!isMultipleOfTypeSize(
                          I->getOperand(0)->getType()->getPrimitiveSizeInBits(),
                              VecEltTy))
      return false;
    return collectInsertionElements(I->getOperand(0), Shift, Elements, VecEltTy,
                                    isBigEndian);
  case Instruction::Or:
    return collectInsertionElements(I->getOperand(0), Shift, Elements, VecEltTy,
                                    isBigEndian) &&
           collectInsertionElements(I->getOperand(1), Shift, Elements, VecEltTy,
                                    isBigEndian);
  case Instruction::Shl: {
    // Must be shifting by a constant that is a multiple of the element size.
    ConstantInt *CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(I->getOperand(1));
    if (!CI) return false;
    Shift += CI->getZExtValue();
    if (!isMultipleOfTypeSize(Shift, VecEltTy)) return false;
    return collectInsertionElements(I->getOperand(0), Shift, Elements, VecEltTy,
                                    isBigEndian);
  }

  }
}


/// If the input is an 'or' instruction, we may be doing shifts and ors to
/// assemble the elements of the vector manually.
/// Try to rip the code out and replace it with insertelements.  This is to
/// optimize code like this:
///
///    %tmp37 = bitcast float %inc to i32
///    %tmp38 = zext i32 %tmp37 to i64
///    %tmp31 = bitcast float %inc5 to i32
///    %tmp32 = zext i32 %tmp31 to i64
///    %tmp33 = shl i64 %tmp32, 32
///    %ins35 = or i64 %tmp33, %tmp38
///    %tmp43 = bitcast i64 %ins35 to <2 x float>
///
/// Into two insertelements that do "buildvector{%inc, %inc5}".
static Value *optimizeIntegerToVectorInsertions(BitCastInst &CI,
                                                InstCombiner &IC) {
  VectorType *DestVecTy = cast<VectorType>(CI.getType());
  Value *IntInput = CI.getOperand(0);

  SmallVector<Value*, 8> Elements(DestVecTy->getNumElements());
  if (!collectInsertionElements(IntInput, 0, Elements,
                                DestVecTy->getElementType(),
                                IC.getDataLayout().isBigEndian()))
    return nullptr;

  // If we succeeded, we know that all of the element are specified by Elements
  // or are zero if Elements has a null entry.  Recast this as a set of
  // insertions.
  Value *Result = Constant::getNullValue(CI.getType());
  for (unsigned i = 0, e = Elements.size(); i != e; ++i) {
    if (!Elements[i]) continue;  // Unset element.

    Result = IC.Builder->CreateInsertElement(Result, Elements[i],
                                             IC.Builder->getInt32(i));
  }

  return Result;
}

/// Canonicalize scalar bitcasts of extracted elements into a bitcast of the
/// vector followed by extract element. The backend tends to handle bitcasts of
/// vectors better than bitcasts of scalars because vector registers are
/// usually not type-specific like scalar integer or scalar floating-point.
static Instruction *canonicalizeBitCastExtElt(BitCastInst &BitCast,
                                              InstCombiner &IC,
                                              const DataLayout &DL) {
  // TODO: Create and use a pattern matcher for ExtractElementInst.
  auto *ExtElt = dyn_cast<ExtractElementInst>(BitCast.getOperand(0));
  if (!ExtElt || !ExtElt->hasOneUse())
    return nullptr;

  // The bitcast must be to a vectorizable type, otherwise we can't make a new
  // type to extract from.
  Type *DestType = BitCast.getType();
  if (!VectorType::isValidElementType(DestType))
    return nullptr;

  unsigned NumElts = ExtElt->getVectorOperandType()->getNumElements();
  auto *NewVecType = VectorType::get(DestType, NumElts);
  auto *NewBC = IC.Builder->CreateBitCast(ExtElt->getVectorOperand(),
                                          NewVecType, "bc");
  return ExtractElementInst::Create(NewBC, ExtElt->getIndexOperand());
}

/// Change the type of a bitwise logic operation if we can eliminate a bitcast.
static Instruction *foldBitCastBitwiseLogic(BitCastInst &BitCast,
                                            InstCombiner::BuilderTy &Builder) {
  Type *DestTy = BitCast.getType();
  BinaryOperator *BO;
  if (!DestTy->getScalarType()->isIntegerTy() ||
      !match(BitCast.getOperand(0), m_OneUse(m_BinOp(BO))) ||
      !BO->isBitwiseLogicOp())
    return nullptr;
  
  // FIXME: This transform is restricted to vector types to avoid backend
  // problems caused by creating potentially illegal operations. If a fix-up is
  // added to handle that situation, we can remove this check.
  if (!DestTy->isVectorTy() || !BO->getType()->isVectorTy())
    return nullptr;
  
  Value *X;
  if (match(BO->getOperand(0), m_OneUse(m_BitCast(m_Value(X)))) &&
      X->getType() == DestTy && !isa<Constant>(X)) {
    // bitcast(logic(bitcast(X), Y)) --> logic'(X, bitcast(Y))
    Value *CastedOp1 = Builder.CreateBitCast(BO->getOperand(1), DestTy);
    return BinaryOperator::Create(BO->getOpcode(), X, CastedOp1);
  }

  if (match(BO->getOperand(1), m_OneUse(m_BitCast(m_Value(X)))) &&
      X->getType() == DestTy && !isa<Constant>(X)) {
    // bitcast(logic(Y, bitcast(X))) --> logic'(bitcast(Y), X)
    Value *CastedOp0 = Builder.CreateBitCast(BO->getOperand(0), DestTy);
    return BinaryOperator::Create(BO->getOpcode(), CastedOp0, X);
  }

  return nullptr;
}

/// Change the type of a select if we can eliminate a bitcast.
static Instruction *foldBitCastSelect(BitCastInst &BitCast,
                                      InstCombiner::BuilderTy &Builder) {
  Value *Cond, *TVal, *FVal;
  if (!match(BitCast.getOperand(0),
             m_OneUse(m_Select(m_Value(Cond), m_Value(TVal), m_Value(FVal)))))
    return nullptr;

  // A vector select must maintain the same number of elements in its operands.
  Type *CondTy = Cond->getType();
  Type *DestTy = BitCast.getType();
  if (CondTy->isVectorTy()) {
    if (!DestTy->isVectorTy())
      return nullptr;
    if (DestTy->getVectorNumElements() != CondTy->getVectorNumElements())
      return nullptr;
  }

  // FIXME: This transform is restricted from changing the select between
  // scalars and vectors to avoid backend problems caused by creating
  // potentially illegal operations. If a fix-up is added to handle that
  // situation, we can remove this check.
  if (DestTy->isVectorTy() != TVal->getType()->isVectorTy())
    return nullptr;

  auto *Sel = cast<Instruction>(BitCast.getOperand(0));
  Value *X;
  if (match(TVal, m_OneUse(m_BitCast(m_Value(X)))) && X->getType() == DestTy &&
      !isa<Constant>(X)) {
    // bitcast(select(Cond, bitcast(X), Y)) --> select'(Cond, X, bitcast(Y))
    Value *CastedVal = Builder.CreateBitCast(FVal, DestTy);
    return SelectInst::Create(Cond, X, CastedVal, "", nullptr, Sel);
  }

  if (match(FVal, m_OneUse(m_BitCast(m_Value(X)))) && X->getType() == DestTy &&
      !isa<Constant>(X)) {
    // bitcast(select(Cond, Y, bitcast(X))) --> select'(Cond, bitcast(Y), X)
    Value *CastedVal = Builder.CreateBitCast(TVal, DestTy);
    return SelectInst::Create(Cond, CastedVal, X, "", nullptr, Sel);
  }

  return nullptr;
}

/// Check if all users of CI are StoreInsts.
static bool hasStoreUsersOnly(CastInst &CI) {
  for (User *U : CI.users()) {
    if (!isa<StoreInst>(U))
      return false;
  }
  return true;
}

/// This function handles following case
///
///     A  ->  B    cast
///     PHI
///     B  ->  A    cast
///
/// All the related PHI nodes can be replaced by new PHI nodes with type A.
/// The uses of \p CI can be changed to the new PHI node corresponding to \p PN.
Instruction *InstCombiner::optimizeBitCastFromPhi(CastInst &CI, PHINode *PN) {
  // BitCast used by Store can be handled in InstCombineLoadStoreAlloca.cpp.
  if (hasStoreUsersOnly(CI))
    return nullptr;

  Value *Src = CI.getOperand(0);
  Type *SrcTy = Src->getType();         // Type B
  Type *DestTy = CI.getType();          // Type A

  SmallVector<PHINode *, 4> PhiWorklist;
  SmallSetVector<PHINode *, 4> OldPhiNodes;

  // Find all of the A->B casts and PHI nodes.
  // We need to inpect all related PHI nodes, but PHIs can be cyclic, so
  // OldPhiNodes is used to track all known PHI nodes, before adding a new
  // PHI to PhiWorklist, it is checked against and added to OldPhiNodes first.
  PhiWorklist.push_back(PN);
  OldPhiNodes.insert(PN);
  while (!PhiWorklist.empty()) {
    auto *OldPN = PhiWorklist.pop_back_val();
    for (Value *IncValue : OldPN->incoming_values()) {
      if (isa<Constant>(IncValue))
        continue;

      if (auto *LI = dyn_cast<LoadInst>(IncValue)) {
        // If there is a sequence of one or more load instructions, each loaded
        // value is used as address of later load instruction, bitcast is
        // necessary to change the value type, don't optimize it. For
        // simplicity we give up if the load address comes from another load.
        Value *Addr = LI->getOperand(0);
        if (Addr == &CI || isa<LoadInst>(Addr))
          return nullptr;
        if (LI->hasOneUse() && LI->isSimple())
          continue;
        // If a LoadInst has more than one use, changing the type of loaded
        // value may create another bitcast.
        return nullptr;
      }

      if (auto *PNode = dyn_cast<PHINode>(IncValue)) {
        if (OldPhiNodes.insert(PNode))
          PhiWorklist.push_back(PNode);
        continue;
      }

      auto *BCI = dyn_cast<BitCastInst>(IncValue);
      // We can't handle other instructions.
      if (!BCI)
        return nullptr;

      // Verify it's a A->B cast.
      Type *TyA = BCI->getOperand(0)->getType();
      Type *TyB = BCI->getType();
      if (TyA != DestTy || TyB != SrcTy)
        return nullptr;
    }
  }

  // For each old PHI node, create a corresponding new PHI node with a type A.
  SmallDenseMap<PHINode *, PHINode *> NewPNodes;
  for (auto *OldPN : OldPhiNodes) {
    Builder->SetInsertPoint(OldPN);
    PHINode *NewPN = Builder->CreatePHI(DestTy, OldPN->getNumOperands());
    NewPNodes[OldPN] = NewPN;
  }

  // Fill in the operands of new PHI nodes.
  for (auto *OldPN : OldPhiNodes) {
    PHINode *NewPN = NewPNodes[OldPN];
    for (unsigned j = 0, e = OldPN->getNumOperands(); j != e; ++j) {
      Value *V = OldPN->getOperand(j);
      Value *NewV = nullptr;
      if (auto *C = dyn_cast<Constant>(V)) {
        NewV = ConstantExpr::getBitCast(C, DestTy);
      } else if (auto *LI = dyn_cast<LoadInst>(V)) {
        Builder->SetInsertPoint(LI->getNextNode());
        NewV = Builder->CreateBitCast(LI, DestTy);
        Worklist.Add(LI);
      } else if (auto *BCI = dyn_cast<BitCastInst>(V)) {
        NewV = BCI->getOperand(0);
      } else if (auto *PrevPN = dyn_cast<PHINode>(V)) {
        NewV = NewPNodes[PrevPN];
      }
      assert(NewV);
      NewPN->addIncoming(NewV, OldPN->getIncomingBlock(j));
    }
  }

  // If there is a store with type B, change it to type A.
  for (User *U : PN->users()) {
    auto *SI = dyn_cast<StoreInst>(U);
    if (SI && SI->isSimple() && SI->getOperand(0) == PN) {
      Builder->SetInsertPoint(SI);
      auto *NewBC =
          cast<BitCastInst>(Builder->CreateBitCast(NewPNodes[PN], SrcTy));
      SI->setOperand(0, NewBC);
      Worklist.Add(SI);
      assert(hasStoreUsersOnly(*NewBC));
    }
  }

  return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, NewPNodes[PN]);
}

Instruction *InstCombiner::visitBitCast(BitCastInst &CI) {
  // If the operands are integer typed then apply the integer transforms,
  // otherwise just apply the common ones.
  Value *Src = CI.getOperand(0);
  Type *SrcTy = Src->getType();
  Type *DestTy = CI.getType();

  // Get rid of casts from one type to the same type. These are useless and can
  // be replaced by the operand.
  if (DestTy == Src->getType())
    return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, Src);

  if (PointerType *DstPTy = dyn_cast<PointerType>(DestTy)) {
    PointerType *SrcPTy = cast<PointerType>(SrcTy);
    Type *DstElTy = DstPTy->getElementType();
    Type *SrcElTy = SrcPTy->getElementType();

    // If we are casting a alloca to a pointer to a type of the same
    // size, rewrite the allocation instruction to allocate the "right" type.
    // There is no need to modify malloc calls because it is their bitcast that
    // needs to be cleaned up.
    if (AllocaInst *AI = dyn_cast<AllocaInst>(Src))
      if (Instruction *V = PromoteCastOfAllocation(CI, *AI))
        return V;

    // When the type pointed to is not sized the cast cannot be
    // turned into a gep.
    Type *PointeeType =
        cast<PointerType>(Src->getType()->getScalarType())->getElementType();
    if (!PointeeType->isSized())
      return nullptr;

    // If the source and destination are pointers, and this cast is equivalent
    // to a getelementptr X, 0, 0, 0...  turn it into the appropriate gep.
    // This can enhance SROA and other transforms that want type-safe pointers.
    unsigned NumZeros = 0;
    while (SrcElTy != DstElTy &&
           isa<CompositeType>(SrcElTy) && !SrcElTy->isPointerTy() &&
           SrcElTy->getNumContainedTypes() /* not "{}" */) {
      SrcElTy = cast<CompositeType>(SrcElTy)->getTypeAtIndex(0U);
      ++NumZeros;
    }

    // If we found a path from the src to dest, create the getelementptr now.
    if (SrcElTy == DstElTy) {
      SmallVector<Value *, 8> Idxs(NumZeros + 1, Builder->getInt32(0));
      return GetElementPtrInst::CreateInBounds(Src, Idxs);
    }
  }

  if (VectorType *DestVTy = dyn_cast<VectorType>(DestTy)) {
    if (DestVTy->getNumElements() == 1 && !SrcTy->isVectorTy()) {
      Value *Elem = Builder->CreateBitCast(Src, DestVTy->getElementType());
      return InsertElementInst::Create(UndefValue::get(DestTy), Elem,
                     Constant::getNullValue(Type::getInt32Ty(CI.getContext())));
      // FIXME: Canonicalize bitcast(insertelement) -> insertelement(bitcast)
    }

    if (isa<IntegerType>(SrcTy)) {
      // If this is a cast from an integer to vector, check to see if the input
      // is a trunc or zext of a bitcast from vector.  If so, we can replace all
      // the casts with a shuffle and (potentially) a bitcast.
      if (isa<TruncInst>(Src) || isa<ZExtInst>(Src)) {
        CastInst *SrcCast = cast<CastInst>(Src);
        if (BitCastInst *BCIn = dyn_cast<BitCastInst>(SrcCast->getOperand(0)))
          if (isa<VectorType>(BCIn->getOperand(0)->getType()))
            if (Instruction *I = optimizeVectorResize(BCIn->getOperand(0),
                                               cast<VectorType>(DestTy), *this))
              return I;
      }

      // If the input is an 'or' instruction, we may be doing shifts and ors to
      // assemble the elements of the vector manually.  Try to rip the code out
      // and replace it with insertelements.
      if (Value *V = optimizeIntegerToVectorInsertions(CI, *this))
        return replaceInstUsesWith(CI, V);
    }
  }

  if (VectorType *SrcVTy = dyn_cast<VectorType>(SrcTy)) {
    if (SrcVTy->getNumElements() == 1) {
      // If our destination is not a vector, then make this a straight
      // scalar-scalar cast.
      if (!DestTy->isVectorTy()) {
        Value *Elem =
          Builder->CreateExtractElement(Src,
                     Constant::getNullValue(Type::getInt32Ty(CI.getContext())));
        return CastInst::Create(Instruction::BitCast, Elem, DestTy);
      }

      // Otherwise, see if our source is an insert. If so, then use the scalar
      // component directly.
      if (InsertElementInst *IEI =
            dyn_cast<InsertElementInst>(CI.getOperand(0)))
        return CastInst::Create(Instruction::BitCast, IEI->getOperand(1),
                                DestTy);
    }
  }

  if (ShuffleVectorInst *SVI = dyn_cast<ShuffleVectorInst>(Src)) {
    // Okay, we have (bitcast (shuffle ..)).  Check to see if this is
    // a bitcast to a vector with the same # elts.
    if (SVI->hasOneUse() && DestTy->isVectorTy() &&
        DestTy->getVectorNumElements() == SVI->getType()->getNumElements() &&
        SVI->getType()->getNumElements() ==
        SVI->getOperand(0)->getType()->getVectorNumElements()) {
      BitCastInst *Tmp;
      // If either of the operands is a cast from CI.getType(), then
      // evaluating the shuffle in the casted destination's type will allow
      // us to eliminate at least one cast.
      if (((Tmp = dyn_cast<BitCastInst>(SVI->getOperand(0))) &&
           Tmp->getOperand(0)->getType() == DestTy) ||
          ((Tmp = dyn_cast<BitCastInst>(SVI->getOperand(1))) &&
           Tmp->getOperand(0)->getType() == DestTy)) {
        Value *LHS = Builder->CreateBitCast(SVI->getOperand(0), DestTy);
        Value *RHS = Builder->CreateBitCast(SVI->getOperand(1), DestTy);
        // Return a new shuffle vector.  Use the same element ID's, as we
        // know the vector types match #elts.
        return new ShuffleVectorInst(LHS, RHS, SVI->getOperand(2));
      }
    }
  }

  // Handle the A->B->A cast, and there is an intervening PHI node.
  if (PHINode *PN = dyn_cast<PHINode>(Src))
    if (Instruction *I = optimizeBitCastFromPhi(CI, PN))
      return I;

  if (Instruction *I = canonicalizeBitCastExtElt(CI, *this, DL))
    return I;

  if (Instruction *I = foldBitCastBitwiseLogic(CI, *Builder))
    return I;

  if (Instruction *I = foldBitCastSelect(CI, *Builder))
    return I;

  if (SrcTy->isPointerTy())
    return commonPointerCastTransforms(CI);
  return commonCastTransforms(CI);
}

Instruction *InstCombiner::visitAddrSpaceCast(AddrSpaceCastInst &CI) {
  // If the destination pointer element type is not the same as the source's
  // first do a bitcast to the destination type, and then the addrspacecast.
  // This allows the cast to be exposed to other transforms.
  Value *Src = CI.getOperand(0);
  PointerType *SrcTy = cast<PointerType>(Src->getType()->getScalarType());
  PointerType *DestTy = cast<PointerType>(CI.getType()->getScalarType());

  Type *DestElemTy = DestTy->getElementType();
  if (SrcTy->getElementType() != DestElemTy) {
    Type *MidTy = PointerType::get(DestElemTy, SrcTy->getAddressSpace());
    if (VectorType *VT = dyn_cast<VectorType>(CI.getType())) {
      // Handle vectors of pointers.
      MidTy = VectorType::get(MidTy, VT->getNumElements());
    }

    Value *NewBitCast = Builder->CreateBitCast(Src, MidTy);
    return new AddrSpaceCastInst(NewBitCast, CI.getType());
  }

  return commonPointerCastTransforms(CI);
}